Deck 17: The Scientific Revolution: the Universe Seen As a Mechanism

Question 1

The medieval understanding of the universe

A)was based solely on Judeo-Christian thought.
B)combined Greek philosophy and Christian thought.
C)was based solely on Greek thought.
D)subordinated faith to observation.
E)was hierarchical and mechanistic.

Answer 1

combined Greek philosophy and Christian thought.

Question 2

The matter and form theory of nature held that

A)matter consisted of tiny corpuscles formed by natural forces.
B)everything was made of matter shaped by form.
C)matter was the substance of the universe while form was a human perception projected on matter.
D)everything reflected forms which existed in a world beyond matter.
E)matter and form can be expressed mathematically.

Answer 2

everything was made of matter shaped by form.

Question 3

Copernicus' model of the universe as expounded in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

A)discarded the idea of crystalline spheres in which heavenly objects were embedded.
B)included elliptical orbits for the planets.
C)discarded all of the Ptolemaic epicycles.
D)included the perfectly circular orbits of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system.
E)discarded Aristotle's theory of motion.

Answer 3

included the perfectly circular orbits of the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system.

Question 4

Which of the following statements best describes the role alchemy played in the development of modern science?

A)alchemy played no role in the development of the new science.
B)The new science arose in opposition to alchemy.
C)alchemy was accepted by many scientists and probably gave them the confidence they needed.
D)alchemy became an integral part of modern science.
E)None of these

Question 5

Tycho's fame rests on his skill as a/an

A)magician.
B)philosopher.
C)alchemist.
D)astronomer.
E)mathematician.

Question 6

Which of the following is not consistent with Aristotle's ideas?

A)Absolute heaviness and absolute lightness
B)An earth-centered universe
C)A personal God
D)Heavenly objects moving in perfect circles
E)Motion in the universe originated with the Unmoved Mover

Question 7

The language of the new science -and of the universe it sought to understand - was

A)poetry.
B)mathematics.
C)allegory.
D)geometry.
E)faith.

Question 8

Copernicus initiated studies that led to his revolutionary theories because

A)there was a need to reform the Christian calendar.
B)his father superior instructed him to do so.
C)he wanted to refute some Protestant theories.
D)a colleague had challenged him when he was teaching at the University of Paris.
E)spiritual crises had plagued him all his life, as they have most men of genius

Question 9

All of the following apply to the founder of the Scientific Revolution, Copernicus, except

A)Copernicus was born in Poland.
B)he attended the university in Kraków.
C)Copernicus was influenced by Neo-Platonism.
D)he was a member of the Clergy and was involved in calendar reform.
E)Copernicus worked out the mechanics of the new scientific method.

Question 10

The Alchemist tradition may be best associated with

A)theories of heat conduction.
B)an earlier mechanical view of nature.
C)a pharmacological approach originating in Arabia.
D)an ineffective intuitive approach to science.
E)the monastic tradition of isolation.

Question 11

Neo-Platonism contributed to the rise of modern science because

A)it insisted that observations had precedence over theories.
B)Plato had proposed a heliocentric view of the universe.
C)it promoted skepticism about man's sensory perceptions.
D)it strengthened the impulse to describe nature mathematically.
E)it stated that everything emanated from one source, thus all problems had a solution.

Question 12

Which of the following was the revolutionary theory advanced in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres?

A)Geocentric theory
B)Heliocentric theory
C)Crystalline orbits
D)Elliptical orbits
E)A higher and a lower world

Question 13

The Aristotelian-Ptolemaic theory

A)envisioned crystalline spheres revolving around the earth with heavenly bodies embodied in them.
B)argued that if the earth did move objects and people would fall off.
C)provided planets with epicycles occurring on their orbits.
D)was integrated into Christian thought by Thomas Aquinas.
E)All of these

Question 14

Italian Neo-Platonist philosophers believed that

A)the search for order in nature was part of the search for knowledge about God.
B)experimental investigation had to be divorced from theological speculation.
C)study of the humanities was much more important than the study of nature.
D)the search for knowledge about God began with experimental observation.
E)a sharp break with Antiquity was necessary.

Question 15

Which famous thinker explored Alchemist goals throughout his life?

A)Nicolaus Copernicus.
B)Isaac Newton.
C)Johannes Kepler.
D)Tycho Brahe.
E)Ptolemy.

Question 16

The Almagest was

A)a handbook of Greek astronomy produced by Ptolemy.
B)Aristotle's summary of his cosmology.
C)Johannes Kepler's discourse on alchemy.
D)Ficino's exposition of Neo-Platonism.
E)the Arabic translation of Aristotle's Metaphysics.

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes the Scientific Revolution?

A)The new science grew gradually from the challenge posed by Copernicus.
B)Copernicus largely completed the Scientific Revolution himself.
C)Copernicus' ideas were ignored for about a century after which the Revolution took off.
D)The Scientific Revolution became a battle between those who had a new, perfectly accurate, view of the universe and those who refused to entertain change.
E)The Scientific Revolution spread slowly and only in Protestant countries.

Question 18

The Ptolemaic model of the universe troubled Copernicus mainly because

A)it disagreed with observations of the planets.
B)it contradicted the Biblical cosmology.
C)its mathematics was so complex.
D)it contradicted Aristotle's cosmology.
E)it lacked internal consistency.

Question 19

When Tycho pursued his research

A)his ideas were dominated by Copernican conclusions.
B)he came to disavow the Bible.
C)he observed a new star.
D)he was hampered by failure to keep exact calculations.
E)he rejected Aristotle's theories.

Question 20

The Scientific Revolution produced a new cosmology and a new methodology

A)the universe was seen as a mechanism and knowledge was based on authority.
B)the universe was seen as an organism and knowledge was based on authority.
C)the universe was seen as an organism and knowledge was based on observation, experimentation, and replication.
D)the universe was seen as a mechanism and knowledge was based on observation, experimentation, and replication.
E)None of these

Question 21

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A)Newtonian principles may be related to applied mechanics.
B)Paracelsian ideas were never accepted because they always retained magical connotations.
C)William Harvey compared the heart to a pump.
D)Vesalius was a proponent of dissection of corpses.
E)The day-to-day practice of medicine changed little between 1600 and 1700.

Question 22

How did Tycho Brahe's astronomical observations undermine the Ptolemaic model of the universe?

A)They demonstrated that Jupiter had moons.
B)They demonstrated the existence of yet undiscovered planets beyond Saturn whose gravity was influencing the known planets.
C)They demonstrated that the comet of 1577 needed to have passed right through the crystalline spheres postulated by the Ptolemaic model.
D)They demonstrated that the planets must have circular orbits.
E)They demonstrated that planetary motion was elliptical not circular.

Question 23

Galileo was probably encouraged to defy the views of the clergy because he

A)felt he was comparatively unknown.
B)was a friend of courtiers, princes, and clergy.
C)was teaching outside of Italy.
D)was lured by the Catholic Church.
E)None of these

Question 24

The Galenic theory of medicine was based on

A)the conception that blood circulated.
B)the concept of the humors.
C)Neo-Platonic ideas.
D)Aristotle's Botany.
E)religion and magic.

Question 25

Newton's synthesis was revolutionary for all the following reasons except

A)Newton completely excluded God or any divine force from the operation of the universe.
B)Newton's universe was mechanical and comprehensible.
C)the laws of the broader universe were applicable to everyday bodies.
D)it held the potential for eliminating God from the operations of the universe.
E)the operations of the universe could be understood mathematically.

Question 26

The Liga may correctly be associated with

A)a group of priests and academics who opposed Galileo.
B)scientists who attempted to communicate with each other on new discoveries.
C)a papal conference called to dispute the new science.
D)a group of priests and academics who opposed Galileo and a papal conference called to dispute the new science.
E)the cooperation among Protestants, Jews, and Muslims directed against the Papacy.

Question 27

Who developed the theory of universal gravitation?

A)Kepler
B)Newton
C)Galileo
D)Brahe
E)Descartes

Question 28

Among Galileo's experiment observations were all of the following except

A)mountains and valleys on the moon.
B)sunspots.
C)moons around Jupiter.
D)shadows in the heavens had the same causes as shadows on earth.
E)the planet Neptune.

Question 29

Kepler believed in all the following except

A)astrology.
B)gnosis understood as a direct and mystical unity.
C)a spiritual force that infused the physical order.
D)a constant ratio between the squares of the time it took two planets to orbit the sun and the cube of the average distance of the same planets from the sun.
E)universal gravity.

Question 30

Newton believed gravity to be

A)an inanimate but unexplained force.
B)an effect produced by the curvature of the time-space continuum.
C)the will of God in the universe.
D)a quality acquired by matter under some circumstances.
E)the pull exerted by the need of objects to return to their proper place.

Question 31

Galileo believed all the following except

A)mathematics was the language of nature.
B)the moon is not as smooth as it was presumed to be.
C)beyond the visible world lay certain universal truths.
D)bodies of unequal weight will fall at different rates.
E)a scientist must experiment with the workings of nature before he formulates laws of nature.

Question 32

Newton stated that in the essential structure of the universe matter is

A)consistent throughout.
B)lifeless in its essential state.
C)acted upon by immaterial forces.
D)atomic in structure.
E)All of these

Question 33

Which of the following was not part of Newton's theory of natural laws?

A)Inertia
B)Consistent laws throughout the universe
C)Crystalline spheres
D)Universal gravitation
E)Acceleration

Question 34

Isaac Newton was son of a

A)yeoman farmer.
B)high-ranking noble.
C)wealthy London merchant.
D)village day-laborer.
E)minister in the Anglican Church.

Question 35

Achievements of Kepler include proving that

A)orbits of planets are elliptical.
B)planets circle around the sun.
C)planets move at different speeds.
D)there was no need for epicycles.
E)All of these

Question 36

Which of the following can be associated with Galileo's trial?

A)Galileo defended Copernicus' heliocentric theory.
B)The Catholic Church felt besieged by critics and enemies on all sides.
C)Galileo's criticism of the scholastic theory of form and matter threatened the Church's doctrine of the Eucharist.
D)The trial stifled the progress of science in Catholic countries.
E)All of these

Question 37

According to the author, in his synthesis, Newton combined

A)Christian Neo-Platonism, mathematical genius, and the science of Kepler and Galileo.
B)the ideas of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Galileo.
C)the science of Kepler, Galileo, and Ptolemy.
D)Descartes, Christian Neo-Platonism, his own mathematical genius, and Kepler.
E)Christian Neo-Platonism, Aristotelianism, and Copernicus.

Question 38

Opticks is a work in which

A)Descartes projected his cosmological view.
B)Galileo wrote about the telescope.
C)Newton discussed his theory of light.
D)Bruno criticized the close-minded perspectives of the clergy.
E)Alexander Pope declared "Let Newton be and All was Light."

Question 39

Newton published his Principia Mathematica under the sponsorship of the

A)Royal Society.
B)French Academy.
C)New England Journal of Science.
D)Neapolitan Society of Arts and Sciences.
E)Spanish Academy.

Question 40

Galenic traditions of medicine included each of the following except

A)advancing the Aristotelian viewpoint.
B)concern for balancing the body humors.
C)pursuing bloodletting as a method of healing.
D)searching for individual cures according to specific diseases.
E)using sweating as a remedy.

Question 41

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
natural philosophy

Question 42

According to the author

A)the road from the Scientific Revolution to the Industrial Revolution was much more direct than often believed.
B)James Watt, who improved the steam engine had been tutored in Newtonian physics.
C)microscopes and globes became quite fashionable among prosperous families.
D)persecution and censorship of the new science persisted.
E)All of these

Question 43

The first scientific society in the world for women was established in

A)England.
B)France.
C)the Dutch Republic.
D)North America.
E)There never was such a society.

Question 44

Who was the first to challenge Galenic medicine in early modern Europe?

A)Vesalius
B)Paracelsus
C)Harvey
D)Boyle
E)Pasteur

Question 45

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A)Newton and On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
B)Copernicus and The Starry Messenger
C)Bacon and Principia Mathematica
D)Vesalius and The Structure of the Human Body
E)Descartes and Novum Organum

Question 46

Paracelsian medicine included all the following except

A)a struggle against a self-serving medical establishment.
B)an enthusiastic vision of human vitality and longevity.
C)pioneering work in dissection and anatomy.
D)the development of diagnostic medicine and the use of chemical remedies.
E)no reliance of the relevance of the position of the stars on health.

Question 47

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
epicycles

Question 48

Who used the mechanistic view of the world to state that the heart was a mechanical pump?

A)Andreas Vesalius
B)William Harvey
C)Herman Boerhaave
D)Robert Boyle
E)Paracelsus

Question 49

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
calculus

Question 50

All of the following apply to Benedict de Spinoza except

A)the belief that God is Nature.
B)expulsion from his Amsterdam synagogue.
C)matter and spirit are one.
D)admitted atheist.
E)critique and questioning of Descartes' philosophy.

Question 51

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Copernican Revolution

Question 52

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Neo-Platonists

Question 53

The Scientific Revolution resulted in all the following except

A)complete secularization.
B)confidence in the progress of human knowledge.
C)optimism about the ability of societies to solve their problems.
D)the separation of theology into a field of its own.
E)a growing disdain for tradition, popular beliefs.

Question 54

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
scholastics

Question 55

Which of the following contributed least to the dissemination of the new scientific worldview in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

A)Academies founded by monarchs or other elites
B)Handbooks and lectures
C)Universities
D)Publications in the vernacular
E)Enthusiasm among much of the educated elite

Question 56

René Descartes believed that

A)certainty can be grounded in the conclusion, "I think therefore I am."
B)both the existence of God and nature can be proven by experimentation.
C)matter and spirit cannot be separated.
D)knowledge must be built on tradition and some doctrine.
E)science could be misused and damage nature.

Question 57

As the Scientific Revolution matured, many concluded that

A)human beings and nature are the foundations of all meaningful knowledge.
B)science could be used to challenge the authority of the clergy and religion itself.
C)science could be used to promote human well-being.
D)human beings possess tremendous power to understand and change the world.
E)All of these

Question 58

All of the following can be attributed to Francis Bacon except

A)elevation of the study of nature to a humanistic discipline.
B)a vision of progress in which science improves the quality of life.
C)precise scientific methodology and significant discoveries.
D)an emphasis on new learning at the expense of ancient texts.
E)the powerful and harmful role of preconceived ideas.

Question 59

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
cosmology

Question 60

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
elliptical orbits

Question 61

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
What is Alchemy? What influence did it have the new scientific approaches to nature and knowledge?

Question 62

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
What prepared Europe for the Scientific Revolution?

Question 63

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
inductive methodology

Question 64

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
humors

Question 65

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

-Show where the following individuals worked: Bacon, Brahe, Copernicus, Descartes, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Paracelsus, Spinoza, and Versalius

Question 66

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and label the place where the Scientific Revolution began and the place where it reached its climax.List the name of the individual associated with each.

Question 67

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

-Locate and label the main center of scholasticism and the center of Renaissance Neo-Platonism.

Question 68

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Discuss the relationships of both Copernicus and Galileo to the Roman church.

Question 69

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.

-How did the new scientific approach to nature raise some concerns among the Roman Catholic hierarchy? How would you typify their response?

Question 70

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
experimentation

Question 71

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
corpuscles

Question 72

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
spinozism

Question 73

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain in detail the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system.

Question 74

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
In an essay, outline the Scientific Revolution.In other words, explain how the old worldview became the new worldview and how the old methodology became the new methodology.

Question 75

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
universal gravitation

Question 76

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain the source of medical concepts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.How might new medical ideas threaten the traditional medical practitioner? Discuss whether the reaction of the medical elite of that day holds lessons for the present.

Question 77

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Comment upon the medieval perception of matter and explain its relationship to new scientific studies of the seventeenth century.

Question 78

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Newtonian synthesis

Question 79

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain why the endeavors of Sir Isaac Newton have been referred to as a synthesis.What were his major works? Did his achievements lead to difficulties with the clerical hierarchy of the Church of England?

Question 80

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
The chapter describes the Scientific Revolution as a revolution both in cosmology (vision of the universe) and in methodology.Explain this.What was the old worldview and methodology, and what was the new world view and methodology?