Deck 6: The Roman Republic: City-State to World Empire

Question 1

Factors contributing to Rome's conquest of Italy include all the following except

A)the absence of truly civilized, sophisticated opponents.
B)a hunger for farmland as well as the dedication and skill of farmer-soldiers.
C)the aristocratic value placed on glory and reputation.
D)harsh military discipline.
E)a willingness to accept former enemies as allies or citizens.

Answer 1

the absence of truly civilized, sophisticated opponents.

Question 2

Historically and culturally, Carthage was most tied to

A)Egypt.
B)Mesopotamia.
C)Greece.
D)Phoenicia.
E)the Celts.

Answer 2

Phoenicia.

Question 3

Plebeian grievances in the very early Roman republic included all of the following except

A)debt slavery.
B)the ban on intermarriage with patricians.
C)the granting of citizenship to non-Romans.
D)discrimination against plebeians in the courts.
E)the absence of a written law code.

Answer 3

the granting of citizenship to non-Romans.

Question 4

The domination of the Early Republic by the patriciate

A)accorded patricians freedom, that is, opportunity to achieve virtue, dignity, and fame.
B)coupled with practical common sense and civic patriotism, prevented political conflict from leading to civil war.
C)provided Rome with talented, responsible leaders.
D)prevented the rise of tyrant, at least until the first century B.C.
E)All of these

Question 5

When Rome's army had been decimated by Hannibal and the Carthaginians stood poised to attack the city, Rome was able to win the war by

A)avoiding another battle and waiting until Hannibal was forced to withdraw to Carthage for lack of supplies.
B)negotiating a peace and returning Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica to Carthage.
C)raising a new army and attacking the Carthaginian homeland.
D)combining with its allies and pushing Hannibal back across the Alps.
E)importing the Great Mother Goddess from Asia Minor and reestablishing the dominance of religion in the state.

Question 6

The Struggle of the Orders ended in 287 B.C.when

A)the issue of ranking within the Senate was permanently resolved.
B)laws passed by the Tribal Assembly no longer needed Senate approval.
C)debt slavery was eliminated from the patron-client relationship.
D)Rome extended citizenship to the Latin and the Sabines.
E)the poorest plebeians permanently left Rome.

Question 7

All of the following apply to the Etruscans except

A)mysterious origins, perhaps in Asia Minor.
B)a series of wars with the Romans that began the Roman Empire.
C)influence on Roman religion, language, and government.
D)influence over the Romans in practical areas such as architecture, road construction, and hydraulic engineering.
E)control of the Roman monarchy.

Question 8

Rome's rise to great power status followed which sequence of events?

A)Unification of the Italian peninsula, the defeat of Carthage, subjugation of Hellenistic states
B)Unification of the Italian peninsula, conquest of Gaul, seizure of Egypt
C)Defeat of Carthage, unification of the Italian peninsula, conquest of Gaul
D)Defeat of Carthage, subjugation of Hellenistic states, seizure of Egypt
E)Conquest of Gaul, subjugation of Hellenistic states, seizure of Egypt

Question 9

By 264 B.C., Rome had achieved each of the following except

A)social cohesion.
B)the conquest of Italy.
C)enough human resources to proceed with the conquest of the Mediterranean region.
D)conquest of the kingdom of Macedonia.
E)creation of the Italian Confederation.

Question 10

The Centuriate Assembly in the early Roman republic

A)served as a counterweight to patrician power in the Senate.
B)was a popular assembly dominated by the patricians.
C)consisted only of patricians.
D)elected the Tribunes.
E)was the principal organ of patrician power.

Question 11

Which of the following would be an inaccurate statement about the office of consul in the first centuries of the Republic?

A)Initially, there were two consuls; neither could make decisions on their own.
B)The consuls were primarily concerned with economic matters and issues involving foreign citizens.
C)The consuls were elected for one year terms and were aided by other annually elected offices.
D)With control over the power to initiate legislation, authority on legal cases, and control the army, the consuls performed some of the functions of a king.
E)The consuls possessed the authority to nominate a dictator would have absolute power for up to six months during an emergency.

Question 12

The Roman Struggle of the Orders primarily involved

A)rivalry between the priests of Apollo and Juno.
B)issues of senatorial ranking.
C)disagreement between the lower classes of Rome and the aristocracy.
D)contention between Latins and Sicilians.
E)stresses in the patron-client relationship.

Question 13

The author indicates that Rome's greatest achievement was

A)its military conquest of the Mediterranean.
B)using military victory, law, and government to unite the nations of the Mediterranean into a world-state.
C)furthering the development of Hellenistic philosophy and science.
D)in the realm of civil engineering and technology.
E)developing a religion that blended the Hebrew tradition and Greek rationalism.

Question 14

The First Punic War began because

A)Carthage appeared to be economically weak and susceptible to Roman power.
B)Rome was concerned that Carthage would take Messana in Sicily and interfere with Roman trade.
C)Hannibal led troops into Spain.
D)both Rome and Carthage were interfering in Greece.
E)having tasted power, Rome consciously sought out the war.

Question 15

The patron-client relationship that existed between patrician and plebeian in early Rome involved

A)supplying the client with food.
B)providing the patron with military and political support.
C)supplying the client with money.
D)supplying the client with protection.
E)All of these

Question 16

In its earliest history, Rome

A)consisted of a group of peasant villages among several hills.
B)was limited to an area near the Tiber River in Central Italy.
C)was strongly influenced by the Etruscans, their neighbor to the north.
D)was near Greek cities in Italy.
E)All of these

Question 17

The author would agree with all of the following statements about the constitution of the Roman Republic except

A)it was created incrementally in a pragmatic and empirical manner.
B)the constitution of the Roman Republic resembled more the American constitution than the British.
C)a process of rationalization and secularization disentangled the Roman government from religion.
D)the law passed from priests to professional jurists who analyzed, classified, systematized, and sought common-sense solutions to legal problems.
E)though retaining many religious ceremonies out of respect for tradition, the Romans rarely looked for divine guidance in government.

Question 18

The composition of the Twelve Tables was a political victory for the plebeians because

A)the Tables established the office of Tribune.
B)the Tables ordered the redistribution of public lands to the plebeians.
C)the Tables gave plebeians the right to hold high political offices.
D)having a written law prevented patrician officials from making arbitrary court decisions.
E)for the first time, they could have certainty as to what the law was.

Question 19

Romans were shocked by their defeat at the hands of Hannibal at

A)Zama.
B)Cannae.
C)Carrhae.
D)Philippi.
E)Allia.

Question 20

Rome became a republic when

A)measures passed by the Tribal Assembly had the force of law.
B)the plebeians won the right to elect Tribunes.
C)the dictator Julius Caesar was assassinated.
D)the patricians overthrew the Etruscan king.
E)Romulus settled on the seven hills.

Question 21

Sulla did each of the following except

A)act with great cruelty to those who had opposed him.
B)retire after his reforms of the republic.
C)seize property of his opponents.
D)abolish the Senate.
E)limit the powers of the tribunes, Assembly, and provincial governors.

Question 22

As many Romans embraced Stoicism, they were adopting a philosophy that concluded all of the following except

A)reason is common to all men and distinguishes them from the beasts.
B)all men are fundamentally equal because they all share in reason.
C)reason common to man always leads to the same conclusion.
D)reason enables human beings to attain virtue.
E)natural law means that all people belong to a single commonwealth.

Question 23

The acquisition of an empire gave Rome a new social class

A)that included private individuals who collected taxes for Rome, keeping any profit for themselves.
B)whose sources of wealth included trade, army supply contracts, and construction.
C)that became a major force in politics.
D)that generally aligned with the patriciate but sometimes backed ambitious generals.
E)All of these

Question 24

The new concept and practice of jus gentium

A)resulted from Roman conquests and the incorporation of selective foreign ideas into the Roman legal system.
B)referred to the "law of nations."
C)was gradually applied throughout the Empire.
D)combined, in part, Greek legal experience and Roman pragmatism.
E)All of these

Question 25

In applying Stoicism to Rome, Cicero

A)exemplified the impact Greek culture was having on Rome.
B)saw how Stoicism's emphasis on duty and virtue coincided with Roman ideals.
C)saw the connection between Stoicism's doctrine of natural law and Rome's administration of an empire.
D)helped to make Stoicism the most influential philosophy in Rome.
E)All of these

Question 26

Which of the following statements is inaccurate?

A)Plautus produced comedies that resembled Greek models, such as Menander's, and usually provided endings desired by audiences.
B)The native North African, Terence, wrote plays that showed, among other things, a liberal understanding attitude towards children.
C)Cattalus was one of the greatest lyric poets in world literature.
D)Lucretius, an Epicurean philosopher, questioned the Roman ideal of virtue; he did not consider power and glory as worthy goals.
E)Cicero did not adhere to Stoic principals, such as a belief in obedience to rational law.

Question 27

Which of the following was not a consequence of Rome's conquest of the eastern Mediterranean in the second century B.C.?

A)Accelerating Hellenization
B)The rise of a new business class including the Equites
C)The influx of tremendous wealth
D)The extension of citizenship to the defeated Hellenistic peoples
E)Expansion of slavery

Question 28

When Caesar decided to march on Rome, he

A)threatened to kill himself if he was unsuccessful.
B)crossed the Rubicon.
C)was avenging the death of Marc Antony.
D)feared his troops would desert to the senatorial armies.
E)was met in battle by Sulla, sent to oppose him by the Senate.

Question 29

The consul Marius' great innovation was

A)to recruit the urban poor for army service and offer them land grants after discharge.
B)introduction of the office of Dictator.
C)the sale of provincial governorships to the highest bidder.
D)the replacement of the phalanx with the legion.
E)encouraging a cult that worshipped him as a god.

Question 30

The author characterizes Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus as

A)radicals aiming to overthrow existing political and property relations.
B)moderate reformers trying to deal with real social problems.
C)intransigent defenders of the great landowners' interests.
D)Carthaginian agents.
E)two ambitious generals whose thirst for power led to civil war.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about slavery in ancient Rome is incorrect?

A)Regarded as animate tools, Roman slaves always viewed their masters with antagonism and resentment.
B)Rome's wars in the first century B.C.produced millions of new slaves.
C)By the middle of the first century, slaves were about one-third of Italy's population.
D)Unless very poor, a Roman would be likely to own a slave.
E)Most educated Romans believed that the division between masters and slaves was part of the natural world order.

Question 32

Polybius, who wrote about the Roman constitution, also wrote about the Roman army.He observed that

A)the effectiveness of the Roman army helped to explain the creation of the empire.
B)a court-martialed soldier could be killed by his fellow soldiers.
C)the severity of punishment in the Roman army helped to maintain excellent discipline.
D)valor in the Roman army was rewarded by public praise and specific material prizes.
E)All of these

Question 33

The major result of Marius' reforms was

A)converting the army from an instrument of the government to the private tool of ambitious generals.
B)the revitalization of Roman's class of farmer-soldiers.
C)Sulla's retirement.
D)the permanent establishment of the triumvirate thus spreading the burden of governing a vast empire.
E)the Social War.

Question 34

Each of the following accurately describes the Republic's administration of the Empire except

A)Rome maintained peace; built roads, aqueducts, and public buildings; and spread Greek culture.
B)while often extending citizenship to Italians, Rome seldom extended it to those outside of Italy.
C)Roman discipline and values ensured a government nearly free of corruption.
D)Rome usually permitted a large degree of local and self-government and local religious beliefs and practices.
E)areas that formerly had suffered endemic warfare enjoyed peace under Roman administration.

Question 35

Which of the following was the least important factor in the fall of the Roman Republic?

A)An agricultural crisis undermined the farming class.
B)New wealth undermined old virtues such as steadfastness and the willingness to sacrifice personal interests for the good of Rome.
C)The Senate degenerated into a self-serving oligarchy and personal ambition led to civil war.
D)Outside pressure forced Rome to adopt a more efficient government.
E)Social harmony declined and the poor and idle masses withdrew their support of the state.

Question 36

The Roman Republic ruled its empire

A)through a professional civil service.
B)by distributing military and governmental posts to barbarian mercenaries.
C)by exporting city-state institutions.
D)by granting full citizenship and political autonomy immediately to newly conquered subjects.
E)ineffectively, thus leading to the rise of the Roman Empire.

Question 37

Which of the following cannot be associated with the agricultural crisis of the late Republic?

A)Latifundia, worked by slaves, squeezed out the peasantry.
B)Egyptian grain undermined Roman agricultural prices.
C)Prolonged warfare in Italy had destroyed numerous farms.
D)Wars had forced Rome's farmer-soldiers to seriously neglect their farms.
E)The agricultural crisis created a vast poor, alienated, and embittered class.

Question 38

When Sulla and his troops marched on Rome

A)he did it with Senatorial support.
B)Marius was his ally.
C)it was the first march on Rome by a commander and his troops.
D)it ended a period of civil war.
E)they were defeated by Marius, and Sulla was forced to retire to the country.

Question 39

The Gracchi brothers' central demand - for which they were killed -was the

A)distribution to the poor of government land that the wealthy held illegally.
B)inclusion of the Tribunes in the Senate.
C)extension of citizenship to all free Italians.
D)limitation of the power of dictators such as Sulla and Caesar.
E)expulsion of all philosophers from Rome.

Question 40

The Second Punic War resulted in, or contributed, to

A)successful Roman imperialism fueled by strategic and political considerations.
B)a series of wars with Macedonia, a Carthaginian ally.
C)a Roman obsession to completely destroy a now non-threatening Carthage.
D)extensive economic, social, and cultural changes in Rome.
E)All of these

Question 41

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Spartacus revolt

Question 42

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
jus gentium

Question 43

Which of the following was the site of a successful battle of the Roman navy against Marc Antony and Cleopatra?

A)Cannae
B)Rhodes
C)Actium
D)Balearics
E)Mylae

Question 44

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Social War

Question 45

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Gracchan Revolution

Question 46

Scholars would agree with each of the following statements except

A)the climax of Roman development occurred under the Republic.
B)the old sense of Roman virtue had been lost by the first century B.C.
C)the old threat of foreign enemies such as Carthage had encouraged stability and cooperation for the good of the state.
D)by the first century, soldiers gave their loyalty to commanders rather than to Rome.
E)despite the influence of Greek rationalism, the city-state constitutional of the Republic was unable to manage Rome's empire.

Question 47

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Senate

Question 48

Julius Caesar's assassins viewed themselves as

A)protectors of the plebeian class.
B)Platonic philosopher-kings.
C)opponents of Roman imperialism.
D)defenders of republican traditions.
E)opponents of the Senate.

Question 49

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
On the Nature of Things

Question 50

The first emperor of Rome was

A)Julius Caesar.
B)Claudius.
C)Marcus Junius Brutus.
D)Octavian.
E)Tiberius.

Question 51

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Etruscans

Question 52

Cleopatra is credited with all of the following except

A)ruling Egypt as a member of the Greek Ptolemy dynasty.
B)being Caesar's mistress and bearing him a son.
C)being Mark Anthony's mistress and bearing him twins.
D)conquering Palestine and Lebanon despite Rome's opposition.
E)intriguing future generations with her ambition, determination, and reputed charm.

Question 53

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
the Twelve Tables

Question 54

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
plebeians

Question 55

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
patricians

Question 56

Which best describes events in the two decades following Caesar's death?

A)The Senate permanently regained control of the empire.
B)A long period of peace occurred.
C)The Roman Republic ended.
D)Marc Antony and Octavian formed a duumvirate, under which Rome prospered.
E)The Senate named Marc Antony dictator for life.

Question 57

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Tribal Assembly

Question 58

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
virtus, dignitas, fama

Question 59

After the death of Julius Caesar, proscriptions

A)urged citizens to be calm.
B)declared certain Roman citizens to be outlaws.
C)called patriotic Romans to the armies of Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian.
D)were posted and publicly read to explain why a dictator had to be eliminated.
E)gave immunity to Caesar's assassins.

Question 60

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Struggle of the Orders

Question 61

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
How did the attitudes and policy positions of the Senatorial elite in the late Roman republic accelerate the collapse of that republic?

Question 62

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Trace the main developments of the Roman constitution.Compare the way the Roman constitution developed with the Greek attitude toward law as expressed by Solon.

Question 63

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Evaluate the major influences other peoples had on the Romans during their earliest period and during the Republic.

Question 64

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain how the Roman Republic acquired an empire.

Question 65

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and clearly mark Julius Caesar's Gallic Campaign and Cleopatra's homeland.

Question 66

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and clearly mark the city of Rome, Greece, Egypt, and Mesopotamia.

Question 67

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain how the Roman Republic ended.

Question 68

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
How was the Mediterranean region affected by the Roman conquest?

Question 69

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and clearly mark the extent of the Roman Empire at the end of the Republic (post battle of Actium, 31 B.C.).

Question 70

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Explain the dissatisfaction of the lower classes of Rome in the first century B.C.Does this period hold particular lessons for the modern world?

Question 71

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
Contemporary Western opinion holds that the military and political spheres must remain separate.Explain how the history of the Roman Republic could be used to support this view.

Question 72

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).

-Locate and clearly mark the Tiber River, the Etruscans, and Greek city-states in Italy.

Question 73

Instructions: Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).
Locate and clearly mark Rome's opponent in the Punic Wars, Hannibal's campaign, and Rome's victorious counter attack against Hannibal.

Question 74

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
triumvirate

Question 75

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
To what extent did Rome move beyond the concept of the polis? How would you support your conclusion? Evaluate whether this was an advance for civilization.

Question 76

Instructions: Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each question.
How did empire change Rome?