Deck 10: Cognitive and Behavioral Approaches

Question 1

____ is a category of coping that uses our values, beliefs, and goals to shape meaning in stressful situations that are generally not conducive to the use of problem-focused coping such as long-term caregiving for a loved one with dementia or loss of a loved one.

A) Meaning-making coping
B) Emotion-focused coping
C) Social support seeking
D) Active coping

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Examples of ____ include "confided your fears and worries to a friend or relative," "sought reassurance from those who know you best," and "went to a friend for advice on how to change the situation."

A) problem-focused coping
B) emotion-focused coping
C) meaning-making coping
D) support seeking

Answer 2

D

Question 3

____ is a distorted thinking category in which one takes a specific example and sees it as global."It never ends.I got bad news today, but then again, my life is nothing but bad news."

A) Overgeneralization
B) Magnification or minimization
C) All-or-nothing thinking
D) Jumping to conclusions

Answer 3

A

Question 4

____ is a specific type of coping strategy in which one deliberately waits until the time is right to act.

A) Restraint coping
B) Mental disengagement
C) Suppression of competing activities
D) Denial

Question 5

The statement "I went on as if nothing had happened" is a strategy of avoidance coping called ____ that can be adaptive.

A) restraint coping
B) denial
C) escape avoidance
D) distancing

Question 6

Recent research indicates that human ____ hormone may play a role in the bonding process for women with their pet dogs, but not for men and their dogs.

A) parathyroid
B) oxytocin
C) norepinephrine
D) dopamine

Question 7

One of the first theoretical groupings of coping strategies, suggested by Folkman and Lazarus (1980), splits coping strategies into the two broad-based categories.____ coping involves dealing with the perceived cause of the distress whereas ____ coping entails managing the distress caused by the problem.

A) Emotion-focused; problem-focused
B) Problem-focused; emotion-focused
C) Social support seeking; meaning-making
D) Meaning-making; social support seeking

Question 8

____ coping is a form of emotion-focused coping that may involve using cognitive or behavioral strategies.

A) Active cognitive
B) Active behavioral
C) Avoidance
D) Meaning-making

Question 9

____ is a specific type of coping strategy in which one intentionally sets aside other projects to focus on the problem.

A) Restraint coping
B) Mental disengagement
C) Suppression of competing activities
D) Denial

Question 10

____ cover broad areas "such as fairness, justice, luck, control, predictability, coherence, benevolence, and personal vulnerability" and global goals "ideals, states, or objects that people work toward being or achieving or maintaining, such as relationships, work, wealth, knowledge, and achievement."

A) Global truths
B) Situational beliefs
C) Global beliefs
D) Global meaning

Question 11

____ is a distorted thinking category in which one uses negative labels about oneself or others rather than describing the event."If I wasn't such a weak person, I would have stood up to her."

A) Blame
B) Emotional reasoning
C) Discounting the positives
D) Labeling

Question 12

____ is a distorted thinking category in which one makes absolutistic statements.

A) All-or-nothing thinking
B) Jumping to conclusions
C) "Should" statements
D) Magnification or minimization

Question 13

____ is a specific type of coping strategy in which one thinks about and decides on future actions for dealing with the problem.

A) Planning
B) Active coping
C) Seeking social support for instrumental reasons
D) Positive reinterpretation and growth

Question 14

Trying harder that employs action oriented problem-focused coping is a form of ____ coping.

A) active cognitive
B) active behavioral
C) avoidance
D) meaning-making

Question 15

The ____ process of adding new information (i.e., the situational meaning) to an already existing schema or cognitive framework (i.e., one's global meaning) is more common than the ____ process of changing the larger organizing schema (i.e., one's global meaning) to fit the smaller one (i.e., the situational meaning).

A) acceptance; accommodation
B) assimilation; acceptance
C) accommodation;assimilation
D) assimilation; accommodation

Question 16

Planning that uses mentally oriented problem-focused coping is a form of ____ coping.

A) active cognitive
B) active behavioral
C) avoidance
D) meaning-making

Question 17

People who realize ____ are able to cultivate positive expectations when they see connections between their efforts and outcomes.In order to do this, they must challenge pessimistic causal attributional explanatory styles.

A) learned optimism
B) active coping
C) restraint coping
D) positive reinterpretation

Question 18

____ is a distorted thinking category in which one exaggerates or downplay the importance of something."My stomach hurts.It must be appendicitis." "Yes I smoke but I'll outlive all you nonsmokers."

A) Overgeneralization
B) Magnification or minimization
C) Discounting the positives
D) Mental filter

Question 19

____ is a specific type of coping strategy in which one reduces efforts to act on the stressor.

A) Acceptance
B) Behavioral disengagement
C) Mental disengagement
D) Denial

Question 20

____ are cognitions that address the "Why?" question.For example, we may ask ourselves "why did the bad event happen?"

A) Primary appraisals
B) Secondary appraisals
C) Control attributions
D) Causal attributions

Question 21

What is global meaning?

Question 22

Define cognitive primacy

Question 23

In general, how effective is avoidance coping for dealing with minor or transient irritations? For serious or chronic problems?

Question 24

Provide two definitions of coping.

Question 25

In general, which coping strategies discussed are the most effective overall for managing stress?

Question 26

Give an example of a behavior in which self-blame can lead to positive health behaviors.

Question 27

What issues arise in retrospective coping inventories? How do researchers attempt to get around these problems?

Question 28

Elaborate on how the attributional retraining (AR) approach has been used to improve academic achievement.

Question 29

Describe the process of self-forgiveness.

Question 30

Define cognitive restructuring.

Question 31

What are the two conclusions we can generally draw from research assessing the physiological benefits of human-animal interaction?

Question 32

Describe the 50-item Ways of Coping scale.What coping strategies does this inventory measure?

Question 33

Describe the distorted thinking category of emotional reasoning used in Beck's triple column method exercise.Provide examples.

Question 34

Researchers studying religious-based coping note that it is important to distinguish this specific subset of religiosity from general religiosity.Why?

Question 35

When is self-forgiveness is more likely to occur?

Question 36

Examples of irrational beliefs that would need to be disputed include a high need for perfection or approval.List the two main characteristics of such beliefs.

Question 37

Another way to conceptualize the different specific coping strategies is to think of them as intersecting along two dimensions: problem-focused versus emotion-focused and approach versus avoidance coping.Discuss.

Question 38

Describe the distorted thinking category of blame used in Beck's triple column method exercise.Provide examples.

Question 39

What techniques do REBT therapists use to assist the client in challenging irrational beliefs?

Question 40

What three conclusions have Smyth and Pennebaker (2008) derived from the last two decades of expressive studies?

Question 41

Discuss Park's study in which she concluded that religion was related to meaning-making coping.

Question 42

Discuss Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training (SIT).What concept is it based on? What combination of cognitive and behavioral skill-building approaches does it use? Elaborate on its three phases.

Question 43

Opposite of the commonly held belief that laughter lowers blood pressure, Martin (2002, p.218) concludes that "experimental studies indicate that laughter is actually associated with short-term increases in blood pressure and heart rate, but no longer-term effects." Discuss the more positive results found for using coping humor.

Question 44

In order to restore shaken or lost meaning, changes need to be made to either the situational meaning or the global meaning or both to bring them into alignment with each other.Discuss the process of meaning making.

Question 45

Ellis (see Ellis & Dryden, 2007) developed rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) in the mid 1950s as an alternative to traditional psychoanalysis.Discuss the ABC model that Ellis proposed.

Question 46

Discuss the goodness of fit hypothesis.

Question 47

Some researchers use narrative approaches in which participants identify a stressor and then give an account of how they coped with the stressor.Discuss the advantage(s) and disadvantage(s) of this approach.

Question 48

Which is most accurate, the retrospective or the momentary reports?

Question 49

What questions can one ask to self-challenge irrational beliefs?

Question 50

Although there is substantial support for the goodness of fit hypothesis in coping, Folkman and Moskowitz (2004) conclude after examining the relevant studies that the empirical evidence for its validity is not always consistent.What is the evidence for the inconsistency of this hypothesis?