Deck 25: America Moves to the City

Question 1

One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was

A) celebrity endorsements of products.
B) the Sears catalog.
C) advertising billboards.
D) public transportation systems.
E) the rise of department stores.

Answer 1

the rise of department stores.

Question 2

Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except

A) unwilling to work hard.
B) used as strikebreakers.
C) willing to work for lower wages.
D) difficult to unionize.
E) non-English speaking.

Answer 2

unwilling to work hard.

Question 3

The place that offered the greatest opportunities for American women in the period 1865-1900 was

A) the big city.
B) the West.
C) suburban communities.
D) rural America.
E) New England.

Answer 3

the big city.

Question 4

Religious Fundamentalists

A) adhere to a strict and literal interpretation of the Bible.
B) attempt to reconcile Christianity and Darwinism.
C) looked to Dwight Moody for intellectual leadership.
D) came to dominate American Protestantism intellectually between 1875 and 1925.
E) sought to do away with the Bible.

Question 5

Which one of the following has the least in common with the other four?

A) slums
B) dumbbell tenements
C) bedroom communities
D) "asphalt jungles"
E) impure water and uncollected garbage

Question 6

The tremendously rapid growth of American cities in the post-Civil War decades was

A) uniquely American.
B) fueled by an agricultural system suffering from poor production levels.
C) attributable to the closing of the frontier.
D) a trend that affected most of the Western world as well.
E) a result of natural reproduction.

Question 7

Most of the New Immigrants who came to America

A) hoped to return to Europe as soon as they could.
B) quickly adopted American language and cultural ways.
C) gained easy entry into the middle class.
D) struggled heroically to preserve their traditional cultures.
E) looked down upon native Americans as culturally inferior.

Question 8

Politically, most New Immigrants in the big cities were best served by

A) the "padrones" who arranged their employment.
B) party bosses who traded services and favors for votes.
C) social reformers who promoted "good government."
D) state legislatures and state governments.
E) the federal government.

Question 9

Liberal Protestants, whose ideas came to dominate American Protestantism between 1875 and 1925, advocated all of the following except

A) rejecting biblical literalism.
B) supporting the gospel of wealth.
C) questioning the idea of original sin.
D) supporting the social gospel.
E) calling for modest reforms.

Question 10

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution explicitly rejected the "dogma of special creation" by

A) reconciling Biblical teaching and modern science.
B) universally appealing to all scientists, who accepted his idea of natural selection without question.
C) appealing to a literal interpretation of the Bible.
D) advocating a theory which proposed that evolution takes place by a process which is completely orderly and predictable.
E) providing a material explanation for the evolutionary process.

Question 11

In the late nineteenth century, jobs as secretaries, department store clerks, bookkeepers, and telephone operators were largely reserved for

A) Jews.
B) first-generation immigrants.
C) young people.
D) the college-educated.
E) women.

Question 12

According to the social gospel,

A) God wanted workers to be content with their station in life.
B) the church should not concern itself in the social affairs of the world.
C) the traditional Christian gospel needed replacing.
D) Christians should organize new political parties.
E) Christian principles should be applied to the problems of slums and factories.

Question 13

Americans provided growing support for a free public education system because they

A) wanted to combat the growing strength of Catholic parochial schools.
B) wanted a highly literate work force.
C) believed that education could remedy major social ills.
D) saw it as a key to beating out Britain and Germany.
E) wanted to develop an intellectual elite.

Question 14

The religious denomination that benefited most from the New Immigration was the

A) Roman Catholics.
B) Baptists.
C) Episcopalians.
D) Christian Scientists.
E) Disciples of Christ.

Question 15

The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880

A) had experience with democratic governments.
B) continued to immigrate from Britain and western Europe.
C) were culturally different from previous immigrants.
D) received a warm welcome from the Old Immigrants.
E) most began contemplating moving once they felt the tug of the American magnet.

Question 16

The early settlement house workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley laid the basis for the profession of

A) language specialist.
B) social worker.
C) administrative assistant.
D) criminal psychologist.
E) nursing.

Question 17

The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was

A) the development of the skyscraper.
B) the availability of industrial jobs.
C) the compact nature of those large communities.
D) the advent of new housing structures known as dumbbell tenements.
E) dislike of rural living.

Question 18

Most Italian immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1920 came to escape

A) political oppression.
B) famine.
C) the anti-Catholic government of Italy.
D) the military draft.
E) the poverty of southern Italy.

Question 19

The American Protective Association

A) preached the social gospel that churches were obligated to protect New Immigrants.
B) was led for many years by Florence Kelley and Jane Addams.
C) promoted anti-Catholicism and immigration restrictions.
D) established settlement houses in several major cities in order to aid New Immigrants.
E) sought to educate immigrants in principles of Americanism.

Question 20

Settlement houses such as Hull House engaged in all of the following activities except

A) providing child care services for working mothers.
B) offering instruction in English.
C) encouraging cultural activities.
D) organizing for socialist causes.
E) counseling to help newcomers cope with American big city life.

Question 21

Which of the following schools became a prominent scholarly academic institution for African Americans in the late 1800s?

A) Howard University
B) Harvard University
C) Purdue University
D) the University of Chicago
E) Temple University

Question 22

Henry George found the root of social inequality and social injustice in

A) stock speculators and financiers who manipulated the price of real goods and services.
B) labor unions that artificially drove up the prices of wages and therefore goods.
C) property owners who gained unearned wealth from rising land values.
D) businesspeople who gained excessive profits by exploiting workers.
E) patriarchal ideologies that regarded women as inferior domestic beings.

Question 23

In the decades after the Civil War, changes in sexual attitudes and practices were reflected in all of the following except

A) soaring divorce rates.
B) the spreading practice of birth control.
C) marriage at an earlier age.
D) increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics.
E) critiques of women's roles as mothers.

Question 24

Victoria Woodhull and her sister were prominent advocates of

A) racial equality.
B) public health.
C) capitalism.
D) woman suffrage.
E) free love and feminism.

Question 25

Henry George argued that the unearned windfall profits of landowners who had not worked to improve their property should be

A) taxed at a rate of 100 percent and used to eliminate economic equality.
B) distributed to public works through private philanthropy.
C) saved and invested for the benefit of the community.
D) handed over to public schools.
E) prevented through communal land ownership.

Question 26

Match each of these late-nineteenth-century writers with the theme of his or her work.

A) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
B) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
C) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
D) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
E) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

Question 27

Booker T.Washington's educational philosophy was guided by the curriculum at

A) Vassar College.
B) Hampton Institute.
C) Howard University.
D) Tuskegee Institute.
E) Atlanta University.

Question 28

In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women

A) became more difficult to obtain.
B) was confined to women's colleges.
C) became much more common.
D) resulted in the passage of the Hatch Act.
E) blossomed especially in the South.

Question 29

In promoting his commitment to practical training, Booker T.Washington was

A) willing to accept segregation and social inequality.
B) determined not to take funds from whites.
C) making a call for immediate equality among all African Americans with the rest of the country.
D) willing to form an alliance with W.E.B.DuBois.
E) determined to develop strong black liberal arts colleges.

Question 30

American fiction turned from romanticism and transcendentalism to rugged realism as a result of the

A) influence of Latin American literature.
B) public dislike of romantic and sentimental novels.
C) higher educational level of the authors.
D) materialism and social conflicts of industrial society.
E) prominence of women writers.

Question 31

The Morrill Act of 1862

A) established women's colleges like Vassar.
B) required compulsory school attendance through high school.
C) established the modern American research university.
D) mandated racial integration in public schools.
E) provided grants of public land to the states for support of public higher education.

Question 32

Edward Bellamy, a quiet Massachusetts Yankee, was another journalist-reformer of remarkable power; in 1888 he published a socialistic novel titled

A) Progress and Poverty.
B) My Struggles.
C) Looking Backward.
D) It Can't Happen Here.
E) The Iron Heal.

Question 33

Black leader Dr.W.E.B.Du Bois

A) demanded complete equality for African Americans.
B) established an industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama.
C) supported the goals of Booker T.Washington.
D) was an ex-slave who rose to fame.
E) disliked blacks who pursued elite educations.

Question 34

General Lewis Wallace's novel Ben Hur

A) achieved success only after his death.
B) was based on a popular early movie.
C) advocated social reform while setting its story in the ancient Roman world.
D) was based on Wallace's experiences in the Civil War.
E) defended Christianity against Darwinism.

Question 35

The philosophy of pragmatism maintains that ____ is/are important.

A) the logically correct formulation of a theory
B) the practical consequences of an idea
C) foregoing materialism in favor of high ideals
D) how you think, not what you do
E) knowledge is innate in the human mind

Question 36

America's greatest contribution to the history of philosophy was with

A) Puritanism.
B) Enlightenment rationalism.
C) Transcendentalism.
D) Pragmatism.
E) none of these.

Question 37

That a "talented tenth" of American blacks should lead the race to full social and political equality with whites was the view of

A) George Washington Carver.
B) Booker T.Washington.
C) Ida B.Wells.
D) W.E.B.Du Bois.
E) Paul Laurence Dunbar.

Question 38

Which of the following was not among the prominent new American graduate research universities established in the late nineteenth century?

A) Leland Stanford Junior University
B) Johns Hopkins University
C) Cornell University
D) the University of Virginia
E) the University of Chicago

Question 39

Booker T.Washington believed that the key to political and civil rights for African Americans was

A) the vote.
B) rigorous academic training.
C) integration.
D) political protest.
E) economic security.

Question 40

In general, late-nineteenth-century American journalism

A) printed hard-hitting editorials.
B) crusaded for social reform.
C) became known for its tough, investigative reporting.
D) was led by eloquent and witty columnists.
E) turned to sensationalist sex and scandal.

Question 41

During industrialization, Americans increasingly

A) lost their sense of humor.
B) became less efficient.
C) lost interest in organized sports and recreation.
D) shared a single, standardized culture.
E) pursued individual hobbies and private amusements.

Question 42

Late-nineteenth-century novels often pursued themes of

A) romantic love and happy marriages.
B) social realism and urban conflicts.
C) fantasy and imagination.
D) satirical commentary and social criticism.
E) sexual tensions and the dilemmas of the "new woman."

Question 43

The National American Woman Suffrage Association

A) achieved its goal in 1898.
B) conducted an integrated campaign for equal rights.
C) abandoned the goals of Susan Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
D) proved unable to reform marriage property laws.
E) limited its membership to whites.

Question 44

In the late nineteenth century, orthodox Protestant churches were being challenged by

A) the theories of Charles Darwin.
B) the mounting emphasis on materialism.
C) historical and critical studies of the Bible.
D) the social doctrines of Catholicism and Judaism.
E) African-Americans' rejection of Christianity.

Question 45

The New Immigrants who came to America after 1880

A) were mostly poor European urban workers.
B) were usually literate.
C) came from southern and eastern Europe.
D) tended to settle in northeastern cities.
E) were largely Roman Catholic or Jewish.

Question 46

Carrie Chapman Catt argued that women should be granted the right to vote because

A) women were in all respects the equal of men.
B) in the city, women needed to be vocal on such issues as public health and education.
C) women should at least have the same rights as African-American males.
D) suffrage was the logical extension of a woman's traditional role in caring for her family.
E) they were morally superior to men.

Question 47

New Immigrants coming to America after 1880

A) paid exorbitant transatlantic passage fares.
B) were primarily seeking economic opportunity.
C) had often been highly mobile before coming to America.
D) were well experienced in the institutions of democratic government.
E) met with a warm reception from native Americans.

Question 48

By 1900, congressional legislation barred ____ from immigrating to America.

A) the insane
B) the Chinese
C) contract laborers
D) Jews
E) socialists

Question 49

Fear of newly arriving immigrants has been a constant in American history.With respect to the New Immigrants of the late nineteenth century, describe what the native-born Americans were concerned about.Do you think their fears were well founded? Why or why not?

Question 50

Leading pastimes of late-nineteenth-century Americans included

A) bicycling.
B) croquet.
C) baseball.
D) the circus.
E) vaudeville.

Question 51

Compare and contrast the New Immigration with the Old Immigration (be sure to include characteristics of, reasons for immigrating, and reactions to).

Question 52

Which of the following sports and recreational activities did not achieve its first great popularity in the late nineteenth century?

A) baseball
B) college football
C) basketball
D) croquet
E) ice hockey

Question 53

The arrival of immigrants on American shores in the late nineteenth century involved both "push" and "pull" factors.Describe the major motives that caused emigrants to leave Europe and come to the United States during this period.

Question 54

By 1900, American cities were becoming

A) heavily populated.
B) segregated by race and ethnic group.
C) segregated by occupation.
D) geographically compact.
E) more homogeneous.

Question 55

By 1900, advocates of women's suffrage

A) argued that women's biology gave them a fundamentally different character from men.
B) insisted on women's equal natural and human rights.
C) formed strong alliances with African-Americans seeking voting rights.
D) argued that the vote would enable women to extend their roles as mothers and homemakers to the public world.
E) were willing to accept separate women's education as the price of gaining the vote.

Question 56

In the course of the late nineteenth century,

A) the birthrate increased.
B) the divorce rate fell.
C) family size gradually declined.
D) people tended to marry at an early age.
E) children lived longer at home.

Question 57

A new generation of architects formed the "City Beautiful" movement in order to convey all of the following, except:

A) beauty
B) order
C) harmony.
D) equality.
E) monumentality.

Question 58

Many native-born Americans tended to blame New Immigrants for

A) the corruption of urban government.
B) low industrial wages.
C) the degradation of life in American cities.
D) importing radical social and economic doctrines.
E) the rising American divorce rate.

Question 59

One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the

A) decline in farm income.
B) stresses of urban life.
C) emerging feminist movement.
D) passage of more liberal divorce laws.
E) decline of religious institutions.

Question 60

The most prominent African American female activist of the late nineteenth century was

A) Sojourner Truth.
B) Toni Morrison.
C) Mary McLeod Bethune.
D) Ida B.Wells
E) Harriet Tubman

Question 61

What effect did the impact of industrialization and urbanization have on late-nineteenth-century American churches, schools, and family life?

Question 62

Why did education come to be seen as a solution to many American social problems in the late nineteenth century? Were the new state universities and private research universities valuable attempts to engage with American society, or did they create escapes for a privileged elite?

Question 63

What issues faced African American leaders in the late nineteenth century? Which leader, Booker T.Washington or W.E.B.DuBois, had the best program for African American advancement? Is there a difference whether one considers the short or long run?

Question 64

To what extent was the city a "frontier of opportunity for women"? Name at least two women who seized this "opportunity" and elaborate on their experiences.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the ways in which cities brought large numbers of people together, but often forced them apart in their ideas and their ways of living.What made cities such places of contradiction and often social conflict? Were Americans so troubled by city life partly because it was so new to most of them?

Question 66

Assess the validity of the following statement, "women were growing more independent in the urban environment of the cities in the late nineteenth century." What did the city environment have to do with women's liberation, and what forms did their new independence take?

Question 67

Were some legal restrictions on immigration needed in the nineteenth century? List the kinds of restrictions actually imposed, and state whether you agree with each restriction.Why or why not?

Question 68

In what ways did journalism, literature, and the arts all respond to the changing conditions of American life in the urban industrial cities? Which writers and artists best reflected the central concerns of the period?