Deck 10: Theories of Motives and Emotions

Question 1

According to drive theorists, the foremost motivation for all organisms is to

A) achieve self-actualisation.
B) maintain homeostasis.
C) ensure their own survival and the survival of their species.
D) experience as much pleasant stimulation as possible.

Answer 1

maintain homeostasis.

Question 2

An internal state of tension that precedes behaviour designed to reduce that tension is referred to as a

A) fugue.
B) drive.
C) need.
D) biostate.

Answer 2

drive.

Question 3

Which of the following behaviours is consistent with a drive theory of motivation?

A) eating an apple when hungry
B) eating dessert after a large meal
C) looking up information in an encyclopaedia
D) studying hard to earn an "A" on a test

Answer 3

eating an apple when hungry

Question 4

According to drive theory of motivation, if you drink water when you are thirsty, drinking results in

A) drive production and serves as an incentive.
B) drive reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.
C) need production and serves as an incentive.
D) need reduction and restores physiological equilibrium.

Question 5

A bonus of R100.00 for completing a work assignment before a deadline is an example of

A) an incentive.
B) a reward.
C) drive reduction.
D) a motive.

Question 6

Most motivational theorists divide motives into two categories consisting of

A) want and desire motives.
B) biological and social motives.
C) necessary and unnecessary motives.
D) survival and reproductive motives.

Question 7

What do the following have in common: achievement, autonomy, play and dominance?

A) They are all drives.
B) They are all biological motives.
C) They are all social motives.
D) They are all social-based biological motives.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT considered a social need in humans?

A) affiliation
B) aggression
C) nurturance
D) achievement

Question 9

Imogen grew up in a small town in northern England and Desmond grew up in a large city in South Africa. You should expect that Imogen and Desmond have

A) the same social needs, but different biological needs.
B) the same biological needs, but different social needs.
C) different biological and social needs.
D) the same biological and social needs.

Question 10

While ____ theories of motivation emphasise internal factors, ____ theories emphasise external factors.

A) drive; incentive
B) incentive; drive
C) biological; drive
D) incentive; environmental

Question 11

Which category of motives is often acquired through learning and varies depending on an individuals' experience?

A) reproductive
B) survival
C) biological
D) social

Question 12

What theoretical perspective argues that the increase in obesity in humans is a result of the fact that early humans lived in environments in which there was fierce competition for limited, unreliable food resources and that they developed a tendency to consume food when it was present?

A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) body-set point
D) settling-point

Question 13

Needs, wants, interests and desires that propel people in certain directions are known as

A) drives.
B) motives.
C) incentives.
D) habits.

Question 14

Tension reduction is the goal according to which motivational theory?

A) drive theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) instinct theory
D) incentive theory

Question 15

Motives are BEST described as ____ that propel people in certain directions.

A) biological factors
B) social factors
C) drives and incentives
D) needs, wants, interests and desires

Question 16

An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour is

A) a motive.
B) a drive.
C) an incentive.
D) a need.

Question 17

According to motivation theorists, we would expect people generally to be

A) more similar in biological than in social needs.
B) more similar in social than in biological needs.
C) highly varied in both social and biological needs.
D) quite similar in both biological and social needs.

Question 18

Homeostasis is a state of

A) physiological stability.
B) physiological instability.
C) psychological stability.
D) psychological instability.

Question 19

Psychologists who take an evolutionary view argue that natural selection favours behaviours that maximise an individual's

A) self-actualisation.
B) acquisition of territory.
C) reproductive success.
D) material wealth.

Question 20

When you are engaging in goal-directed behaviour, you may be BEST described as experiencing

A) drive reduction.
B) an incentive.
C) emotion.
D) motivation.

Question 21

The physiological component of emotion is directly associated with the functioning of the

A) autonomic nervous system.
B) somatic nervous system.
C) central nervous system.
D) hindbrain.

Question 22

Evolutionary theory predicts that women should place more emphasis than men on all but which of the following partner characteristics?

A) ambition
B) intelligence
C) social status
D) physical attractiveness

Question 23

The GSR is usually considered to be

A) a measure of conscious emotion
B) an index of honesty
C) a measure of the cognitive component of emotion
D) a general measure of autonomic arousal

Question 24

A polygraph typically monitors all of the following EXCEPT

A) respiration rate.
B) dilation of the pupils.
C) galvanic skin response (GSR).
D) blood pressure.

Question 25

Research on gender differences in mate preferences has found that

A) women are indifferent to men's potential for parental investment.
B) men favourably disposed to investing in children are seen as more attractive.
C) women favourably disposed to investing in children are seen as more attractive.
D) men pay more attention to a potential partner's willingness to invest in children.

Question 26

The galvanic skin response is a measure of

A) blood flow through the skin.
B) muscle tension of the skin.
C) electrical conductivity of the skin.
D) two-point difference threshold of the skin.

Question 27

Research into gender differences in mate preference shows that, in comparison to men, women show ____ desire for partners who are intelligent and ambitious and have a high social status and ____ interest in attractiveness.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) more; more

Question 28

Compared to low scorers, people who score high in the need for achievement

A) devote more time to interpersonal activities.
B) worry more about acceptance from others.
C) tend to work harder and more persistently.
D) show all of these characteristics.

Question 29

Maria is pursuing a highly competitive career and she works very hard and persistently at her tasks. Maria's behaviour MOST likely reflects

A) an external locus of control.
B) a high achievement motivation.
C) a high power need.
D) an obsessive-compulsive personality structure.

Question 30

A device that measures heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure (i.e. autonomic arousal) is

A) a polygraph
B) a galvanic response meter
C) an electromyocardiograph
D) an electroencephalograph

Question 31

Loyisa is about to take her certification exam that will qualify her as a licensed therapist. As she enters the testing room she feels anxious and nervous. This reaction is part of the

A) physiological component in Loyisa's emotional experience.
B) behavioural component in Loyisa's emotional experience.
C) objective component in Loyisa's emotional experience.
D) cognitive component in Loyisa's emotional experience.

Question 32

A person high in achievement motivation would be expected to show all EXCEPT which of the following characteristics?

A) greater persistence on tasks
B) tendency to seek immediate gratification
C) tendency to choose competitive occupations
D) tendency to choose tasks of intermediate difficulty

Question 33

The observation that one individual may experience an airplane flight as an anxiety-arousing situation while another individual may experience an airplane flight as a routine event reflects that emotion involves

A) a subjective conscious experience or cognitive component.
B) an objective conscious experience or cognitive component.
C) bodily arousal or a physiological component.
D) an overt response or a behavioural component.

Question 34

Mandla has a high need for achievement and he is currently enrolled in a philosophy course that is required for his major. The professor who teaches the course gives extremely difficult exams, and has never been known to give a student a grade higher than a B. Under these conditions, it is likely that Mandla

A) will not exert his maximum effort in the course because the course has a low incentive value for him.
B) will exert the maximum effort he can because he has a high need for achievement.
C) will not exert his maximum effort in the course because he has a low expectation of success.
D) will drop the course and switch to a different major.

Question 35

In studying the cognitive components of emotions, psychologists generally rely on which of the following?

A) heart rate
B) galvanic skin response
C) subjects' verbal reports
D) scores on the Thematic Apperception Test

Question 36

At present, which of the following approaches appears to provide the most complete account for gender disparities in sexual motivation and mating preferences?

A) operant conditioning
B) evolutionary theory
C) social learning theory
D) socio-political theory

Question 37

Max has the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others and to meet high standards for excellence. According to researchers such as McClelland and Atkinson, Max MOST likely

A) has high affiliation needs.
B) is high in achievement motivation.
C) is low in achievement motivation.
D) has a high fear of failure.

Question 38

As Danica saw the headlights coming directly at her through the fog on the highway, her blood pressure rose quickly and she felt her heart start to race. These reactions are part of

A) the behavioural component in Danica's emotional experience.
B) the objective component in Danica's emotional experience.
C) the cognitive component in Danica's emotional experience.
D) the physiological component in Danica's emotional experience.

Question 39

Lee is about to take his driver's licence exam. As he enters the testing room he notices that is heart is racing and his palms are sweating. This reaction is part of the

A) physiological component in Lee's emotional experience.
B) behavioural component in Lee's emotional experience.
C) objective component in Lee's emotional experience.
D) cognitive component in Lee's emotional experience.

Question 40

The need to master difficult challenges, outperform others and meet high standards of excellence is referred to as

A) an intellect motive.
B) a power motive.
C) a competence motive.
D) an achievement motive.

Question 41

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations BEST represents the James-Lange theory?

A) "I'm shaking because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
C) "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire."
D) "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation."

Question 42

Cross-cultural differences in emotional experience are MOST prominent concerning how individuals from different cultures

A) use facial cues to identify basic emotions
B) experience autonomic arousal
C) categorise or label specific emotions
D) use cognitive appraisal of a situation to determine which emotion is being experienced

Question 43

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion,

A) the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
B) different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.
C) emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system.
D) emotions develop because of their adaptive value.

Question 44

While Willem is out riding, his horse suddenly rears up when a small animal scurries across the path. Based on the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, Willem should report

A) "I feel terrified because my heart is racing."
B) "My heart is racing because I am terrified."
C) "My racing heart must mean I'm terrified because this situation is dangerous."
D) "The rearing of the horse makes my heart race and it makes me feel terrified."

Question 45

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, one's conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of

A) others' emotions.
B) autonomic arousal.
C) skin conductancy.
D) tension in the facial muscles.

Question 46

"General bodily arousal contributes to emotion, but one's interpretation of what is happening gives the specific emotion" is a proposition that would be made by

A) Ivan Pavlov.
B) William James.
C) Walter Cannon.
D) Stanley Schachter.

Question 47

According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs

A) independently of autonomic arousal.
B) before autonomic arousal.
C) after autonomic arousal.
D) simultaneously with autonomic arousal.

Question 48

As Erica watched the televised drawing of lottery numbers, she realised she had the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning the lottery, Erica's response pattern would lend support to

A) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
B) the James-Lange theory of emotion.
C) Izard's evolutionary theory of emotion.
D) Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.

Question 49

According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal; according to the Cannon-Bard theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal.

A) precedes; follows
B) coincides with; precedes
C) follows; coincides with
D) follows; precedes

Question 50

Imagine that an individual has taken medication that has lowered his or her overall level of autonomic arousal. If this person reports less intense emotional experiences, it would provide some support for

A) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
B) the common-sense view of emotion.
C) the facial feedback hypothesis.
D) the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Question 51

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotions focuses on the ____ determinants of emotions.

A) psychological
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) neural

Question 52

Victoria is extremely upset because she has been falsely accused of stealing money from her employer. Her lawyer has suggested that Victoria take a polygraph test to prove her innocence. She asks you whether she should agree to the test. Based on the research into the accuracy of polygraphs, you should tell Victoria that polygraphs

A) are extremely accurate, and if Victoria is truly innocent she will pass with no problem.
B) only measure overall arousal levels and are not reliable indicators of whether or not people are lying.
C) sometimes wrongly indicate that innocent people are guilty, but are 100% accurate in detecting guilt.
D) sometimes wrongly indicate that guilty people are innocent, but are 100% accurate in detecting innocence.

Question 53

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions on the basis of

A) the type of behaviour involved.
B) the type of bodily pattern involved.
C) our interpretation of the situation.
D) the emotional expression of others.

Question 54

Kagiso is about to take his driver's licence exam. As he enters the testing room he notices that he is feeling anxious. The physiological experience of his emotion reaction is MOST likely the result of the action of Kagiso's

A) medulla.
B) forebrain.
C) central nervous system.
D) autonomic nervous system.

Question 55

The James-Lange theory of emotions focuses on the ____ determinants of emotions.

A) psychological
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) physiological

Question 56

The theory of emotion that proposes that different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions is the

A) James-Lange theory.
B) Cannon-Bard theory.
C) Schachter two-factor theory.
D) common sense theory.

Question 57

Darnell is on a roller coaster that has just reached the top of the first climb and is starting to drop. Based on the James-Lange theory of emotions, Darnell should report

A) "My racing heart must mean I'm terrified because everyone else is screaming."
B) "I feel terrified because my heart is racing."
C) "My heart is racing because I am terrified."
D) "The sight of the drop makes my heart race and it makes me feel terrified."

Question 58

One problem with the James-Lange theory of emotions, and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, is that both fail to consider the role of

A) physiological responses in the experience of emotions.
B) expressive reactions in the experience of emotions.
C) cognitive interpretations in the experience of emotions.
D) the interaction between physiological responses and conscious experiences.

Question 59

Scott takes an antihistamine but he doesn't realise that the medication will also increase his overall level of autonomic arousal. Thirty minutes after he has taken the medication he is introduced to Danielle. If Scott incorrectly attributes his increased arousal as attraction for Danielle, it would lend support to

A) Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.
B) the James-Lange theory of emotion.
C) the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
D) Izard's evolutionary theory of emotion.

Question 60

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations best represents Schachter's two-factor theory?

A) "I'm shaking because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
C) "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire."
D) "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation."

Question 61

The correlation between age and happiness is

A) negative.
B) moderately positive.
C) moderately negative.
D) negligible.

Question 62

Evolutionary theorists account for the many different emotions that humans are capable of experiencing by assuming that

A) each emotion is associated with its own distinctive pattern of autonomic arousal.
B) a small number of primary emotions can occur in various combinations and at various intensities.
C) humans use their advanced cognitive skills to make fine distinctions between emotions.
D) each and every specific emotion evolved separately.

Question 63

Evolutionary theories of emotion assume all EXCEPT which of the following?

A) Emotions are largely innate.
B) Emotions followed thought in the evolutionary sequence.
C) Emotions originate in subcortical brain structures.
D) Humans have a relatively small number of innate emotions with adaptive value.

Question 64

According to the James-Lange theory, people look to ____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions; according to Schachter, people look to ____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions.

A) physiological; situational
B) physiological; physiological
C) situational; physiological
D) situational; situational

Question 65

While walking down the street you are approached by a man with a gun who demands your money. According to the Schachter two-factor theory of emotion, you are most likely to conclude

A) it is all right to be afraid in this situation.
B) since your heart is pounding in this dangerous situation, you must be afraid.
C) your heart is pounding because you are afraid.
D) you are afraid because your heart is pounding.

Question 66

____ consider emotions to be largely innate reactions to certain stimuli.

A) Evolutionary theories
B) Psychoanalytic theories
C) Behavioural theories
D) Cognitive theories

Question 67

The fact that both biological and environmental factors have been shown to jointly govern eating behaviour, sexual desire and the experience of emotion is illustrative of which of the following unifying themes of your textbook?

A) Psychology is empirical.
B) Psychology evolves in a socio-historical context.
C) The interplay of heredity and environment.
D) Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.

Question 68

According to evolutionary theories of emotion,

A) the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
B) different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.
C) emotions occur when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system.
D) emotions developed because of their adaptive value.

Question 69

Evolutionary theorists believe that emotions evolved

A) before thought.
B) after thought.
C) simultaneously with thought.
D) as a control on thought.

Question 70

Evolutionary theories of emotion suggest people exhibit ____ primary emotions.

A) 1-5
B) 5-8
C) 8-10
D) 10-15

Question 71

According to ____, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs after autonomic arousal.

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) both Cannon-Bard and Schachter two-factor theories
D) both James-Lange and Schachter two-factor theories

Question 72

Walking through the veld you see a snake. All at once, your heart starts pounding, you feel fear and you run. This description BEST illustrates the ____ theory of emotion.

A) common sense
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Schachter two-factor

Question 73

Learned preferences for foods and display rules concerning the expression of emotion BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology of

A) psychology is theoretically diverse.
B) psychology evolves in a socio-historical context.
C) behaviour is determined by multiple causes.
D) behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage.

Question 74

Schachter suggests that people rely on ____ cues to label their emotional states.

A) physiological
B) interpersonal
C) external
D) internal

Question 75

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between parenthood and happiness is MOST accurate?

A) People who have children are happier than people without children.
B) People who have children are less happy than people without children.
C) People who have children are neither more, nor less, happy than people without children.
D) The more children people have, the happier they tend to be.

Question 76

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs

A) independently of autonomic arousal.
B) before autonomic arousal.
C) after autonomic arousal.
D) simultaneously with autonomic arousal.

Question 77

Walking in the veld, you see a snake. Your heart starts pounding, you run and then you feel fear. This description best illustrates the ____ theory of emotion.

A) common sense
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Schachter two-factor

Question 78

Imagine that your house is on fire and you are afraid. Which of the following explanations BEST represents evolutionary theories of emotion?

A) "I'm shaking because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm afraid because I'm shaking."
C) "My shaking must be due to fear, since my house is on fire."
D) "My fear is a built-in, primary reaction to a dangerous situation."

Question 79

Your textbook describes a number of approaches for explaining the experience of emotion. From this discussion, we can see that

A) psychology is empirical.
B) psychology is theoretically diverse.
C) psychology evolves in a socio-historical context.
D) behaviour is determined by multiple causes.

Question 80

An individual's personal perception of his or her overall happiness and life satisfaction is referred to as

A) the cognitive component of their emotion.
B) subjective well-being.
C) a display rule.
D) hedonic adaptation.