Deck 11: Professions and Professionals

Question 1

The habit of consistently performing very high-quality work is called

A)empowerment.
B)professionalization.
C)deprofessionalization.
D)professionalism.
E)mystification.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of professions?

A)altruism
B)abstract, specialized knowledge
C)authority
D)autonomy
E)alternative lifestyles

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Professional knowledge is

A)monopolized.
B)specialized.
C)couched in jargon.
D)both a and b
E)a, b, and c

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A code of ethics is a sign of

A)professional knowledge.
B)a professional association.
C)altruism.
D)organizational autonomy.
E)a desire to evade government regulation.

Question 5

The so-called "new middle class" is defined by

A)personal acquisition of capital.
B)inheritance of capital.
C)lower prestige than the "old middle class."
D)higher prestige than the "old middle class."
E)the ownership of knowledge.

Question 6

Obstacles to professionalization include all but which of
The following?

A)opposition from existing professions
B)opposition from the government
C)employment in large organizations
D)public skepticism
E)difficulty in standardizing a body of knowledge

Question 7

An occupation that seeks to imitate a profession follows the process of

A)deprofessionalization.
B)mystification.
C)professionalization.
D)turf definition.
E)professionalism.

Question 8

The professional-client relationship is most affected by

A)professional association accreditation standards.
B)third-party payments for professional services.
C)the professional code of ethics.
D)the alumni association of the professional school.
E)the client's level of belief in the professional.

Question 9

Occupational groupings closely associated with professions in a helping or supporting role but not possessing their own body of knowledge nor having autonomy are called

A)semi-professionals.
B)paraprofessions.
C)deprofessionalized workers.
D)executives.
E)free professions.

Question 10

Deprofessionalization often threatens

A)the profession's right to licensing.
B)the profession's right to monopolize its knowledge.
C)the profession's code of ethics.
D)the profession's autonomy.
E)the profession's altruism.

Question 11

"Professionalization" refers to

A)competence and effectiveness in job performance.
B)the effort by an occupational group to raise its collective standing.
C)competition between semi-professionals and paraprofessionals over areas of authority.
D)specialization.
E)moving a service from home to market production.

Question 12

The knowledge base of a profession includes all of the following EXCEPT

A)theoretical knowledge.
B)technique.
C)practical information.
D)research published in journals.
E)professional culture.

Question 13

One characteristic of semi-professions is that they often have a predominance of

A)people with only a high school education.
B)women.
C)minority group members.
D)geographically isolated people.
E)people following a second career.

Question 14

Which "hallmark" of the professions leads professionals to expect compliance with their orders from clients and subordinate occupational groups?

A)specialized knowledge
B)autonomy
C)authority
D)altruism
E)ethical obligations

Question 15

Which of the following characteristics do the semi-professions NOT share in common with the traditional free professions?

A)an over-representation of women
B)having concern for others
C)a professional culture
D)a body of knowledge
E)specialized training

Question 16

In the text, Ritzer and Walczak use the term McDoctors to characterize

A)the ongoing reorganization of professional services.
B)the support of residential homes near hospitals for the families of sick children by McDonalds.
C)the automation of professional work.
D)the employment of professionals in staff positions.
E)the increasing use of advertising by professionals.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a form of deprofessionalization?

A)diffusion of specialized knowledge
B)control by management
C)regulation by the state
D)licensure by the state
E)guidelines by third-party payers

Question 18

Which of the following IS a characteristic of paraprofessionals?

A)They control their own body of knowledge.
B)They are required to maintain full-time status.
C)They obtain the same training as professionals.
D)They provide a supporting role to other professionals.
E)They are as autonomous as the professionals.

Question 19

Employment in large organizations threatens professionals with the substitution of _________ authority for professional authority.

A)bureaucratic
B)traditional
C)charismatic
D)communal
E)amateur

Question 20

The relentless creation of new knowledge has what consequences for professionals?

A)Professionals who cannot keep up with the new knowledge become intellectually obsolete.
B)Professionals may find that computerized techniques have routinized their professional judgment.
C)Professionals feel the need for greater specialization.
D)both a and b
E)a, b, and c

Question 21

Dr.Smith is the company doctor for Megavert Widget Company.Dr.Jones works in a group practice with ten other doctors.An importance difference between their work conditions is:

A)The group practice retains control by the profession.
B)The factory does not require its physician to be licensed by the state.
C)The factory doctor does not need continuing education.
D)The clients at the group practice have more medical problems.
E)The doctors in the group practice graduated from a different medical school than the factory doctor.

Question 22

New professions arise

A)whenever the state legislature passes licensing laws.
B)when universities create new majors.
C)when professional associations are formed.
D)when a new journal is developed.
E)when the public accepts advice from an occupational group with expertise in a subject.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the "four hallmarks" approach to the professions by the "power" approach?

A)The "hallmarks" approach neglects efforts by the professions to reserve work to themselves.
B)The professions are not really meritocracies as claimed in the "hallmarks" approach.
C)The "hallmarks" approach overemphasizes the autonomy of professionals.
D)Professionals are not as altruistic as the "hallmarks" approach suggests.
E)Struggles within the profession are ignored.

Question 24

Within each profession, women and minorities

A)tend to have lower incomes
B)are more likely to have their authority challenged
C)occupy less prestigious specialties
D)sometimes experience discrimination
E)all of the above

Question 25

Struggles over authority between two occupations are most likely to occur when

A)the state legislature has no political majority.
B)the public does not yet accept the claims of expertise by either occupation.
C)universities will not provide training in either area.
D)one occupation is already recognized for third-party reimbursement.
E)the two occupations have equally stringent admission criteria to their training schools.

Question 26

One danger for the professional who hires a paraprofessional is that

A)the paraprofessional might practice the profession without a license.
B)the professional is responsible for any mistakes made by the paraprofessional.
C)the paraprofessional receives no training.
D)the paraprofessional will raise the cost of providing the professional service.
E)most clients feel more comfortable with the paraprofessional than they do with the professional.

Question 27

Compared with other workers, professionals

A)receive higher salaries.
B)receive lower prestige.
C)work fewer hours per week.
D)are exempt from continuing education requirements.
E)rarely volunteer their time.

Question 28

Professions delegate their dirty work to other workers.This is consistent with their

A)altruism.
B)abstract, specialized knowledge.
C)authority.
D)autonomy.
E)alternative lifestyles.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of professional occupations?

A)barriers to entry
B)lengthy training schools
C)claim of altruism
D)have legal or institutional support for their monopoly of knowledge through credentialing
E)are subject to the authority of a dominant occupation

Question 30

Which of the following would you be LEAST likely to find in an occupation that is professionalizing?

A)university training programs
B)professional journals
C)lobbying effort at the state legislature
D)licensing
E)collective bargaining.

Question 31

Socialization in the professional school is critical to participating in

A)lobbying for the professional association.
B)the professional culture.
C)a bureaucratic organization.
D)pro bono publico work.
E)an occupation.

Question 32

Government regulation and managerial control are forces of

A)professionalization.
B)deprofessionalization.
C)meritocracy.
D)mystification.
E)specialization.

Question 33

The concept that each profession is a meritocracy is most compatible with

A)the conflict theory.
B)Marxist theory.
C)the theory of professionalization
D)structural-functionalist theory
E)the theory of deprofessionalization

Question 34

In the "power" approach to defining professions, what makes the knowledge held by professionals unique?

A)Although the knowledge is often held by general public, the professional has power over the client.
B)Professional knowledge is both theoretical and applied.
C)Professionals use this knowledge in doing pro bono work.
D)The knowledge is monopolized.
E)The knowledge is conveyed in formal schooling.

Question 35

What do the semi-professions lack in comparison with the professions?

A)ultimate control over their own body of knowledge
B)control over areas of uncertainty
C)professional associations and a code of ethics
D)a lengthy training period in a body of specialized knowledge
E)an effort to require licensing

Question 36

A powerful professional association is interested in all of the following EXCEPT

A)lobbying for favorable laws.
B)accrediting professional schools.
C)setting standards for professional degrees.
D)sharing authority with closely related occupations.
E)maintaining prestige with clients.

Question 37

Suppose a lawyer is employed as full-time legal counsel for a university.She is

A)a professional in name only.
B)a professional in a staff position.
C)a semi-professional.
D)a manager.
E)a paraprofessional.

Question 38

Semi-professions experience reduced autonomy because

A)their state licenses are limited.
B)they are more likely to be employed in bureaucratic organizations.
C)they delegate their dirty work to others.
D)they are recognized as legitimate by clients.
E)they cooperate with professionals.

Question 39

The hallmarks approach (i.e., the structural-functional approach) is most useful for

A)understanding the distribution of power within the profession.
B)predicting which occupations will professionalize.
C)distinguishing professions from other types of occupations.
D)understanding how professions maintain a position of dominance.
E)predicting the behavior of professionals who are employed in bureaucratic organizations.

Question 40

Which of the following is key to understanding the "power" approach to the professions?

A)The professions are relatively meritocratic.
B)Organized collectivities can act to achieve desired ends.
C)The possession of specialized technical knowledge gives its holders power.
D)The state autonomously decides which occupations will be conferred professional status.
E)Occupations that are already powerful act to retain their power.

Question 41

The model of the "free professions" refers to

A)working without pay.
B)self-employment as opposed to working for a bureaucratic organization.
C)working without legal constraints.
D)working without paying a licensing fee.
E)working without supervision within a bureaucracy.

Question 42

Given the definition of professionalism,

A)only a professional's work could be described with this term.
B)both professionals and semi-professionals could be described with this term.
C)only the work of someone who is licensed to perform their occupation could be described with this term.
D)only the work of people who receive pay for their work could be described with this term.
E)any work could be described with this term.

Question 43

Librarians are an example of an occupation in which

A)there are high barriers to entry.
B)deprofessionalization is not possible.
C)occupational monopoly of work has not yet occurred.
D)legislatures require licenses to practice.
E)bureaucratic control does not conflict with professional control.

Question 44

The professions exercise authority over other occupations

A)by delegating dirty work.
B)by creating paraprofessions.
C)by maintaining a monopoly over some tasks.
D)by using licensing to limit the ability of other occupations to perform some tasks.
E)all of the above.

Question 45

Intense specialization within the professions has led to

A)a need for generalists.
B)demystification.
C)competition among professions.
D)competition between professions and semi-professions.
E)competition between professions and paraprofessions.

Question 46

The conflict perspective

A)views the professions as unproductive.
B)explains the professions in terms of their objective merit.
C)explains the relative rankings of the professions and of the specialties within the profession as a function of power.
D)explains the position of professionals who are self-employed but not the position of those who are employed by organizations.
E)views the entry into professional school as the most important determinant of the professional culture.

Question 47

One implication of the new middle class is that

A)there will no longer be inheritance of capital.
B)outsourcing is creating a middle class abroad.
C)taxes on consumption will replace taxes on income.
D)admission to professional schools will become a key form of social mobility
E)only professionals will be viewed as members of the middle class.

Question 48

Pro bono publico work

A)is paid employment.
B)is performed only in medical fields.
C)has no professional significance.
D)is unrelated to other professional work.
E)may carry symbolic rewards.

Question 49

Outsourcing presupposes that

A)the United States no longer produces enough professionals to serve its own needs.
B)the professionals hired abroad were trained in American professional schools.
C)the professionals hired abroad are paid more than those in the United States.
D)the professionals hired abroad have knowledge roughly equivalent to that of U.S.professionals.
E)U.S.professionals have delegated "dirty work" abroad.