Deck 10: Theories of Motives and Emotions

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT considered a social need in humans?

A) affiliation
B) aggression
C) nurturance
D) achievement

Answer 1

aggression

Question 2

What do the following have in common: achievement, autonomy, play, and dominance?

A) They are all drives.
B) They are all biological motives.
C) They are all social motives.
D) They are all social-based biological motives.

Answer 2

They are all social motives.

Question 3

An internal state of tension that precedes behaviour designed to reduce that tension is referred to as a

A) fugue.
B) drive.
C) need.
D) biostate.

Answer 3

drive.

Question 4

Which category of motives is often acquired through learning and varies depending on an individuals' experience?

A) reproductive
B) survival
C) biological
D) social

Question 5

Motives are BEST described as ____ that propel people in certain directions.

A) biological factors
B) social factors
C) drives and incentives
D) needs, wants, interests, and desires

Question 6

What theoretical perspective argues that the increase in obesity in humans is a result of the fact that early humans lived in environments in which there was fierce competition for limited, unreliable food resources and that developed a tendency to consume food when it was present?

A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) body-set point
D) settling-point

Question 7

Needs, wants, interests and desires that propel people in certain directions are known as

A) drives.
B) motives.
C) incentives.
D) habits.

Question 8

An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour is

A) a motive.
B) a drive.
C) an incentive.
D) a need.

Question 9

Tension reduction is the goal according to which motivational theory?

A) drive theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) instinct theory
D) incentive theory

Question 10

Homeostasis is a state of

A) physiological stability.
B) physiological instability.
C) psychological stability.
D) psychological instability.

Question 11

Imogene grew up in a small town in northern England and Dennis grew up in a large city in South Africa.You should expect that Imogene and Dennis have

A) the same social needs, but different biological needs.
B) the same biological needs, but different social needs.
C) different biological and social needs.
D) the same biological and social needs.

Question 12

According to drive theory of motivation, if you drink water when you are thirsty, drinking results in

A) drive production and serves as an incentive.
B) drive reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.
C) need production and serves as an incentive.
D) need reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.

Question 13

A bonus of R100.00 for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of

A) an incentive.
B) a reward.
C) drive reduction.
D) a motive.

Question 14

According to motivation theorists, we would expect people generally to be

A) more similar in biological than in social needs.
B) more similar in social than in biological needs.
C) highly varied in both social and biological needs.
D) quite similar in both biological and social needs.

Question 15

According to drive theorists, the foremost motivation for all organisms is to

A) achieve self-actualisation.
B) maintain homeostasis.
C) ensure their own survival and the survival of their species.
D) experience as much pleasant stimulation as possible.

Question 16

Which of the following behaviours is consistent with a drive theory of motivation?

A) eating an apple when hungry
B) eating dessert after a large meal
C) looking up information in the encyclopedia
D) studying hard to earn an "A" on the test

Question 17

Psychologists who take an evolutionary view argue that natural selection favours behaviours that maximise an individual's

A) self-actualisation.
B) acquisition of territory.
C) reproductive success.
D) material wealth.

Question 18

Most motivational theorists divide motives into two categories consisting of

A) want and desire motives.
B) biological and social motives.
C) necessary and unnecessary motives.
D) survival and reproductive motives.

Question 19

While ____ theories of motivation emphasise internal factors, ____ theories emphasise external factors.

A) drive; incentive
B) incentive; drive
C) biological; drive
D) incentive; environmental

Question 20

When you are engaging in goal-directed behaviour, you may be BEST described as experiencing

A) drive reduction.
B) an incentive.
C) emotion.
D) motivation.

Question 21

Research into gender differences in mate preference shows that, in comparison to men, women show ____ desire for partners who are intelligent, ambitious and have a high social status and ____ interest in attractiveness.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) more; more

Question 22

A person high in achievement motivation would be expected to show all EXCEPT which of the following characteristics?

A) greater persistence on tasks
B) tendency to seek immediate gratification
C) tendency to choose competitive occupations
D) tendency to choose tasks of intermediate difficulty

Question 23

Research on gender differences in mate preferences has found that

A) women are indifferent to men's potential for parental investment.
B) men favourably disposed to investing in children are seen as more attractive.
C) women favourably disposed to investing in children are seen as more attractive.
D) men pay more attention to a potential partner's willingness to invest in children.

Question 24

The observation that one individual may experience an airplane flight as an anxiety-arousing situation while another individual may experience an airplane flight as a routine event reflects that emotion involves

A) a subjective conscious experience or cognitive component.
B) an objective conscious experience or cognitive component.
C) bodily arousal or a physiological component.
D) an overt response or a behavioural component.

Question 25

Laura is about to take her certification exam that will qualify her as a licensed therapist.As she enters the testing room she feels anxious and nervous.This reaction is part of the

A) physiological component in Laura's emotional experience.
B) behavioural component in Laura's emotional experience.
C) objective component in Laura's emotional experience.
D) cognitive component in Laura's emotional experience.

Question 26

Maria is pursuing a highly competitive career, and she works very hard and persistently at her tasks.Maria's behaviour MOST likely reflects

A) an external locus of control.
B) a high achievement motivation.
C) a high power need.
D) an obsessive-compulsive personality structure.

Question 27

As Danica saw the headlights coming directly at her through the fog on the highway, her blood pressure rose quickly and she felt her heart start to race.These reactions are part of

A) the behavioural component in Danica's emotional experience.
B) the objective component in Danica's emotional experience.
C) the cognitive component in Danica's emotional experience.
D) the physiological component in Danica's emotional experience.

Question 28

The need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and meet high standards of excellence is referred to as

A) an intellect motive.
B) a power motive.
C) a competence motive.
D) an achievement motive.

Question 29

At present, which of the following approaches appears to provide the most complete account for gender disparities in sexual motivation and mating preferences?

A) operant conditioning
B) evolutionary theory
C) social learning theory
D) socio-political theory

Question 30

A device that measures heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure (i.e.autonomic arousal) is

A) a polygraph
B) a galvanic response meter
C) an electromyocardiograph
D) an electroencephalograph

Question 31

Boris has a high need for achievement and he is currently enrolled in a philosophy course that is required for his major.The professor who teaches the course gives extremely difficult exams, and has never been known to give a student a grade higher than a B.Under these conditions, it is likely that Boris

A) will not exert his maximum effort in the course because the course has a low incentive value for him.
B) will exert the maximum effort he can because he has a high need for achievement.
C) will not exert his maximum effort in the course because he has a low expectation of success.
D) will drop the course and switch to a different major.

Question 32

In studying the cognitive components of emotions, psychologists generally rely on which of the following?

A) heart rate
B) galvanic skin response
C) subjects' verbal reports
D) scores on the Thematic Apperception Test

Question 33

The physiological component of emotion is directly associated with the functioning of the

A) autonomic nervous system.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) central nervous system.
D) hindbrain.

Question 34

The galvanic skin response is a measure of

A) blood flow through the skin.
B) muscle tension of the skin.
C) electrical conductivity of the skin.
D) two-point difference threshold of the skin.

Question 35

Evolutionary theory predicts that women should place more emphasis than men on all but which of the following partner characteristics?

A) ambition
B) intelligence
C) social status
D) physical attractiveness

Question 36

The GSR is usually considered to be

A) a measure of conscious emotion
B) an index of honesty
C) a measure of the cognitive component of emotion
D) a general measure of autonomic arousal

Question 37

Max has the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards for excellence.According to researchers such as McClelland and Atkinson, Max MOST likely

A) has high affiliation needs.
B) is high in achievement motivation.
C) is low in achievement motivation.
D) has a high fear of failure.

Question 38

Lee is about to take his driver's licence exam.As he enters the testing room he notices that is heart is racing and his palms are sweating.This reaction is part of the

A) physiological component in Lee's emotional experience.
B) behavioural component in Lee's emotional experience.
C) objective component in Lee's emotional experience.
D) cognitive component in Lee's emotional experience.

Question 39

Compared to low scorers, people who score high in the need for achievement

A) devote more time to interpersonal activities.
B) worry more about acceptance from others.
C) tend to work harder and more persistently.
D) show all of these characteristics.

Question 40

A polygraph typically monitors all of the following EXCEPT

A) respiration rate.
B) dilation of the pupils.
C) galvanic skin response (GSR).
D) blood pressure.

Question 41

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotions focuses on the ____ determinants of emotions.

A) psychological
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) neural

Question 42

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid.Which of the following explanations BEST represents the James-Lange theory?

A) "I'm shaking because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
C) "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire."
D) "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation."

Question 43

The theory of emotion that proposes that different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions is the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) Cannon-Bard theory.
C) Schachter two-factor theory.
D) Common sense theory.

Question 44

As Erica watched the televised drawing of lottery numbers, she realised she had the winning combination.If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning the lottery, Erica's response pattern would lend support to

A) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
B) the James-Lange theory of emotion.
C) Izard's evolutionary theory of emotion.
D) Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.

Question 45

Victoria is extremely upset because she has been falsely accused of stealing money from her employer.Her lawyer has suggested that Victoria take a polygraph test to prove her innocence.She asks you whether she should agree to the test.Based on the research into the accuracy of polygraphs, you should tell Victoria that polygraphs

A) are extremely accurate, and if Victoria is truly innocent she will pass with no problem.
B) only measure overall arousal levels and are not reliable indicators of whether or not people are lying.
C) sometimes wrongly indicate that innocent people are guilty, but are 100% accurate in detecting guilt.
D) sometimes wrongly indicate that guilty people are innocent, but are 100% accurate in detecting innocence.

Question 46

According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs

A) independently of autonomic arousal.
B) before autonomic arousal.
C) after autonomic arousal.
D) simultaneously with autonomic arousal.

Question 47

According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal; according to the Cannon-Bard theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal.

A) precedes; follows
B) coincides with; precedes
C) follows; coincides with
D) follows; precedes

Question 48

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, one's conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of

A) others' emotions.
B) autonomic arousal.
C) skin conductancy.
D) tension in the facial muscles.

Question 49

One problem with the James-Lange theory of emotions, and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, is that both fail to consider the role of

A) physiological responses in the experience of emotions.
B) expressive reactions in the experience of emotions.
C) cognitive interpretations in the experience of emotions.
D) the interaction between physiological responses and conscious experiences.

Question 50

"General bodily arousal contributes to emotion, but one's interpretation of what is happening gives the specific emotion" is a proposition that would be made by

A) Ivan Pavlov.
B) William James.
C) Walter Cannon.
D) Stanley Schachter.

Question 51

Cross-cultural differences in emotional experience are MOST prominent concerning how individuals from different cultures

A) use facial cues to identify basic emotions
B) experience autonomic arousal
C) categorise or label specific emotions
D) use cognitive appraisal of a situation to determine which emotion is being experienced

Question 52

The James-Lange theory of emotions focuses on the ____ determinants of emotions.

A) psychological
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) physiological

Question 53

Dylan is on a roller coaster that has just reached the top of the first climb and is starting to drop.Based on the James-Lange theory of emotions, Dylan should report

A) "My racing heart must mean I'm terrified because everyone else is screaming."
B) "I feel terrified because my heart is racing."
C) "My heart is racing because I am terrified."
D) "The sight of the drop makes my heart race and it makes me feel terrified."

Question 54

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions on the basis of

A) the type of behaviour involved.
B) the type of bodily pattern involved.
C) our interpretation of the situation.
D) the emotional expression of others.

Question 55

Imagine that an individual has taken medication that has lowered his or her overall level of autonomic arousal.If this person reports less intense emotional experiences, it would provide some support for

A) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
B) the common-sense view of emotion.
C) the facial feedback hypothesis.
D) the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Question 56

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion,

A) the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
B) different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.
C) emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system.
D) emotions develop because of their adaptive value.

Question 57

Scott takes an antihistamine but he doesn't realise that the medication will also increase his overall level of autonomic arousal.Thirty minutes after he has taken the medication he is introduced to Danielle.If Scott incorrectly attributes his increased arousal as attraction for Danielle, it would lend support to

A) Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.
B) the James-Lange theory of emotion.
C) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
D) Izard's evolutionary theory of emotion.

Question 58

While Walter is out riding, his horse suddenly rears up when a small animal scurries across the path.Based on the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, Walter should report

A) "I feel terrified because my heart is racing."
B) "My heart is racing because I am terrified."
C) "My racing heart must mean I'm terrified because this situation is dangerous."
D) "The rearing of the horse makes my heart race and it makes me feel terrified."

Question 59

Lee is about to take his driver's licence exam.As he enters the testing room he notices that he is feeling anxious.The physiological experience of his emotion reaction is MOST likely the result of the action of Lee's

A) medulla
B) forebrain
C) central nervous system
D) autonomic nervous system

Question 60

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid.Which of the following explanations best represents Schachter's two-factor theory?

A) "I'm shaking because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
C) "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire."
D) "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation."

Question 61

While walking down the street you are approached by a man with a gun who demands your money.According to the Schachter two-factor theory of emotion, you are most likely to conclude

A) it is all right to be afraid in this situation.
B) since your heart is pounding in this dangerous situation, you must be afraid.
C) your heart is pounding because you are afraid.
D) you are afraid because your heart is pounding.

Question 62

Schachter suggests that people rely on ____ cues to label their emotional states.

A) physiological
B) interpersonal
C) external
D) internal

Question 63

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs

A) independently of autonomic arousal.
B) before autonomic arousal.
C) after autonomic arousal.
D) simultaneously with autonomic arousal.

Question 64

Evolutionary theories of emotion assume all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) Emotions are largely innate.
B) Emotions followed thought in the evolutionary sequence.
C) Emotions originate in subcortical brain structures.
D) Humans have a relatively small number of innate emotions with adaptive value.

Question 65

The fact that both biological and environmental factors have been shown to jointly govern eating behaviour, sexual desire and the experience of emotion is illustrative of which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?

A) Psychology is empirical.
B) Psychology evolves in a socio-historical context.
C) The interplay of heredity and environment.
D) Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Question 66

____ consider emotions to be largely innate reactions to certain stimuli.

A) Evolutionary theories
B) Psychoanalytic theories
C) Behavioural theories
D) Cognitive theories

Question 67

Walking through the forest you see a bear.All at once, your heart starts pounding, you feel fear, and you run.This description BEST illustrates the ____ theory of emotion.

A) common sense
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Schachter two-factor

Question 68

According to the James-Lange theory, people look to ____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions; according to Schachter, people look to ____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions.

A) physiological; situational
B) physiological; physiological
C) situational; physiological
D) situational; situational

Question 69

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between parenthood and happiness is MOST accurate?

A) People who have children are happier than people without children.
B) People who have children are less happy than people without children.
C) People who have children are neither more, nor less, happy than people without children.
D) The more children people have, the happier they tend to be.

Question 70

According to evolutionary theories of emotion,

A) the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive interpretation of that arousal
B) different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions
C) emotions occur when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system
D) emotions developed because of their adaptive value

Question 71

According to ____, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs after autonomic arousal.

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) both Cannon-Bard and Schachter two-factor theories
D) both James-Lange and Schachter two-factor theories

Question 72

Evolutionary theorists account for the many different emotions that humans are capable of experiencing by assuming that

A) each emotion is associated with its own distinctive pattern of autonomic arousal.
B) a small number of primary emotions can occur in various combinations and at various intensities.
C) humans use their advanced cognitive skills to make fine distinctions between emotions.
D) each and every specific emotion evolved separately.

Question 73

Evolutionary theorists believe that emotions evolved

A) before thought.
B) after thought.
C) simultaneously with thought.
D) as a control on thought.

Question 74

Walking in the forest, you see a bear.Your heart starts pounding, you run, and then you feel fear.This description best illustrates the ____ theory of emotion.

A) common sense
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Schachter two-factor

Question 75

Your textbook describes a number of approaches for explaining the experience of emotion.From this discussion, we can see that

A) psychology is empirical.
B) psychology is theoretically diverse.
C) psychology evolves in a socio-historical context.
D) behaviour is determined by multiple causes.

Question 76

Learned preferences for foods and display rules concerning the expression of emotion BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology of

A) psychology is theoretically diverse.
B) psychology evolves in a socio-historical context.
C) behaviour is determined by multiple causes.
D) behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage.

Question 77

Evolutionary theories of emotion suggest people exhibit ____ primary emotions.

A) 1-5
B) 5-8
C) 8-10
D) 10-15

Question 78

An individual's personal perception of his or her overall happiness and life satisfaction is referred to as

A) the cognitive component of their emotion.
B) subjective well-being.
C) a display rule.
D) hedonic adaptation.

Question 79

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid.Which of the following explanations BEST represents evolutionary theories of emotion?

A) "I'm shaking because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
C) "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire."
D) "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation."

Question 80

The correlation between age and happiness is

A) negative.
B) moderately positive.
C) moderately negative.
D) negligible.