Deck 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture

Question 1

Deists like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin endorsed

A) the belief in divine revelation.
B) the belief in original sin.
C) the belief in the deity of Christ.
D) the belief that a Supreme Being endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.
E) the belief in the imminent end of the world.

Answer 1

the belief that a Supreme Being endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.

Question 2

By 1850, the traditional Protestant denominations in America

A) had turned toward mysticism and monasticism.
B) were ignored by three-fourths of the people.
C) had lost some of their austere Calvinist rigor.
D) had developed a more highly educated clergy.
E) had become tied to the upper classes.

Answer 2

had lost some of their austere Calvinist rigor.

Question 3

Religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening resulted in

A) little increase in church membership.
B) a strong religious influence in many areas of American life.
C) a growing social conservatism.
D) greater attention to church history and doctrine.
E) closer ties between church and state.

Answer 3

a strong religious influence in many areas of American life.

Question 4

The religious zeal of the Second Great Awakening led to the planting of many small, denominational, liberal arts colleges, chiefly in the

A) East.
B) South and West.
C) North.
D) South exclusively.
E) none of these.

Question 5

All the following are true of the Second Great Awakening except that it

A) resulted in the conversion of countless souls.
B) encouraged a variety of humanitarian reforms.
C) strengthened democratic denominations like the Baptists and Methodists.
D) was a reaction against the growing liberalism in religion.
E) was not as large as the First Great Awakening.

Question 6

Which one of the following is least related to the other four?

A) Brigham Young
B) William Miller
C) The Book of Mormon
D) Salt Lake City
E) polygamy

Question 7

The Deist faith embraced all of the following except

A) the concept of original sin.
B) the reliance on reason rather than revelation.
C) belief in a Supreme Being.
D) belief in human beings' capacity for moral behavior.
E) denial of the divinity of Christ.

Question 8

Besides polygamy, a characteristic of Mormonism that angered many non-Mormon Americans was their

A) belief in visions and a special spiritual role for America.
B) constant movement toward the western frontier.
C) refusal to take up arms and defend themselves.
D) voting as a unit and openly drilling their militia.
E) dislike of federal government control of their lives.

Question 9

A third revolution accompanied the reformation of American politics and the transformation of the American economy in the mid-nineteenth century, which contained all of the following goals except

A) improve the character of ordinary Americans.
B) make Americans more upstanding and God-fearing.
C) focus on preserving the traditions of the founders.
D) make Americans more literate and educated.
E) pour their energies into religious revivals and reform movements.

Question 10

Church attendance was still a regular ritual for ____ of the 23 million Americans in 1850.

A) one-third
B) one-half
C) three-fourths
D) less than one-fourth
E) two-thirds

Question 11

Unitarians held the following beliefs except

A) the belief that God existed in only one person.
B) they denied the deity of Jesus.
C) they stressed the essential goodness of human nature.
D) they believed in the possibility of salvation through good works.
E) they believed in a Puritan-type god, who was very stern.

Question 12

The religious denominations that gained most from the revivalism of the Second Great Awakening were the

A) Roman Catholics and Episcopalians.
B) Unitarians and Seventh-Day Adventists.
C) Methodists and Baptists.
D) Congregationalists and Presbyterians.
E) Lutherans and Mennonites.

Question 13

The Second Great Awakening tended to

A) promote religious diversity.
B) reduce social class differences.
C) blur regional differences.
D) discourage church membership.
E) weaken women's social position.

Question 14

The original prophet of the Mormon religion was

A) William Miller.
B) Brigham Young.
C) Charles G.Finney.
D) the angel Moroni.
E) Joseph Smith.

Question 15

As a revivalist preacher, Charles Grandison Finney advocated

A) opposition to slavery.
B) a perfect Christian kingdom on earth.
C) opposition to alcohol.
D) public prayer by women.
E) all of these.

Question 16

The greatest of the revival preachers of the Second Great Awakening was

A) Joseph Smith.
B) Peter Cartwright.
C) Dwight L.Moody.
D) Charles G.Finney.
E) Angelina Grimke.

Question 17

The Mormon religion originated in

A) Utah.
B) New England.
C) Nauvoo, Illinois.
D) the Western Reserve District of northeastern Ohio.
E) the Burned-Over District of upstate New York.

Question 18

The Second Great Awakening tended to

A) widen the lines between classes and regions.
B) open Episcopal and Presbyterian churches to the poor.
C) unite northern Baptists and Methodists against slavery.
D) draw the more prosperous and conservative eastern churches into the revivalist camps.
E) increase the influence of educated clergy.

Question 19

Among the mission fields where American evangelical Protestants inspired by the Second Great Awakening were especially active were

A) the West Indies and Latin America.
B) northwest Canada and Alaska.
C) Hawaii and Asia.
D) the Middle East and Russia.
E) Britain and Ireland.

Question 20

The Second Great Awakening partly reshaped American religion by making it

A) more dependent on a college-educated clergy.
B) more reliant on women as members and social reformers.
C) less socially and theologically diverse.
D) more sympathetic to hierarchical churches like Catholicism.
E) more centered on the life of the local parish.

Question 21

Women became especially active in the social reforms stimulated by the Second Great Awakening because

A) evangelical religion emphasized their spiritual dignity, and religious social reform legitimized their activity outside the home.
B) social reform seemed more attractive than church life itself.
C) women saw an opportunity to gain power in evangelical reform organizations.
D) many of the leading preachers and evangelists were women.
E) the biblical teachings of St.Paul emphasized women's roles in social reform.

Question 22

By the 1850s, the crusade for women's rights was eclipsed by

A) the temperance movement.
B) the "Lucy Stoners."
C) abolitionism.
D) prison reform advocates.
E) evangelical revivalism.

Question 23

Most of the utopian communities in pre-1860s America held ____ as one of their founding ideals.

A) sexual freedom
B) pacifism
C) religious fundamentalism
D) feminism
E) cooperative social and economic practices

Question 24

The idea of free public education as an essential component of American democracy grew in the early nineteenth century with the influence of

A) Thomas Jefferson and Horace Mann.
B) Daniel Webster and Abraham Lincoln.
C) Charles G.Finney and Henry Ward Beecher.
D) Susan B.Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
E) Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Question 25

Sexual differences were strongly emphasized in nineteenth-century America because

A) the culture of advertising and consumerism emphasized sexual appeals.
B) physical strength became more important in the industrial economy.
C) new biological studies indicated the genetic basis of sexual differences.
D) the market economy increasingly separated men and women into distinct economic roles.
E) women believed this emphasis brought them greater respect.

Question 26

Noah Webster's dictionary

A) defined words that had previously been obscure.
B) helped to standardize the American language.
C) was used to educate nineteenth-century slaves.
D) helped promote variations in pronunciation among the regions
E) gave legitimacy to American slang.

Question 27

New England reformer Dorothea Dix is most notable for her efforts on behalf of

A) the mentally ill.
B) the peace movement.
C) the temperance movement.
D) those imprisoned for debt.
E) women's education.

Question 28

The beliefs advocated by John Humphrey Noyes included all of the following except

A) shared communal property.
B) communal raising of children.
C) belief in a loving deity.
D) lifelong monogamous marriages.
E) improvement of the human race through eugenics.

Question 29

Of the following, the most successful of the early-nineteenth-century communitarian experiments was at

A) Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
B) Oneida, New York.
C) New Harmony, Indiana.
D) Seneca Falls, New York.
E) Shaker Heights, Ohio.

Question 30

In the very early years of the American Republic, tax-supported public education

A) existed mainly for the wealthy.
B) eliminated private and parochial education in the United States.
C) was viewed as the key to the future of democracy.
D) was seen as a primary vehicle of upward social mobility.
E) was scarce and largely aimed at the poor.

Question 31

According to John Humphrey Noyes, the key to happiness is

A) political anarchism.
B) the suppression of selfishness.
C) sexual promiscuity or "free love."
D) "Bible communism."
E) polygamy.

Question 32

The goal of the early nineteenth-century temperance movement was

A) the abolition of capital punishment.
B) to temper justice with mercy in criminal sentencing.
C) to end drinking in the workplace.
D) to prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
E) to encourage individuals to abstain from liquor voluntarily.

Question 33

Probably the most original architect in early nineteenth century America was

A) Henry Hobson Richardson.
B) Gilbert Stuart.
C) Stanford White.
D) Thomas Jefferson.
E) Frank Lloyd Wright.

Question 34

One sign that women in America were treated better than women in Europe was

A) that American women could vote.
B) that the law in the United States prohibited men from beating them.
C) that rape was more severely punished in the United States.
D) that their ideas of equality were well received by American men.
E) that American women earned respect by engaging in male activities.

Question 35

Excessive consumption of alcohol by Americans in the early 1800s was

A) exaggerated as a social problem by bluenosed reformers.
B) more common among native Americans than among immigrants.
C) a major factor in the formation of the group Alcoholics Anonymous.
D) closely linked to the masculine culture of horse racing and gambling.
E) deplored especially for its bad effects on labor efficiency and family life.

Question 36

The Oneida community's economic success was due to

A) its move from Vermont to New York.
B) the establishment of Bible communism.
C) the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware.
D) its system of communal agricultural production.
E) its linking of religion to free-market capitalism.

Question 37

One strong prejudice inhibiting women from obtaining higher education in the early nineteenth century was the belief that

A) the presence of women would distract men from learning.
B) women would be unable to participate in college athletics.
C) providing college education for women would be a waste since they would spend their lives at home rearing children.
D) no one would donate funds to support women in colleges.
E) too much learning would injure women's brains and ruin their health.

Question 38

Two areas where women in the nineteenth century were widely thought to be superior to men were

A) physical strength and mental vigor.
B) moral sensibility and artistic refinement.
C) political ability and organizational shrewdness.
D) sexual appetite and erotic appeal.
E) economic competitiveness and capacity for education.

Question 39

The Oneida community declined due to

A) widespread criticism of its sexual practices.
B) a decline in animal trapping.
C) their adoption of capitalism.
D) the loss of Noyes's leadership.
E) adult children's resentment of the communal childrearing practice.

Question 40

Which of the following was not associated with the early nineteenth century cause of women's rights?

A) Emily Dickinson
B) Lucy Stone
C) Lucretia Mott
D) Elizabeth Blackwell
E) Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Question 41

The Knickerbocker group of American writers included

A) Henry David Thoreau.
B) Louisa May Alcott.
C) Washington Irving.
D) James Fenimore Cooper
E) William Cullen Bryant.

Question 42

Match each writer below with his work.

A) A-3, B-2, C-l, D-4
B) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
C) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
D) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
E) A-3, B-4, C-l, D-2

Question 43

Match each writer below with his work.

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
C) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
D) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
E) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3

Question 44

Transcendentalists believed that all knowledge came through

A) scientific observation and experiment.
B) the senses.
C) divine revelation.
D) reason, logic, and critical thinking.
E) an inner light.

Question 45

In early-nineteenth-century America, men usually regarded women as

A) social and political equals.
B) having sharply distinctive social and economic roles.
C) physically and emotionally weak but morally superior to men.
D) having special roles as teachers of the young.
E) sexually lustful and dangerous.

Question 46

Perhaps the greatest inhibiting factor for American artists in the first half of the nineteenth century was

A) the lack of first-rate art schools.
B) the Puritan prejudice that art was a waste of time.
C) the cultural dependence on Europe.
D) the lack of adequate patronage from the wealthy or the government.
E) the popular suspicion of artistic creativity.

Question 47

Leaders of the women's rights movement in the early nineteenth century included

A) Lucretia Mott.
B) Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
C) Susan B.Anthony.
D) Jane Addams.
E) Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Question 48

Many social reformers of the early nineteenth century wanted to

A) find a practical expression of their evangelical religion.
B) reaffirm traditional values amidst the turmoil of industrialization.
C) do something for the welfare of early factory workers.
D) fundamentally alter middle-class values.
E) bring about an improved or even perfect society.

Question 49

The Mormons were advocates or practitioners of

A) polygamy.
B) free enterprise.
C) theocracy.
D) pacifism.
E) birth control.

Question 50

Virtually all the distinguished historians of early-nineteenth-century America came from

A) the South.
B) the middle Atlantic states.
C) New England.
D) the Midwest.
E) the frontier.

Question 51

"Civil Disobedience," an essay that later influenced both Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., was written by the transcendentalist

A) Edgar Allan Poe.
B) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
C) Walt Whitman.
D) Margaret Fuller.
E) Henry David Thoreau.

Question 52

The "Poet Laureate of Democracy," whose emotional and sexually explicit writings expressed a deep love for the masses and enthusiasm for a democratic America, was

A) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
B) Emily Dickinson.
C) Walt Whitman.
D) Herman Melville.
E) George Bancroft

Question 53

The Hudson River school excelled in the art of painting

A) portraits.
B) classical frescos.
C) still life.
D) domestic and workplace scenes.
E) landscapes.

Question 54

A "dark" writer whose genres included poetry, horror stories, and detective fiction was

A) Edgar Allan Poe.
B) Herman Melville.
C) Sherlock Holmes.
D) Emily Dickinson.
E) William Faulkner.

Question 55

In early-nineteenth-century America,

A) the lines between male and female roles in society were becoming blurred.
B) women could not vote.
C) married women could not retain ownership of their property.
D) women began associating more with men than with women only.
E) women turned away from patriarchal religion.

Question 56

All of the following influenced transcendental thought except

A) German philosophers.
B) Asian religions.
C) Catholic doctrine.
D) American individualism.
E) love of nature.

Question 57

The writer who faded into obscurity in the nineteenth century but was recognized as one of America's greatest geniuses in the twentieth century was

A) Louisa May Alcott.
B) Henry David Thoreau.
C) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
D) Herman Melville.
E) Walt Whitman.

Question 58

A genuinely American literature received a strong boost from the

A) wave of nationalism that followed the War of 1812.
B) ideology of the American Revolution.
C) religious spirit of the Second Great Awakening.
D) federal support for the arts.
E) literary theories of Edgar Allan Poe.

Question 59

Match each individual below with his or her achievement.

A) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
B) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
C) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
D) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
E) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

Question 60

Early-nineteenth-century American educators included ____.

A) Horace Mann.
B) William H.McGuffey.
C) Noah Webster.
D) Emma Willard.
E) Mary Lyon.

Question 61

What were the fundamental causes of the women's rights movement? What did women reformers want, and how much success did they achieve?

Question 62

What were the major changes in American religion in the early nineteenth century? How were these changes linked to the spirit of democracy?

Question 63

What were the religious, social, and moral consequences of the Second Great Awakening?

Question 64

How did some religious and social movements sometimes yield economic or sexual views at radical variance with American norms? Which of the religious dissenting movements was most successful? Why?

Question 65

In early-nineteenth-century America, public schools "existed chiefly to educate the children of the poor." How did public schools come to be linked with the goals and ideals of American democracy? How successful were they?

Question 66

How did writers like Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville dissent from some of the prevalent currents of nineteenth century American life? Did their relative isolation and critical perspective help or hinder their literary art?

Question 67

If the nineteenth-century reform movements were in part paternalistic endeavors by middle-class Americans to "do something for" the less fortunate, how did that affect the character and success of their endeavors? Does it lead you to judge their reforms more or less critically?

Question 68

American transcendentalist writers included

A) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
B) Henry David Thoreau.
C) Herman Melville
D) Angelina Grimke
E) Margaret Fuller.

Question 69

How did each of the following encourage social reform: Second Great Awakening, industrialization, nostalgia for the past, hope for a utopian future?

Question 70

How do the Knickerbocker group, Hudson River school, and the transcendentalists all reflect the "nationalism" of early-nineteenth-century America? What particularly "American" values did each reflect?

Question 71

What role did women play in the intellectual and literary movements of the early 1800s?

Question 72

What do you find the single most worthwhile reform movement of the early nineteenth century? Why?

Question 73

Writers who sharply dissented from the general American optimism and belief in democracy included

A) Nathaniel Hawthorne.
B) Herman Melville.
C) Walt Whitman.
D) Edgar Allen Poe.
E) Emily Dickinson.

Question 74

To what extent did American culture and literature in the early nineteenth century reflect the New Democracy of the Jacksonian age?

Question 75

Why did American achievements in the arts generally lag behind those in politics or in social reform? What obstacles did American artists and writers face?

Question 76

The women's rights movement frequently met opposition and ridicule in its early days.Why were women's rights and equality so threatening to many people? In was ways did nineteenth-century American democracy both help and hinder the movement for women's rights?