Deck 5: States of Consciousness

Question 1

The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as

A) consciousness.
B) hypnosis.
C) sensation.
D) perception.

Answer 1

consciousness.

Question 2

A device that measures electrical activity in the brain over time by the means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the skin is

A) a CT scan.
B) electroencephalograph.
C) an MRI.
D) a fMRI.

Answer 2

electroencephalograph.

Question 3

The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning those stimuli, comprise your

A) attention.
B) unconsciousness.
C) consciousness.
D) alertness.

Answer 3

consciousness.

Question 4

If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find

A) a system of hierarchically organised cognitions.
B) one central thought and multiple, related subsidiary thoughts.
C) an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes.
D) an organised system of parallel thoughts.

Question 5

An electroencephalograph is a device that measures

A) glucose metabolism in the brain.
B) muscle tension in the body.
C) respiration rates as an index of arousal.
D) electrical activity of the brain.

Question 6

The electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the

A) corpus callous.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) hypothalamus.
D) medulla.

Question 7

At this moment, as you are concentrating on answering this exam question correctly, your dominant brain wave pattern MOST likely consists of

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) delta waves.
D) theta waves.

Question 8

The example of a new parent who sleeps through a loud thunderstorm, but wakes up the minute their newborn infant begins to cry is used to illustrate that during sleep, there is

A) no awareness of external stimuli.
B) a selective awareness of external stimuli.
C) no awareness of either external or internal stimuli.
D) an awareness of all external stimuli.

Question 9

If you were to lie down under a tree and relax, but not fall asleep, your dominant brain wave pattern would MOST likely consist of

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) delta waves.
D) theta waves.

Question 10

Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?

A) omega
B) theta
C) alpha
D) delta

Question 11

The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is

A) gamma.
B) beta.
C) alpha.
D) delta.

Question 12

The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as ____ rhythms.

A) circadian
B) slow-wave
C) rem
D) subcortical

Question 13

The awareness of internal and external stimuli defines

A) wakefulness.
B) the unconscious.
C) consciousness.
D) alertness.

Question 14

Which of the following statements BEST reflects current thinking regarding the evolutionary roots of consciousness?

A) Researchers generally agree that there is no plausible evolutionary explanation of consciousness.
B) The evolutionary bases of consciousness remain elusive.
C) Unobservable behaviors such as consciousness are not subject to the laws of evolution.
D) Plenty of empirical evidence exists to support the adaptive quality of consciousness.

Question 15

Doctors and nurses try to "watch what they say" when performing surgery because

A) the concentration of other members of the surgical team is disrupted by unnecessary comments.
B) people under anesthesia occasionally awaken completely during surgery.
C) people under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments.
D) the patient's family members occasionally overhear comments.

Question 16

William James proposed the concept ____ to describe the continually changing aspect of consciousness.

A) circadian consciousness
B) flow of consciousness
C) stream of unconsciousness
D) stream of consciousness

Question 17

The delta wave EEG pattern is associated with

A) dreaming.
B) deep sleep.
C) a waking state.
D) none of these states.

Question 18

The idea that one's consciousness continually changes, fluctuates, and wanders characterises William James's concept that consciousness is

A) an incomplete picture puzzle.
B) a partially submerged iceberg.
C) a stream.
D) a flower garden.

Question 19

The circadian rhythm operates around:

A) a 1-year cycle
B) a 28-day cycle
C) a 24-hour cycle
D) a 90-minute cycle

Question 20

Which brain wave is probably operating while you are taking this exam?

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Question 21

The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks is

A) melatonin.
B) cholecystokinin.
C) serotonin.
D) phenylalanine.

Question 22

Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ____ to have accidents and be ____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.

A) more apt; just as
B) less apt; less
C) less apt; more
D) more apt; less

Question 23

Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low frequency delta waves.Peter is experiencing which stage of sleep?

A) REM
B) Stage 3 or 4
C) Stage 1
D) Stage 2

Question 24

Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our biological clocks?

A) the pineal gland
B) the pituitary gland
C) the thyroid
D) the gonads

Question 25

Sleep Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as

A) low amplitude sleep.
B) high amplitude sleep.
C) slow-wave sleep.
D) fast-wave sleep.

Question 26

Ryan is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab.As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, sleep spindles begin to appear.Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Ryan

A) is currently in REM sleep.
B) has just entered Stage 2 sleep.
C) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
D) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.

Question 27

An electroencephalograph (EEG) is recording Joseph's brain activity, and the recording is currently dominated by delta waves.Unexpectedly, there is a loud crash in the sleep lab.It is likely

A) the crash will wake Joseph from his relatively light sleep.
B) there will be a sleep spindle recorded on the EEG at the time of the crash.
C) the noise of the crash will be incorporated into the dream Joseph is currently experiencing.
D) there will be no change in the EEG, and Joseph's sleep will not be interrupted.

Question 28

Kayla's core body temperature has risen 1.5 degrees in the last half hour.This change in body temperature means that it is most likely that Kayla

A) has just fallen asleep.
B) will fall asleep in the next 60 minutes.
C) has just woken up.
D) has been meditating for the past 30 minutes.

Question 29

When the first astronauts travel to Mars, they will be travelling for long periods of time with no external time cues.You would predict that the circadian rhythms for these astronauts would

A) drift toward a slightly longer cycle.
B) drift toward a slightly shorter cycle.
C) stay synchronised with a 24-hour cycle.
D) become sporadic and show no definite pattern.

Question 30

Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab.As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, theta waves appear.Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Alexander

A) has just entered Stage 3 sleep.
B) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
C) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
D) is currently in REM sleep.

Question 31

As a person falls into deeper sleep, his pattern of brain wave activity becomes both ____ in frequency and ____ in amplitude.

A) slower; higher
B) faster; higher
C) slower; lower
D) faster; lower

Question 32

Mary is a "night person" and Gary is a "morning person." This difference is probably due to differences in their

A) REM sleep patterns.
B) cytoplasm.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) use of alcohol.

Question 33

Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as

A) alpha waves
B) REM waves
C) theta waves
D) zeta waves

Question 34

Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of

A) Stage 1 sleep.
B) Stage 2 sleep.
C) Stage 4 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 35

What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?

A) amount of time spent sleeping
B) amount of time spent awake
C) cultural practices
D) exposure to light

Question 36

Victoria is listening to a lecture in a hot lecture hall, late on a Friday afternoon.She starts to feel drowsy, and then falls into a light sleep.If her brain wave patterns were being monitored, they would show a shift from

A) alpha waves to beta waves and finally to delta waves.
B) theta waves to beta waves and finally to alpha waves.
C) beta waves to alpha waves and finally to theta waves.
D) beta waves to theta waves and finally to alpha waves.

Question 37

Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab.As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, delta waves appear.Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Rebecca

A) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
B) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
C) is currently in REM sleep.
D) has just entered Stage 3 sleep.

Question 38

Some researchers have suggested that our 24-hour sleep/wake cycle may partially be a response to a world where the sun rises and sets on a 24-hour cycle.Imagine that the earth is gradually slowing down, and in 10 000 years the sun rises and sets on a 26-hour cycle instead.If you came to this future world you might expect that people would tend to

A) follow the old cycle and still fall asleep once every 24 hours.
B) show no consistent wake-sleep cycle.
C) develop an even shorter 22-hour sleep/wake cycle.
D) follow the extended cycle set by the sun and fall asleep once every 26 hours.

Question 39

Which of the following appears to be the sequence of events associated with resetting one's biological clock?

A) The hypothalamus signals the thalamus, which in turn sends signals to the medial forebrain bundle.
B) The thalamus signals the optic chiasm, which in turn causes a release of the hormone philoxin, which activates the renal gland.
C) The suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone melatonin.
D) The superior colliculus signals the thalamus, which stimulates Broca's area.

Question 40

In general, research into circadian rhythms has found that overall level of alertness and body temperature are

A) negatively correlated.
B) positively correlated in females and negatively correlated in males.
C) positively correlated in males and negatively correlated in females.
D) positively correlated.

Question 41

REM periods of sleep tend to ____ as the night goes on.

A) deepen
B) lighten
C) shorten
D) lengthen

Question 42

Dave is taking a prescription drug, and one of the side effects of the drug is an increase in the stimulation of ascending fibres in the reticular activating system.Dave is likely to find that he

A) wants to sleep all the time.
B) no longer experiences REM sleep.
C) has difficulty falling asleep.
D) begins to dream during Stage 3 and 4 sleep.

Question 43

The paradox concerning REM sleep is while

A) it is a deep sleep: the person is easy to awaken.
B) it is a deep sleep: the brain wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake individual.
C) the person is dreaming: the brain wave pattern resembles that of an awake and relaxed individual.
D) the person is dreaming; his muscles are practically paralysed.

Question 44

Dr Everett is observing Robert in a sleep lab.Dr Everett intends to wake Robert up each time he begins REM sleep.Based on the electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings, Robert should be awakened each time the EEG shows

A) alpha wave activity.
B) low-voltage, high frequency beta waves.
C) the presence of sleep spindles.
D) theta wave activity.

Question 45

Olivia has trouble staying asleep for more than four hours at a time.Olivia is likely to experience

A) more vivid dreams than people who sleep for a full eight hours.
B) less REM sleep than people who sleep for a full eight hours.
C) less deep sleep than people who sleep for a full eight hours.
D) more sleep spindles than people who sleep for a full eight hours.

Question 46

Compared to young adults, infants sleep for a ____ period of time each day and spend a ____ proportion of their total sleep time in REM sleep.

A) longer; smaller
B) longer; larger
C) shorter; larger
D) shorter; smaller

Question 47

The stage of sleep in which the slowest brain waves occur is

A) Stage 1.
B) Stage 2.
C) REM.
D) Stage 4.

Question 48

A rapid EEG (beta waves), dreaming, rapid eye movements, and profound muscle relaxation go with

A) Stage 1 sleep.
B) Stage 2 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) relaxed wakefulness.

Question 49

Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we can expect to do the most dreaming

A) toward the beginning of the night's sleep.
B) in the middle of the night's sleep.
C) in NREM sleep.
D) toward the end of the night's sleep.

Question 50

If you normally sleep eight hours each night, and last night you only slept for six hours, which stage of sleep would be MOST affected by the loss of total sleep time?

A) slow-wave
B) NREM
C) Stage 2
D) REM

Question 51

If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements you probably would report that you had

A) a headache.
B) been dreaming.
C) not been dreaming.
D) not really been asleep.

Question 52

The hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep that has the strongest support suggests that sleep evolved to help individuals

A) reduce exposure to predators.
B) conserve energy.
C) reduce the risk of accidents during the night part of the day-night cycle.
D) restore energy and other bodily resources.

Question 53

In general, as the cycle of sleep recurs through the night, it tends to contain

A) more Stage 4 and less REM.
B) more Stage 4 and more REM.
C) less Stage 4 and less REM.
D) less Stage 4 and more REM.

Question 54

REM sleep is characterised by all of the following except

A) minimal bodily movement.
B) regular breathing and pulse rate.
C) beta waves.
D) dreaming.

Question 55

Which of the following has not been suggested as a hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep?

A) to reduce exposure to predators
B) to conserve energy
C) to reduce the risk of accidents during the night part of the day-night cycle
D) to restore energy and other bodily resources

Question 56

Which of the following statements does NOT represent a current hypothesis on the evolutionary bases of sleep?

A) Sleep helps restore energy and other body resources depleted by waking activities.
B) The immobilisation associated with sleep reduces exposure to predators and other dangers.
C) Sleep allows us to live out our unconscious wishes and desires.
D) Sleep evolved to help maintain a constant, high body temperature by metabolic means.

Question 57

"Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep, probably because he was dreaming about boot camp." What is WRONG with this statement?

A) Sleep is a relaxed condition of the body and, as such, precludes physical activity.
B) Research shows that no dreaming takes place in REM sleep.
C) Research shows that we are virtually paralysed in REM sleep.
D) Manny was never in boot camp so he is not likely to be dreaming about it.

Question 58

You are observing your friend Melissa while she is sleeping.She is tossing and turning.It is most likely that Melissa is currently in

A) NREM sleep and she is acting out a dream she is experiencing.
B) REM sleep and is acting out a dream that she is experiencing.
C) NREM sleep and her movements are random.
D) REM sleep and her movements are random.

Question 59

Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab.She has been asleep for just over an hour now, and her EEG is showing low amplitude, irregular brain wave patterns.Her breathing and pulse rate are irregular, and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids.The researcher who is monitoring Bailey's sleep can conclude that Bailey

A) has just entered REM sleep.
B) has just entered Stage 4 sleep.
C) is experiencing sleep anoxia and needs immediate medical attention.
D) suffers from a sleep disorder.

Question 60

The brain wave pattern of a person in ____ sleep resembles the brain wave pattern observed when the individual is awake and alert.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 4
C) REM
D) NREM

Question 61

Results from a variety of selective deprivation sleep studies have shown that people have a specific need for

A) at least four hours of sleep each night.
B) slow-wave sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) REM and slow-wave sleep.

Question 62

For the past week Laura has had difficulty falling asleep at night.Even though she goes to bed at her usual time, she lays awake for several hours before she finally drifts off to sleep.It appears that Laura is experiencing

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.

Question 63

The most common known sleep disorder is

A) sleep apnea.
B) night terrors.
C) insomnia.
D) somnambulism.

Question 64

Iris has been asleep for less than an hour.Her parents are surprised when she walks into the living room, and they tell her to go back to sleep.The next day Iris does not remember getting up after she went to bed.From this description it appears that Iris experienced

A) a night terror.
B) somnambulism.
C) a nightmare.
D) an episode of sleep apnea.

Question 65

Which of the following statements about dreams is NOT accurate?

A) Dreams only occur during REM sleep.
B) Dreams have sometimes changed the world.
C) Dreams are not as bizarre as widely assumed.
D) Dreamers sometimes realise that they are dreaming.

Question 66

Sheri has no trouble falling asleep, but she has difficulty remaining asleep.Sheri is suffering from

A) insomnia.
B) narcolepsy.
C) sleep apnea.
D) pseudoinsomnia.

Question 67

Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a potential cause of insomnia?

A) excess anxiety and tension
B) emotional problems including depression
C) the use of certain drugs, including narcotics
D) health problems including ulcers and asthma

Question 68

For the past two weeks Charles has been taking a mild sedative to help him fall asleep.He is likely to find that

A) he now needs to take a larger dose in order to fall asleep because over time sedatives become less effective.
B) he can take less of the drug because the effects of sedatives tend to be cumulative.
C) he will spend more of the night dreaming than he did without the sedative.
D) after two weeks his insomnia should be cured, and he can stop using the sedative.

Question 69

Anne has noticed that for the past three weeks she is unable to sleep for more than five hours at a time, even though she used to regularly get eight hours of sleep per night.She wakes early in the morning and just can't fall back to sleep once this happens.It appears that Anne has developed

A) somnambulism.
B) insomnia.
C) pseudoinsomnia.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 70

Which of the following statements regarding sleepwalking is MOST accurate?

A) Sleepwalking is generally a manifestation of underlying psychological problems.
B) It is unsafe to awaken a sleepwalker.
C) Sleepwalking typically occurs while the person is dreaming.
D) There appears to be a genetic predisposition to sleepwalking.

Question 71

Which of the following statements regarding the use of sleeping pills is least accurate?

A) They are a good long-range solution for insomnia.
B) There is some danger of overdose.
C) They reduce the proportion of time spent in slow-wave sleep.
D) They gradually become less effective with continued use.

Question 72

Which of the following usually occurs in REM sleep?

A) night terrors
B) nightmares
C) sleepwalking
D) enuresis

Question 73

Individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experience

A) impaired attention.
B) impaired motor coordination.
C) impaired decision making.
D) impaired attention, motor coordination, and decision making.

Question 74

For the past month Michael has had difficulty falling asleep at night.Even though he goes to bed at his usual time, he lays awake for several hours before he finally drifts off to sleep.As a result, Michael has only been getting five to six hours of sleep, instead of the eight hours he is used to.Michael is likely to find that his lack of sleep leads to

A) the inability to solve complex problems.
B) impaired attention.
C) hallucinations and general disorientation.
D) night terrors when he actually does fall asleep.

Question 75

Nathaniel's wife cannot sleep through the night.She claims that her husband seems to stop breathing in his sleep and then suddenly jerks awake, gasping for breath.This not only disturbs his sleep, it also awakens her.It is likely that Nathaniel

A) has narcolepsy.
B) is experiencing night terrors.
C) has sleep apnea.
D) has developed pseudoinsomnia.

Question 76

Stephen wanders about while remaining asleep.Stephen's condition is called

A) narcology.
B) sleep tremors.
C) somnambulism.
D) agnosia.

Question 77

Sleepwalking is MOST likely to occur

A) when a person has emotional or psychological problems.
B) after a person has been asleep for several hours.
C) during slow-wave sleep.
D) during REM sleep.

Question 78

While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic, Erica is deprived of dreaming for several nights.As a result, she is likely to

A) experience REM rebound and spend more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights.
B) become accustomed to going without dreaming and spend less time in REM sleep on subsequent nights.
C) immediately return to a normal sleep cycle when she is allowed to sleep through the night.
D) have difficulty achieving REM on subsequent nights.

Question 79

Ethan took part in a research study in which, for three consecutive nights, he was awakened each time he entered slow-wave sleep.Now that Ethan is back at home it is likely that he will

A) develop insomnia and show general disturbances in his sleep patterns.
B) spend extra time in slow-wave sleep for several nights.
C) spend less time in slow-wave sleep than he did before he took part in the study.
D) spend extra time in both slow-wave and REM sleep for several nights.

Question 80

One hypothesis regarding the cause of crib death in babies is that they stop breathing during sleep, a sleep disorder known as

A) narcolepsy.
B) sleep apnea.
C) night terror.
D) hypersomnia.