Deck 39: The Stalemated Seventies

Question 1

The decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren reflected its

A) desire for legalized abortions.
B) support for states' rights.
C) support for expanding federal power.
D) deep concern for individual rights.
E) hostility to religion.

Answer 1

deep concern for individual rights.

Question 2

Richard Nixon's Philadelphia Plan

A) was a direct attack on affirmative action.
B) aimed at giving direct economic assistance to business.
C) established affirmative action hiring plans but no quotas.
D) required contractors and construction unions to employ more African Americans.
E) aimed to renovate inner cities like those in Philadelphia.

Answer 2

required contractors and construction unions to employ more African Americans.

Question 3

The high inflation rate of the 1970s stemmed primarily from

A) the Middle East oil embargo.
B) higher taxes imposed to pay for Vietnam and Medicare.
C) massive capital investments in the electronics industry.
D) Lyndon Johnson's refusal to raise taxes for spending on social-welfare programs and the Vietnam War.
E) the decline of the dollar after Nixon took it off the gold standard.

Answer 3

Lyndon Johnson's refusal to raise taxes for spending on social-welfare programs and the Vietnam War.

Question 4

By the early 1970s, the post-World War II economic boom had crested as a result of all of the following except

A) large tax increases under Lyndon Johnson.
B) a decline in the competitive advantage of American business.
C) the Vietnam War.
D) a slump in productivity.
E) the economic recovery of Japan and Germany.

Question 5

A disproportionate number of American soldiers in Vietnam were

A) Native Americans.
B) African Americans.
C) college graduates.
D) economically privileged young Americans.
E) professional career soldiers.

Question 6

President Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" of the war in Vietnam called for

A) a gradual handover of the ground war to the South Vietnamese.
B) a full-scale conventional invasion of North Vietnam.
C) reorganization of the American army in Vietnam into antiguerrilla units.
D) an end to all American military and economic aid to South Vietnam.
E) a focus on bombing supply trails through Cambodia and Laos.

Question 7

The killings of college students at Kent State and Jackson State Universities occurred in connection with campus protests against

A) the My Lai massacre.
B) the unfairness of the draft system.
C) the sending of larger numbers of troops to Vietnam.
D) Nixon's invasion of Cambodia.
E) the refusal to lower the voting age to eighteen.

Question 8

Perhaps Richard Nixon's most valuable asset as he began his presidency in 1969 was his

A) naturally conciliatory manner.
B) inclination to try to work openly with antiwar liberals to halt the Vietnam War.
C) close connection with former President Eisenhower.
D) clear mandate from the public as a result of his 1968 election victory.
E) expertise in foreign affairs.

Question 9

In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court declared a state law prohibiting the use of contraceptives unconstitutional based on

A) the federal supremacy clause of the Constitution.
B) the First Amendment.
C) a declared right to privacy.
D) Roe v. Wade.
E) the Fifth Amendment.

Question 10

Nixon's "southern strategy" was designed to

A) develop a Republican majority by soft-pedaling civil rights issues in the South.
B) bring the South back into federal offices on an equal basis.
C) win the votes of African Americans in the South for the Republican party.
D) provide economic development for poorer regions of the South.
E) send northern Republicans to the South to seek election there.

Question 11

When it came to welfare programs, Richard Nixon

A) sought to exclude African Americans.
B) tried to repeal food stamps and Medicaid.
C) emphasized the necessity of moving from welfare to work.
D) did his best to do away with Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs.
E) supported significant expansion in many areas.

Question 12

Richard Nixon's Vietnam policy included all of the following except

A) Vietnamization.
B) extension of the war to Cambodia.
C) massive bombing campaigns in Vietnam.
D) increased American troop commitments.
E) creating a draft lottery and reducing draft calls.

Question 13

The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren outraged religious conservatives in 1962-1963 when it

A) declared a woman's right to an abortion.
B) ruled that required prayer and Bible reading in public schools violated the First Amendment.
C) prohibited the display of religious symbols in government buildings.
D) ruled that parochial students could not ride on public school buses.
E) declared that the practice of having congressional chaplains was unconstitutional.

Question 14

President Nixon's national security adviser was

A) Henry Kissinger.
B) Daniel Ellsberg.
C) Spiro Agnew.
D) William Rogers.
E) Donald Rumsfeld.

Question 15

Richard Nixon's policy of détente

A) was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China.
B) was aimed at ending the division of Germany and Korea.
C) grew out of long experience as an anticommunist "red-hunter."
D) found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party.
E) was aimed at relaxing tensions between the United States and the two leading communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.

Question 16

In the years from 1970 to 1990, the median income of the average American family

A) grew by about 10 percent.
B) grew by nearly 30 percent.
C) declined by about 10 percent.
D) fell behind that of western Europe.
E) essentially stagnated.

Question 17

The Pentagon Papers, published in 1971,

A) revealed President Nixon's role in the Watergate scandal.
B) documented the North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin.
C) exposed President Nixon's secret bombing war of Cambodia.
D) was the first the American public knew of the Nixon Doctrine.
E) exposed the deception that had led the United States into the Vietnam War.

Question 18

The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that the United States would

A) require its allies to fight their own wars without large numbers of American troops.
B) supply only loans rather than direct economic aid to its allies.
C) seek détente with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.
D) defend its allies against external invasions but not against internal revolutions.
E) maintain naval and air bases in East Asia but not put troops on the Asian mainland.

Question 19

The difference between Lyndon Johnson's affirmative action programs and those of Richard Nixon was

A) very small.
B) that Johnson intended his to help groups and Nixon intended his to help individuals.
C) that Johnson's plans dealt with education and Nixon's with employment.
D) that Johnson's plans were aimed at helping individuals while Nixon's conferred benefits on groups.
E) that Johnson established quotas and Nixon ended them.

Question 20

All of the following are legacies of Richard Nixon's presidency except

A) the Environmental Protection Agency.
B) Supplemental Security Income for the blind, disabled, and indigent aged.
C) the Endangered Species Act.
D) the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
E) the food stamp program.

Question 21

The 1973 War Powers Act

A) gave the president the power to commit troops without declaring war.
B) compelled President Nixon to end the secret bombing war in Cambodia.
C) required the president to report to Congress any commitment of American troops to a foreign conflict.
D) ended the military draft and created an all-volunteer army.
E) required Congress to approve funds for military operations.

Question 22

Nixon's bombing of Cambodia met with strong opposition from Congress and the public especially because

A) it meant a possible renewal of the Vietnam War.
B) the American casualties were not reported to Congress or the public.
C) it was initially conducted in secrecy while the government declared it was respecting Cambodia's neutrality.
D) it destabilized the politics and economy of Cambodia.
E) it was conducted in violation of the War Powers Act.

Question 23

The South Vietnamese government finally collapsed because

A) it never understood how to fight a guerilla war.
B) America had failed to send men to fight on its behalf.
C) the United States cut off its economic aid.
D) it did not have enough weapons and soldiers.
E) it did not have the political will to win the war.

Question 24

As a result of U.S. support for Israel in 1973 when it was attacked by Egypt and Syria,

A) Israel took control of Syria.
B) the Israeli army became dependent on American military advisors.
C) Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to America.
D) the Soviet Union started sending arms to Syria.
E) Israel was able to seize the Suez Canal.

Question 25

Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign in 1973 for

A) obstructing justice.
B) being involved in the Watergate coverup.
C) accepting kickbacks and bribes while in office.
D) being in contempt of Congress.
E) using the FBI to harass antiwar critics in the media.

Question 26

As president, one of Richard Nixon's most positive domestic legacies occurred in the area of

A) protection of accused criminals' rights.
B) healing divisions caused by the Vietnam War.
C) race relations.
D) price stabilization.
E) environmental protection.

Question 27

Senator George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for the presidency in 1972, alienated the traditional working-class backbone of the Democratic party

A) by advocating a cut in Social Security.
B) when he advocated an end to the Vietnam War.
C) when it was discovered that he had undergone psychiatric care.
D) by focusing his appeal on racial minorities, feminists, and youth.
E) by opposing the power of labor unions.

Question 28

The oil embargo and energy crisis of the 1970s had the effect of

A) forcing America to use its own oil supplies to replace Middle Eastern sources.
B) fueling raging inflation and creating an unfavorable balance of trade for the United States.
C) leading the United States to shift its support from Israel to the Arab states.
D) causing the United States to turn to the Soviet Union for oil supplies.
E) convincing Americans to curb automobile use in favor of mass transportation.

Question 29

The Helsinki accords, signed by Gerald Ford and leaders of thirty-four other nations,

A) pledged signatories to guarantee certain basic human rights.
B) returned the western boundary of Poland to the pre-World War II line.
C) proved to many Americans that détente was still a two-way street.
D) served to undermine the tiny dissident movements in Eastern Europe.
E) accepted Soviet control of Eastern Europe.

Question 30

The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade ruled that state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional because they

A) violated the First Amendment by using a religious definition of "person."
B) violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by placing a particular burden on women not placed on men.
C) violated the Fourteenth Amendment by trying to make the unborn citizens of the United States.
D) violated the Fifth Amendment by interfering with doctors' professional medical practices.
E) violated a woman's constitutional right to privacy in her own person.

Question 31

The one major social movement born in the 1960s that retained and gathered momentum in the 1970s and after was

A) the hippie movement.
B) the peace movement.
C) the feminist movement.
D) the civil rights movement.
E) the antipoverty movement.

Question 32

Senator George McGovern, the Democratic party's presidential candidate in 1972, appealed most strongly to the

A) antiwar movement.
B) working class.
C) South.
D) senior citizens.
E) Midwest.

Question 33

The Watergate scandal in Richard Nixon's White House and re-election campaign involved all of the following illegal actions except

A) ballot stuffing.
B) faking documents and sabotaging Democratic election opponents.
C) use of the Internal Revenue Service to harass political opponents.
D) illegal use of the FBI and CIA.
E) burglarizing psychiatric offices of Nixon's "enemies."

Question 34

Richard Nixon was finally forced to resign as president when

A) the Supreme Court held him in contempt of court.
B) he was impeached by the House of Representatives.
C) his new vice president, Gerald Ford, told him that he was morally unqualified for the presidency.
D) the White House tapes revealed that he had ordered the CIA to obstruct the FBI's investigation of the Watergate crimes.
E) his Democratic enemies succeeded in smearing him as corrupt.

Question 35

Richard Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the special prosecutor and the Congress by claiming that

A) portions of the tape were erased.
B) they were his private property.
C) the president possessed executive privilege (confidentiality).
D) his obscenities and racial slurs would offend religious leaders.
E) it would violate his right to privacy.

Question 36

During the Senate Watergate hearings, one of the most damaging revelations for Richard Nixon was that

A) Vice President Spiro Agnew had accepted bribes.
B) he frequently used obscenities and racial slurs.
C) the special prosecutor was about to resign owing to lack of White House cooperation.
D) Congress intended to invoke the Twenty-Fifth Amendment.
E) his conversations in person and on the telephone had been recorded on tape.

Question 37

The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972 and eventually ratified by thirty-five states, stated the following:

A) "Congress shall pass no law restricting the equal right of privacy in marital relations or reproduction."
B) "The equal rights of unborn citizens of the United States under the Fourteenth Amendment shall not be abridged."
C) "Equal access to the courts of the United States and any state shall not be abridged on account of race, gender, or physical handicap."
D) "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex."
E) "Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed by the courts or any state to prohibit the guarantee of equal pay for equal work to women."

Question 38

Title IX of the Education Amendments was passed by Congress in 1972 to

A) prohibit sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity.
B) guarantee women equal pay for equal work.
C) prohibit any form of sexual harassment or sexual innuendoes on the job.
D) establish quotas for women in sports, business, and government positions.
E) protect women's access to birth control and abortion.

Question 39

As part of the cease-fire agreement in Vietnam in 1973,

A) the United States ended its bombing of Cambodia.
B) the United States stopped all economic and military aid to South Vietnam.
C) North Vietnam withdrew all its troops from South Vietnam.
D) the Viet Cong and South Vietnamese formed a coalition government.
E) the United States withdrew its troops from Vietnam.

Question 40

In the Vietnam conflict, the United States lost

A) respect in the eyes of foreigners.
B) confidence in its military prowess.
C) economic power.
D) the war.
E) all of these.

Question 41

The first wave of Vietnamese refugees who came to the United States in the immediate aftermath of the Vietnam War

A) were largely English-speaking officials of the South Vietnamese government.
B) often arrived after traveling on small boats across the Pacific Ocean.
C) came primarily to California, Oregon, and Washington.
D) were first forced into "assimilation camps" scattered across the country.
E) had few talents or skills applicable to a modern economy.

Question 42

The term "second wave feminism" refers to

A) the progressive-era feminists who won the right to vote.
B) those like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony whose feminism arose out of abolitionism.
C) those like Betty Friedan who revived feminism in the 1960s and 1970s as a broad movement for women's rights and opportunities.
D) radical feminists who challenged all forms of gender roles and sexual differentiation.
E) those feminists who emphasized distinct feminine values and ways of knowing.

Question 43

President Jimmy Carter's most spectacular foreign-policy achievement was the

A) Panama Canal Treaty.
B) Helsinki accords.
C) Camp David agreement between Israel and Egypt.
D) SALT II Treaty.
E) Iran hostage release.

Question 44

Moderate and radical feminists differed over all the following issues except

A) marriage.
B) how much to expect from American government and capitalism.
C) pornography.
D) the abolition of all gender differences.
E) women's right to choose abortion.

Question 45

Signs that the Cold War was thawing a bit in the early 1970s included

A) development of MIRVs.
B) the SALT agreement.
C) the ABM treaty.
D) the unification of Vietnam.
E) Nixon's visits to Moscow and Beijing.

Question 46

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed to be ratified by the needed 38 states largely because

A) the Catholic Church opposed it.
B) many Americans realized that its goals had already been achieved without amending the Constitution.
C) an antifeminist backlash led by Phyllis Schlafly stirred sufficient opposition to stop it.
D) many suspected that it would require such things as rigid quotas and unisex bathrooms.
E) many Americans believed that equal gender treatment was a matter of changing attitudes, not creating laws.

Question 47

Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court handed down rulings to

A) prevent required prayer and Bible readings in public schools.
B) protect the rights of individuals accused of crime.
C) preserve states' rights.
D) declare a "right of privacy" to use contraception.
E) establish a right to choose abortion.

Question 48

The SALT II Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States died in the Senate when the Soviets

A) refused to sign the Helsinki accords.
B) cracked down on Soviet dissidents.
C) halted the immigration of Soviet Jews to Israel.
D) helped Muslim fundamentalists overthrow the shah of Iran.
E) invaded Afghanistan.

Question 49

American Indian activists brought attention to their cause in the 1970s by seizing

A) the Little Big Horn battleground and Mount Rushmore in the sacred Black Hills.
B) Alcatraz Island and Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
C) the major tribal headquarters throughout Oklahoma.
D) salmon fishing grounds in Washington and trout lakes in Wisconsin and Minnesota.
E) the Tippecanoe battlefield and Mesa Verde National Park.

Question 50

A primary goal of both the first and second wave of Vietnamese refugees was

A) to maintain the Vietnamese language within the United States.
B) to keep their large extended families together.
C) to learn American popular culture and slang.
D) to climb to the top of the American economic ladder.
E) to pressure the U.S. government to maintain a diplomatic and economic boycott against communist Vietnam.

Question 51

President Carter believed that the fundamental problem of the American economy in the late 1970s was

A) the absence of price controls on domestic oil production.
B) U.S. dependence on foreign oil.
C) the high import fees on foreign oil.
D) the exhaustion of domestic oil supplies.
E) the loss of a manufacturing base.

Question 52

The guiding principle of President Carter's foreign policy was

A) isolationism.
B) containment.
C) détente.
D) unilateralism.
E) human rights.

Question 53

Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Arab oil embargo, (B) Iranian hostage crisis, (C) fall of Saigon, (D) invasion of Afghanistan.

A) B, A, C, D
B) A, C, B, D
C) D, B, A, C
D) C, B, D, A
E) D, A, C, B

Question 54

Boycotting the 1980 Olympic Games was one measure taken by President Carter in response to

A) the overthrow of the shah of Iran.
B) the Iranian hostage crisis.
C) the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
D) the failure of SALT II.
E) Soviet support of the Arab states.

Question 55

James Earl (Jimmy) Carter enjoyed considerable popularity when he won the presidency because

A) his honesty and sincerity contrasted with the corruptions of Watergate.
B) he was widely known as skilled in dealing with Congress and Washington.
C) he brought in a team of highly respected and experienced cabinet members and advisers.
D) he was a born-again Southern Baptist.
E) he had a clear plan to solve the energy crisis.

Question 56

Results of the Cambodian invasion ordered by President Nixon in 1970 included

A) the killing of student demonstrators at Kent State University.
B) the elimination of Viet Cong bases in Cambodia.
C) the repeal of the Gulf of Tonkin's Resolution by the Senate.
D) a deepening of the division between prowar "hawks" and antiwar "doves."
E) Nixon's resignation of the presidency.

Question 57

The effect of the Supreme Court ruling in Milliken v. Bradley that integration did not have to take place across school district lines was to

A) encourage voluntary busing programs.
B) cause Congress to pass laws equalizing school funding in different districts.
C) turn public attention to eliminating segregated housing patterns.
D) reinforce the division between poorer, minority inner city schools and nearly all white suburbs.
E) end school busing programs in favor of the neighborhood school.

Question 58

The Supreme Court in the Bakke case ruled that

A) all forms of affirmative action in college admissions were unconstitutional.
B) "reverse discrimination" was just as wrong as antiblack discrimination.
C) public universities could impose racial quotas but private universities did not have to do so.
D) it was acceptable for universities to establish minority-based programs and housing arrangements.
E) racial quotas were unconstitutional but race could be taken into account as one factor in college admissions.

Question 59

The major goal successfully pursued by Indian civil rights activists in the 1970s was

A) a recognition of the semi-sovereign status of the various Indian tribes under American law.
B) full integration of Indians into the mainstream of American life.
C) an end to discrimination against Indians in housing and employment.
D) the right to speak Indian languages in reservation schools.
E) a restoration of all Indian lands obtained by military conquest.

Question 60

The most explosive domestic controversy of the 1970s centered around issues of

A) race.
B) labor.
C) the environment.
D) religion.
E) immigration.

Question 61

In response to the energy crisis in 1973-1974,

A) Congress sanctioned the construction of the Alaskan pipeline.
B) Congress enacted a fifty-five-mile-an-hour speed limit.
C) agitation mounted to stiffen standards for clean air and water.
D) Congress imposed a tax on imported oil.
E) agitation mounted to use more coal and nuclear power.

Question 62

During hearings in 1974, the House Judiciary Committee adopted impeachment articles charging President Nixon with

A) accepting bribes.
B) obstruction of justice.
C) abusing the powers of his office.
D) contempt of Congress.
E) breaking and entering.

Question 63

While president, Jimmy Carter

A) made human rights a guiding principle of American foreign policy.
B) signed treaties restoring Panamanian sovereignty over the Canal Zone.
C) established formal diplomatic relations with mainland China.
D) helped to broker an agreement between Israel and Egypt in the Middle East.
E) established good relations with the revolutionary government of Iran.

Question 64

In his brief presidency, Gerald Ford

A) signed the Helsinki accords.
B) granted a complete pardon to former President Nixon.
C) appointed Henry Kissinger as vice president.
D) lost the Republican nomination for president in 1976.
E) sent American troops to prevent the final defeat of South Vietnam.