Deck 30: The War to End War

Question 1

Most of the money raised to finance World War I came from

A) confiscation of German property.
B) income taxes.
C) tariffs.
D) sale of armaments to Britain and France.
E) loans.

Answer 1

loans.

Question 2

When the United States entered World War I, it was

A) well prepared thanks to the foresight of Woodrow Wilson.
B) well prepared militarily but not industrially.
C) well prepared for naval warfare but not for land combat.
D) prepared to acquire most of its military supplies from the Allies.
E) poorly prepared to leap into global war.

Answer 2

poorly prepared to leap into global war.

Question 3

The United States declared war on Germany

A) in response to demands by American munitions makers.
B) when the German army threatened to take Paris.
C) because Wall Street bankers demanded it.
D) after Mexico signed an alliance with Germany.
E) after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels.

Answer 3

after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels.

Question 4

Most wartime mobilization agencies relied on ____ to prepare the economy for war.

A) congressional legislation
B) voluntary compliance
C) presidential edict
D) court decisions
E) business trade association collaboration

Question 5

In an effort to make economic mobilization more efficient during World War I, the federal government took over and operated

A) the railroads.
B) the merchant marine.
C) the airlines.
D) the food processing industry.
E) the steel mills.

Question 6

As a result of their work supporting the war effort, women

A) in large numbers secured a foothold in the work force.
B) finally received the right to vote.
C) were allowed to join the air force.
D) organized the National Women's Party.
E) obtained some federally supported child care centers.

Question 7

During World War I, the federal government's National War Labor Board

A) treated labor fairly by encouraging higher wages and the eight-hour day.
B) demanded that labor sacrifice wage increases for the national good.
C) collaborated with brutal employers to suppress worker rights.
D) established and supported labor's right to organize unions.
E) pushed labor unions to incorporate African Americans in their ranks.

Question 8

The radical labor group that strongly opposed World War I was

A) the American Federation of Labor.
B) the Knights of Labor.
C) the Greenback Labor party.
D) the American Communist party.
E) the Industrial Workers of the World.

Question 9

Match each civilian administrator below with the World War I mobilization agency that he directed.

A) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
B) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
C) A-3, B-2, C-l, D-4
D) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
E) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

Question 10

The great 1919 steel strike resulted in

A) the eight-hour workday.
B) the right to bargain collectively.
C) modestly higher wages.
D) violent confrontations and the use of African American strikebreakers.
E) a "general strike" in Seattle and Pittsburgh.

Question 11

President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when

A) the Zimmermann note was intercepted and made public.
B) Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic.
C) news was received that a revolutionary movement had overthrown the tsarist regime in Russia.
D) Germany rejected Wilson's Fourteen Points for peace.
E) it appeared that the German army would take Paris.

Question 12

President Wilson viewed America's entry into World War I as an opportunity for the United States to

A) re-establish the balance of power in European diplomacy.
B) demonstrate that it was now a global great power.
C) rebuild its dangerously small military and naval forces.
D) establish a permanent military presence in Europe.
E) shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy.

Question 13

Of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, the one that he considered the linchpin that would guarantee all the rest was

A) free trade and a reduction of international economic barriers.
B) the League of Nations.
C) abolition of secret treaties.
D) freedom of the seas.
E) an end to colonialism and establishment of the principle of national self-determination of peoples.

Question 14

Labor's greatest grievance during World War I was

A) the inability to gain the legal right to organize unions.
B) declining wage rates.
C) suppression of the American Federation of Labor.
D) the drafting of striking workers into the army.
E) the deportation of radical labor organizers to the Soviet Union.

Question 15

The Zimmermann note involved a proposed secret agreement between

A) Britain and France.
B) Russia and Germany.
C) Germany and Mexico.
D) Mexico and France.
E) Germany and Canada.

Question 16

The movement of tens of thousands of southern blacks north during WWI resulted in

A) better race relations in the South.
B) racial violence in the North.
C) fewer blacks willing to be used as strikebreakers.
D) a new black middle class.
E) a movement for integration in the North.

Question 17

The major problem with George Creel's Committee on Public Information was that

A) it oversold Wilson's ideals and led the world to expect too much.
B) it relied too heavily on coercive means.
C) the entertainment industry was not willing to go along with the propaganda campaign.
D) U.S.allies regarded American propaganda as too simple and naïve.
E) the public was skeptical of government propaganda.

Question 18

During World I, the groups that suffered the greatest attacks on their civil liberties were

A) German and Austrian spies.
B) feminists.
C) those who tried to sabotage the war effort.
D) writers and others in Hollywood and the media.
E) German-Americans and antiwar Socialists.

Question 19

Two constitutional amendments adopted in part because of wartime influences were the Eighteenth, which dealt with ____, and the Nineteenth, whose subject was ____.

A) prohibition; an income tax
B) direct election of senators; woman suffrage
C) prohibition; woman suffrage
D) an income tax; direct election of senators
E) women suffrage; prohibition

Question 20

President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by

A) declaring that it was necessary to prevent the spread of Soviet communism in Europe.
B) convincing the public of the need to make the world safe from the German submarine.
C) pledging to make the war "a war to end all wars" and to make the world safe for democracy.
D) promising that no United States troops would be under Allied command.
E) declaring that only the navy would be involved in combat.

Question 21

The World War I draft worked more effectively than the Civil War draft partly because

A) no one could purchase an exemption or hire a substitute.
B) the law required the registration of all eighteen-year-old males.
C) women as well as men were drafted.
D) the draftees were guaranteed thorough military training by professional officers.
E) there was no racial discrimination in the military.

Question 22

The Second Battle of the Marne was significant because it

A) was the first time American troops saw action in France.
B) forced the Kaiser to abdicate.
C) demonstrated that American troops could withstand poison gas.
D) saw the first use of combat aircraft.
E) marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never reversed.

Question 23

Woodrow Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference was to

A) stop the spread of communism.
B) create a fair territorial settlement in Europe.
C) force Germany to pay reparations for the war.
D) establish the League of Nations.
E) create new national states in Europe.

Question 24

Russia's withdrawal from World War I in 1918 resulted in

A) a communist takeover of that country.
B) the United States' entry into the war.
C) the release of hundreds of thousands of German troops for deployment on the western front in France.
D) Germany's surrender to the Allies.
E) a setback for the idea of a "war for democracy."

Question 25

At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson sought all of the following goals except

A) preventing a seizure of territory by the victors.
B) an end to the European colonial empires in Africa and Asia.
C) a world parliament of nations to provide collective security.
D) national self-determination for smaller European nations.
E) free trade and freedom of the seas.

Question 26

All of the following contributed to the German defeat in World War I except

A) the seductive Wilsonian propaganda promises.
B) the prospect of endless American troop reserves.
C) the Americans' military victories on the battlefield.
D) the hammering blows of the Allied armies.
E) critical food shortages caused by the British blockade.

Question 27

The Germans believed that American troops would not be an important factor in World War I because

A) they would be able to conquer France before many Americans arrived.
B) American troops were untrained and inexperienced in trench warfare.
C) most American troops would be deployed on the Italian and Russian fronts.
D) the Americans refused to place themselves under a joint Allied command.
E) Americans would be too preoccupied by the pleasures of Paris.

Question 28

As a condition of ending World War I, Woodrow Wilson demanded that

A) Germany remove all its armies from France and Italy.
B) the Germans establish a democratic government.
C) the German government pay for war damages.
D) the German Kaiser be forced from power.
E) Germany accept guilt for the war.

Question 29

American operations were not confined solely to France; small detachments were sent to all of the following except

A) Belgium.
B) Italy.
C) Russia.
D) Germany.
E) Siberia.

Question 30

After the Treaty of Versailles had been signed, Woodrow Wilson

A) remained a popular leader.
B) was condemned by both disillusioned liberals and frustrated imperialists.
C) was praised by ethnic groups in the United States.
D) admitted that he should have been willing to compromise.
E) planned a shrewd strategy for Senate approval.

Question 31

The majority of American female activists strongly supported World War I on the basis that

A) fighting for democracy abroad would enable them to win suffrage at home.
B) defeating the Kaiser's Germany would be a large blow to masculine prestige.
C) opposing the war would identify their cause with pacifism and radicalism.
D) Woodrow Wilson had always been a strong advocate of women's rights.
E) they wanted American women to be able to join the military.

Question 32

All of the following countries were represented at the Paris Peace Conference except

A) the United States.
B) Germany.
C) Italy.
D) France.
E) Britain.

Question 33

Opposition to the League of Nations by the United States Senate during the Paris Peace Conference

A) gave Allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position.
B) resulted in the League's being left out of the final draft of the treaty.
C) led to an abandonment of the Monroe Doctrine.
D) reinforced Germany's unwillingness to sign the treaty.
E) forced Wilson to compromise on the League idea.

Question 34

The first significant engagement of American troops in a European battle in American history came in the spring of 1918 at

A) Meuse-Argonne.
B) Château-Thierry.
C) St.Mihiel.
D) the Second Battle of the Marne.
E) D-Day.

Question 35

The United States used all of the following methods to support the war effort except

A) taking over and operating the railroads.
B) having days dedicated to rationing.
C) using government power extensively to regulate the economy.
D) promoting victory gardens.
E) restricting the manufacture of beer.

Question 36

In the United States, the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was

A) the handing over of Shandong province to the Japanese.
B) open diplomacy.
C) the permanent U.S.alliance with France.
D) self-determination.
E) the League of Nations.

Question 37

The chief difference between Woodrow Wilson and the parliamentary statesmen at the Paris peace table was that Wilson

A) lacked their popularity in Europe.
B) did not command a legislative majority at home.
C) brought some of his political opponents with him.
D) refused to play politics with the great powers.
E) was unpopular with his own people.

Question 38

When the United States entered the war in 1917, most Americans did not believe that

A) the navy was obligated to defend freedom of the seas.
B) it would be necessary to continue making loans to the Allies.
C) the United States would have to ship war materials to the Allies.
D) mobilization for war should be largely voluntary.
E) it would be necessary to send a large American army to Europe.

Question 39

The United States' main contributions to the Allied victory in World War I included all of the following except

A) battlefield victories.
B) foodstuffs.
C) oil.
D) munitions.
E) financial credit.

Question 40

A major innovation of the American armed forces during World War I was

A) the absence of a draft.
B) the use of black soldiers in combat.
C) the formation of the Marine Corps.
D) the formation of a separate air force.
E) the entry of women into the military for the first time.

Question 41

How did the idea of World War I as a great "crusade for democracy" affect American conduct of the war? Was there any connection between the idealistic fervor of the war and the way that civil liberties and economic mobilization were carried out?

Question 42

Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge's strategy regarding the Treaty of Versailles was to

A) delay and amend the treaty.
B) defeat the treaty.
C) appeal to the American public to support it.
D) rush the treaty to a vote before Wilson could get enough support to pass it.
E) make the election of 1920 a "solemn referendum" on the treaty.

Question 43

Republican isolationists successfully turned Warren Harding's 1920 presidential victory into a

A) victory for the munitions industry.
B) policy of removing all American troops from overseas.
C) demand for national self-sacrifice.
D) crusade against Bolshevik communism.
E) death sentence for the League of Nations.

Question 44

Why did President Wilson have such difficulty getting his own allies at the Paris Peace Conference to accept the principles of the Fourteen Points? Were the compromises he was forced to make necessary adjustments to gain Allied support, or a fundamental abandonment of his principles?

Question 45

Woodrow Wilson's "solemn referendum" in 1920 concerned

A) whether he should run for a third term as president.
B) the moral fitness of Warren G.Harding for the presidency.
C) his attempt to use the presidential election as a public vote on the Treaty of Versailles.
D) the role of women in the 1920 election.
E) a proposed constitutional amendment authorizing the League.

Question 46

The election of 1920

A) was shaped by Senator Warren Harding's clear position on the League of Nations.
B) indicated the public's exhaustion with moral idealism and self-sacrifice.
C) was the first presidential election since passage of the woman suffrage amendment.
D) signaled the renewal of progressive domestic reform activity.
E) was used by Republican isolationists to kill the League of Nations.

Question 47

Among the major targets of the wartime Espionage and Sedition acts were

A) the American Federation of Labor.
B) George Creel.
C) the Industrial Workers of the World.
D) Eugene V.Debs.
E) German-Americans.

Question 48

In Congress, the most reliable support for Wilson's position on the League of Nations came from

A) Henry Cabot Lodge.
B) pro-league Republicans.
C) James M.Cox.
D) Midwestern senators.
E) Democrats.

Question 49

President Wilson's Fourteen Points included

A) arms limitation.
B) self-determination.
C) the balance of power.
D) freedom of the seas.
E) a permanent international organization.

Question 50

The major weakness of the new League of Nations was that it

A) had no military power.
B) did not include the Soviet Union.
C) was used as a whipping boy by Adolf Hitler to gain power.
D) did not include the United States.
E) permitted a veto by the great powers.

Question 51

Assess America's contribution to the Allied victory in World War I.Do you think that the United States' involvement was crucial to victory? Why or why not?

Question 52

What was the essential ideological thrust of President Wilson's Fourteen Points? Were they "too idealistic" from the start, or a quite rational set of objectives to prevent the problems that had caused World War I in the first place?

Question 53

The key argument that Senator Lodge and other opponents used against the League of Nations was that it

A) failed to provide adequate German financial reparations for the United States.
B) gave too much influence to small, anti-American nations.
C) violated American sovereignty and robbed Congress of its war-declaring powers.
D) did not grant the United States a veto in its Security Council.
E) would require U.S.troops to serve in international forces.

Question 54

Who was most responsible for the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles?

A) Henry Cabot Lodge
B) Woodrow Wilson
C) isolationists
D) liberal intellectuals
E) American ethnic groups

Question 55

The Senate likely would have accepted American participation in the League of Nations had Wilson

A) stuck to the principles of his own Fourteen Points.
B) personally gone to Europe to negotiate for the League Covenant.
C) actively campaigned for support from the American public.
D) been willing to compromise with League opponents in Congress.
E) run for re-election and won on a pro-League platform.

Question 56

During the course of World War I,

A) women joined the labor force in large numbers.
B) the women's movement split between pacifist and prowar wings.
C) the American government encouraged higher wages and lower hours for workers.
D) American farm production declined.
E) African-Americans made substantial civil rights gains.

Question 57

What was the essential cause of the American entry into World War I? Why did Woodrow Wilson decide to turn the war into a great crusade to "end war" and "make the world safe for democracy"?

Question 58

President Wilson's position at the Paris Peace Conference was weakened by

A) his refusal to attend the conference personally.
B) Republican party victories in the 1918 midterm elections.
C) his lack of popular support among Europeans.
D) his failure to appoint a leading Senate Republican to the conference delegation.
E) his paralyzing stroke.

Question 59

What role did American ethnic groups play during and after World War I? How do you explain the harsh treatment of German-Americans during the war?

Question 60

President Wilson observed that woman suffrage was "a vitally necessary war measure." Why? Was prohibition also a vitally necessary war measure? Why or why not?

Question 61

To what extent was Woodrow Wilson was a realist or an idealist?

Question 62

What lessons did the American people take from their participation in World War I? Given American history and values, was it almost inevitable that there would be sharp retreat from overseas involvement like that represented in the Harding victory in 1920?

Question 63

Do you think that the United States was better off for having participated in World War I? If so, in what ways? If not, why? Create a scenario envisaging the outcome of World War I, had the United States not joined the Allies.

Question 64

How do you view the quarrel between Henry Cabot Lodge and Woodrow Wilson? Do you think that it was the deciding factor in the outcome of the Senate's vote on American participation in the League of Nations, or were other, less personal, forces responsible for the League's defeat? What were some of these other forces?