Deck 2: Causes of Crime

Question 1

Choice theorists believe the key to controlling crime is deterrence.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A correlation demonstrates a cause of behavior.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which of the following is a social process theory?

A)Social disorganization theory
B)Strain theory
C)Labeling theory
D)Life course theory

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which model holds that substance abusers are forced into petty crime to feed their addictions?

A)Criminal
B)Medical
C)Addiction
D)Treatment

Question 5

According to positivism,criminal behavior is determined by biological,psychological,and social forces and is beyond the control of the individual.

Question 6

Trait theories suggest that certain biological or psychological traits can trigger criminal behavior in certain circumstances.

Question 7

Wolfgang,Figlio,and Sellin asserted that a small group of juveniles,9 percent,were responsible for a disproportionate amount of violent crime.

Question 8

Social conflict theories view criminal behavior as a result of contact with deviant family and friends.

Question 9

The Chicago School showed a correlation between crime and

A)physiology.
B)rational decision making.
C)neighborhood conditions.
D)low levels of self-control.

Question 10

Strain theory has its roots in the concept of

A)power.
B)employment.
C)anomie.
D)peers.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a main branch of social process theory?

A)Labeling theory
B)Deviance theory
C)Control theory
D)Learning theory

Question 12

For the positivist,behavior is

A)the result of a rational decision making process
B)the result of exposures to family and friends
C)influenced by the environment surrounding the offender
D)beyond the control of the individual

Question 13

An explanation of a happening or circumstance based on observation,experimentation,and reasoning is a

A)hypothesis.
B)theory.
C)utilitarian view.
D)positivist view.

Question 14

The idea that certain people are more likely to be victims of crime than others is called

A)repeat victimization.
B)recidivism.
C)chronic offending.
D)system revictimization.

Question 15

An explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation,experimentation,and reasoning is called a hypothesis.

Question 16

Classical theorists believe that a crime was an expression of a person's

A)conscience.
B)ethics.
C)genetics.
D)rational decision making process.

Question 17

The methods and theories of the Chicago School stressed that humans are social creatures whose behavior reflects their environment.

Question 18

Social disorganization theory holds that crime is largely related to the quality of neighborhoods.

Question 19

Wolfgang,Figlio,and Sellin's research regarding the "chronic 6 percent" has resulted in

A)harsher sentences for repeat offenders
B)mentoring programs for young offenders
C)an increased emphasis on the victim
D)a concerted effort to avoid labeling juvenile delinquents

Question 20

The criminal model of addiction asserts that drug abusers endanger society with their behavior and should be punished the same as those who commit non-drug-related offenses.

Question 21

Which neurotransmitter regulates moods,appetite,and memory?

A)Serotonin
B)Norepinephrine
C)Testosterone
D)Dopamine

Question 22

Given the information in the preface,which approach would probably yield the strongest explanation for Holmes's violence?

A)psychological
B)biological
C)sociological
D)historical

Question 23

Theories are based on all of the following except

A)common sense.
B)observation.
C)experimentation.
D)reasoning.

Question 24

Which of the following is consistent with control theory?

A)Offenders learn deviant values from parents and peers
B)Individuals are restrained from offending by their relationships between parents and peers.
C)Individuals must be taught to commit illegal activities
D)Individuals commit crimes after being labeled by society.

Question 25

The belief that illegal drug abusers are a danger to society and should be punished accordingly is consistent with

A)The medical model of addiction.
B)The enslavement theory of addiction.
C)The criminal model of addiction.
D)The systemic model of addiction.

Question 26

To understand the basics of addiction and physical dependence,one must understand the role of

A)testosterone in the brain.
B)serotonin in the brain.
C)androgen in the brain.
D)dopamine in the brain.

Question 27

Social conflict theory includes

A)a foundation of rational choice.
B)issues of power and wealth.
C)the idea that the criminal justice system is out of control.
D)a focus of community values.

Question 28

Labeling an individual

A)is evil.
B)affects one's self concept.
C)can only be applied by the community.
D)cannot be reversed.

Question 29

The theory that people adapt to the values of the subculture to which they belong is

A)social learning theory.
B)cultural deviance theory.
C)anomie.
D)social control theory.

Question 30

All of the following are true according to Beccaria,except that

A)All decisions are the result of rational choice
B)Fear of punishment can deter the choice to commit crime
C)The more swift and certain a punishment is,the more effective it will be
D)Punishment must be designed to diagnose and treat the underlying causes of criminal behavior

Question 31

Rational choice theory is an updated version of

A)classical theory.
B)anomie theory.
C)ego theory.
D)control theory.

Question 32

Researchers who study the causes of crime are called

A)positivists.
B)sociologists.
C)ideologists.
D)criminologists.

Question 33

The research published in Delinquency in a Birth Cohort asserted that of juvenile offenders were responsible for the majority of violent crime.

A)1%
B)6%
C)14%
D)22%

Question 34

Practitioners of life course criminology assert that the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior can be found by evaluating

A)childhood behaviors.
B)family structure and interaction.
C)the mental and physical health of the offender.
D)neighborhood conditions.

Question 35

Which of the statements below would not support a psychological explanation for Holmes' crimes?

A)Holmes had abruptly quit the graduate program.
B)A psychiatrist had expressed concerns about Holmes's mental well­being to the school's threat assessment team.
C)Holmes was described as a silent loner who "always seemed to be off in his own world."
D)Holmes had recently visited a dentist.

Question 36

Biochemical explanations of misbehavior include all of the following except

A)testosterone.
B)postpartum psychosis.
C)attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
D)male hormones.

Question 37

If you were to create a profile of a "student shooter" based on the information in the preface,which information would not be included?

A)male
B)the occurrence of a "significant disruption" in their lives,such as failed a test
C)socially awkward and isolated
D)female

Question 38

In Bentham's classical criminology,punishment aims to

A)incapacitate offenders.
B)rehabilitate offenders.
C)return the victim to the state they were in before the crime.
D)give an incentive not to harm people.

Question 39

When considering the relationship between drugs and crime,the systemic model asserts that

A)individuals act violently or criminally as a result of the drugs they have ingested.
B)drug abusers commit crimes to get the funds to purchase drugs.
C)the criminal justice response to drug addicted individuals leads to their repeated offending.
D)violence is a by-product of the interpersonal relationships within the drug-using community.

Question 40

Social conflict theory focuses on

A)psychology.
B)biology.
C)sociology.
D)power.

Question 41

Some of the protestors in Seattle were anarchists,who the police expected to cause trouble.They did,which supports which theory?

A)social disorganization theory
B)strain theory
C)cultural deviance theory
D)labeling theory

Question 42

Janet Lauritsen,a criminologist at the University of Missouri-St.Louis,found that children from two­parent
homes had less tendency toward criminality than children from homes.

Question 43

The model of addiction believes that addicts are mentally or physically ill.

Question 44

Shaw and McKay popularized the idea of ecology in criminology through their theory.

Question 45

Even if Neha's mother did pass a gene inclining her daughter to possess certain feelings, theory would nevertheless argue the decision to murder was a choice.

A)labeling
B)social conflict
C)control
D)choice

Question 46

If Neha had resisted the urge to murder because others she knew continuously commented she was a "good" mother,this would be an example of which theory at work?

A)labeling
B)social conflict
C)control
D)choice

Question 47

Criminal activity in males has been linked to the elevated levels of the hormone .

Question 48

The fact that Holmes had been stockpiling weapons before having done poorly on his oral exam contradicts which indictor of a potential "school shooter"?

A)male
B)the occurrence of a "significant disruption" in their lives
C)socially awkward and isolated
D)a graduate student

Question 49

If Neha's mother had suffered from postpartum depression,as the lawyers of Patel claim she did,then this would be an example of all of the following except

A)genetics
B)trait theory
C)causation
D)choice theory

Question 50

From the early days of this country,the general presumption of criminal law has been that behavior is a consequence of .

Question 51

A proposition that can be tested by researchers or observers to determine if it is valid is a .

Question 52

According to social conflict theories,what is the solution to the problem of crime? Hint: The protestors would support this solution as well.

A)Eliminate disparities in income and wealth.
B)Find jobs for all who seek employment.
C)Install profit motives at every level of the economy.
D)Allow unfettered opportunities for individuals to create wealth.

Question 53

A school of criminology which asserts that individuals have free will to engage in any behavior,including criminal behavior is .

Question 54

Pushing against police barricades and not listening to police instructions,as was the case in Seattle,is illegal. Which approach would be the most useful in explaining this behavior by relatively affluent adults?

A)strain theory
B)social disorganization theory
C)cultural deviance theory
D)learning theory

Question 55

The best explanation for the presence of the anticapitalism protestors would be which theory?

A)conflict theory
B)social disorganization theory
C)learning theory
D)labeling theory

Question 56

The is the part of the personality which is directly related to the conscience and determines which actions are right or wrong.

Question 57

If subsequently it was shown that Holmes had elevated levels of testosterone in his blood,then which approach might have the most explanatory powers?

A)psychological
B)biological
C)sociological
D)historical

Question 58

If Treacy had showed signs of antisocial behavior when he was younger,this would suggest as an explanation.

A)learning theory
B)continuity theory of crime
C)causation theory
D)rational choice theory

Question 59

Since the defense lawyer for Treacy claimed his client suffered a form of temporary insanity,which academic approach comports with that legal defense?

A)Learning theory
B)Continuity theory of crime
C)Causation theory
D)Positivism

Question 60

Which statement would most closely conform with the analysis offered by social conflict theorists?

A)Inequality is the root of most crime.
B)The commission of crime is not a personal choice.
C)Crime can be solved by eliminating high tax rates.
D)Making everybody rich would not solve the problem of crime as even minor differences in wealth will always exist.

Question 61

Discuss the difference between a hypothesis and a theory in the context of criminology.

Question 62

is a neurotransmitter in the brain which is highly correlated with addiction and physical dependency.

Question 63

Practitioners of believe that lying,stealing,bullying,and other conduct problems that occur in childhood are the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior.

Question 64

Learning theory has recently expanded to include the growing influence of the .

Question 65

The study of behavior patterns of childhood predicting adult criminality is part of criminology.

Question 66

is an important variable in life course criminology.

Question 67

is a highly addictive stimulant to the central nervous system manufactured from legal,over-the- counter substances.

Question 68

is the study of the development and functioning of groups of people who live together within a society.

Question 69

is a hypothesis that society creates crime and criminals by declaring certain behavior and certain people as deviant.

Question 70

Labeling can lead to a prophecy.

Question 71

The use of drugs that results in physical or psychological problems for the user,as well as disruption of personal relationships and employment is called .

Question 72

The theory of crime essentially says that once negative behavior patterns have been established,they cannot be changed.

Question 73

Strain has its roots in which is derived from the Greek word for "without norms."

Question 74

The model of addiction holds that addicts endanger society and should be punished in the same manner as other drug offenders.

Question 75

Contrast positivism with classical criminology.

Question 76

are medical drugs that require a physician's permission for purchase.

Question 77

results from the lack of available means to achieve life goals.

Question 78

Explain why classical criminology is based on choice theory.

Question 79

Career criminals are also known as ..

Question 80

Studies indicate that individuals with low are at a greater risk of victimization.