Deck 5: Proteins

Question 1

The amino acids that are most rapidly absorbed from the intestine are:

A) dispensable amino acids.
B) indispensable amino acids.
C) dietary supplements containing pre-digested proteins.
D) dietary supplements containing casein.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The basic component of all proteins is:

A) creatine.
B) amino acids.
C) purines.
D) glucose.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

State protein recommendations for athletes and the effects of high and low protein and/or energy intakes on training, performance, and health.

Answer 3

not answer

Question 4

The primary (1st level) structure of the protein determines its:

A) function.
B) shape.
C) rigidity or stability.
D) ability to bind with other compounds.

Question 5

Amino acids that can be manufactured by the body are best described as:

A) essential.
B) dispensable.
C) indispensable.
D) complete.

Question 6

Explain the role of protein in the immune system and how endurance exercise can affect its function.

Question 7

How does an indispensable amino acid differ from an essential amino acid?

A) Caloric content
B) Nitrogen content
C) Rate of absorption
D) No difference other than terminology

Question 8

Describe when and how the body uses protein to fuel exercise.

Question 9

Identify sources of dietary protein.

Question 10

Describe the digestion, absorption, transportation, and metabolism of amino acids.

Question 11

The chemical composition of proteins differs from carbohydrate or fat because of the presence of:

A) sodium.
B) carbon.
C) nitrogen.
D) hydrogen.

Question 12

Evaluate dietary supplements containing amino acids and proteins for safety, effectiveness, and purity.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a complete protein?

A) Egg whites
B) Legumes
C) Whole grains
D) Vegetables

Question 14

The factors that determine protein quality include:

A) amount and rate of absorption.
B) rate and degree of metabolism/oxidation.
C) amount and type of amino acids.
D) digestibility and rate of turnover.

Question 15

Which athlete is most likely to be at risk for low protein intake?

A) Male recreational athlete
B) Female body builder
C) Athlete in a "stop and go" sport
D) Athlete with disordered eating

Question 16

Describe amino acids and how the structure of a protein affects its function.

Question 17

Explain the physiological basis for recommendations related to amount and timing of protein intake before, during, and after exercise.

Question 18

Assess an athlete's dietary protein intake.

Question 19

Absorption of food proteins takes place primarily in the:

A) stomach and jejunum.
B) jejunum and ileum.
C) ileum and colon.
D) colon and rectum.

Question 20

A food protein that contains all of the indispensable amino acids in the proper amounts and proportions to support growth is termed a(n):

A) complete protein.
B) complementary protein.
C) incomplete protein.
D) indispensable protein.

Question 21

On a gram for gram basis, protein has approximately the same amount of energy as:

A) carbohydrate.
B) fat.
C) alcohol .
D) minerals.

Question 22

Protein is best used:

A) as a source of glucose.
B) as a concentrated source of energy.
C) for growth and repair of tissue.
D) for metabolic regulation of fat.

Question 23

How are amino acids supplied to the amino acid pool?

A) Skeletal muscle catabolism
B) De novo synthesis
C) Dietary protein
D) All of the above

Question 24

With a 24-hour fast, the body is nearly depleted of liver glycogen. Where does the liver predominantly get the material it needs to manufacture glucose?

A) Continued breakdown of liver glycogen until complete depletion
B) Breakdown of skeletal muscle
C) Breakdown of red blood cells
D) Manufacture of ketone bodies

Question 25

On a protein supplement label, what does the term pre-digested mean?

A) A carrier is not needed for absorption
B) Absorption will be faster when compared to food proteins
C) Proteins have been exposed to enzymes during processing
D) Caloric content is lower than food proteins

Question 26

Which athlete would use protein as an energy source to the greatest extent?

A) Recreational athlete
B) Strength athlete
C) Endurance athlete
D) All of the above would use about the same amount

Question 27

What effect does insufficient energy (kcal) intake have on protein need?

A) Increases protein need
B) Decreases protein need
C) No effect on protein need

Question 28

Which of the following correctly describes the glucose-alanine cycle?

A) Muscle converts alanine to glucose for use as immediate energy.
B) Muscle converts alanine to pyruvate or lactate and converts them to glucose when muscle glycogen stores are low.
C) Glucose is converted to alanine in the muscle in the post-exercise period.
D) Muscle converts pyruvate to alanine, which is transported to the liver for potential conversion to glucose.

Question 29

The organ considered the clearinghouse for most amino acids is the:

A) liver.
B) kidney.
C) heart.
D) brain.

Question 30

The point of entry for an amino acid into the Krebs cycle is determined by its:

A) nitrogen content.
B) caloric content.
C) potential to produce ammonia.
D) structure.

Question 31

In the post-absorptive state (e.g. 10 hours after a meal), which is NOT likely to occur?

A) Breakdown of liver glycogen
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Lipolysis
D) Synthesis of skeletal muscle

Question 32

_____ is the production of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source, such as amino acids.

A) Glycolysis
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Lipolysis
D) Ketosis

Question 33

An increase in the size of skeletal muscle tissue is referred to as:

A) proteolysis.
B) proteoneogenesis.
C) hypertrophy.
D) protein-sparing effect.

Question 34

What is nitrogen balance?

A) The amount of muscle protein synthesized compared to the amount degraded.
B) The amount and rate of protein turnover.
C) The difference between nitrogen intake and loss.
D) The difference between the amount of protein absorbed and the amount incorporated into skeletal muscle.

Question 35

Which athlete would likely use protein as an energy source during competition?

A) Marathon runner
B) 800 meter runner
C) Body builder
D) Rower

Question 36

To provide a protein-sparing effect, the athlete needs to consume sufficient:

A) complementary proteins.
B) energy from carbohydrate and fat.
C) fluid.
D) animal proteins.

Question 37

What is the amino acid pool?

A) Total amount of amino acids in the body
B) Total amount of amino acids in the skeletal muscles
C) Amino acids recently absorbed that are in need of transport
D) Amino acids circulating in the blood or fluid between cells

Question 38

Which amino acid is found in the greatest concentration in the amino acid pool?

A) Alanine
B) Glutamine
C) Leucine
D) No one amino acid predominates

Question 39

One gram of protein yields approximately how many kcal?

A) 1
B) 4
C) 7
D) 9

Question 40

The amount of protein recommended daily for sedentary adult males and non-pregnant females is:

A) 0.5 g/kg of body weight.
B) 0.8 g/kg of body weight.
C) 1.2 g/kg of body weight.
D) 1.4 g/kg of body weight.

Question 41

Why is it commonly recommended that vegetarian athletes consume approximately 10% more protein than non-vegetarian athletes?

A) More protein is burned for energy by vegetarian athletes.
B) Vegetarians have a more difficult time synthesizing skeletal muscle protein.
C) To maintain fluid balance.
D) To account for lower digestibility of plant proteins.

Question 42

The amount of protein recommended daily for recreational athletes who do not train is:

A) 0.8 to 1.0 g per kg of body weight.
B) 1.2 to 1.4 g per kg of body weight.
C) 1.2 to 1.7 g per kg of body weight.
D) more than 2.0 g per kg of body weight.

Question 43

What effect does insulin have on amino acids?

A) Increases absorption
B) Blocks nitrogen excretion
C) Promotes protein synthesis
D) No effect on amino acids

Question 44

Which of the following foods contains primarily proteins and little carbohydrates or fats?

A) Whole-wheat pasta
B) Plain baked potato
C) Egg whites
D) All of the above

Question 45

The amount of protein generally consumed daily by strength athletes is:

A) more than recommended.
B) less than recommended.
C) approximately the amount recommended.

Question 46

Maximum protein synthesis takes place with an intake of _____ of high-quality protein post-exercise.

A) an unknown quantity
B) 10 grams
C) 20 grams
D) 30 grams

Question 47

Which vegetable protein has an amino acid profile that is considered comparable to animal protein?

A) Brown rice
B) Soy protein isolate
C) Almonds
D) Dried beans

Question 48

Why do athletes who restrict their energy intakes need more protein?

A) More protein will burned for energy
B) Protein is converted to muscle glycogen when carbohydrate intake is restricted
C) To maintain fluid balance
D) To spare muscle glycogen from being used during exercise

Question 49

The amount of protein recommended daily for endurance athletes is _____ per kg of body weight.

A) 0.8 to 1.0 g
B) 1.2 to 1.4 g
C) 1.2 to 1.7 g
D) more than 2.0 g

Question 50

The athlete most likely to have the lowest protein intake is one with:

A) a clinical eating disorder.
B) a sub-clinical eating disorder.
C) high muscularity but a low percentage of body fat.
D) all of the above

Question 51

The amount of protein generally consumed daily by athletes. is:

A) more than recommended.
B) less than recommended.
C) approximately the amount recommended.

Question 52

The amount of protein recommended daily for sedentary adult males and non-pregnant females expressed as a percentage of total caloric intake is:

A) 5-15%.
B) 10-35%.
C) 20-35%.
D) 35-45%

Question 53

Which of the following foods contain(s) both proteins and carbohydrates?

A) Milk
B) Beans and legumes
C) Nuts
D) All of the above

Question 54

The amount of protein recommended daily for strength athletes is _____ per kg of body weight.

A) 0.8 to 1.0 g
B) 1.2 to 1.4 g
C) 1.2 to 1.7 g
D) more than 2.0 g

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT an example of complementary proteins?

A) Red beans and rice
B) Pinto beans and corn tortillas
C) Tofu and rice
D) Scrambled eggs with non-fat milk

Question 56

What is the "anabolic window?"

A) Amount of time between the ingestion of protein and its absorption.
B) Amount of time between the absorption of protein and its metabolism.
C) A post-exercise state that favors muscle recovery and growth.
D) Any time that plasma insulin levels are low.

Question 57

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the short-term effects of high-protein diets on healthy athletes?

A) Such diets are a physiological stress on the liver and the kidneys.
B) Such diets result in abnormal renal function
C) Such diets cause liver and kidney disease.
D) Such diets seem to be safe.

Question 58

The _____ system is highly dependent on protein because of rapid cell turnover.

A) renal
B) immune
C) neurological
D) cardiovascular

Question 59

Long-term high protein intake may negatively affect the health of which organ?

A) Stomach
B) Intestinal tract
C) Kidney
D) Brain

Question 60

Which of the following is (are) recommended for post-exercise intake?

A) Low-fat chocolate milk
B) Fruit-in-the-bottom yogurt
C) Turkey sandwich
D) All of the above

Question 61

What does the term conditionally indispensable mean?

A) Under stressful conditions, amino acids that normally could be made by the body must be provided by the diet.
B) Under certain conditions, the body only needs 10 amino acids not the usual 20 amino acids to build and repair tissue.
C) Under no conditions can these amino acids be broken down to provide energy.
D) Under starvation conditions, these amino acids can be manufactured without a nitrogen-containing (amino) group.

Question 62

According to the current body of scientific research, is a branched chain amino acid supplement effective for improving immune system response?

A) There is strong evidence of effectiveness
B) There is some evidence of effectiveness but the number of studies is small
C) There is no evidence of effectiveness in humans

Question 63

According to the current body of scientific research, are glutamine supplements effective for reducing the number of infections in endurance athletes?

A) There is strong evidence of effectiveness
B) There is not enough evidence to conclusively state that they are effective
C) There is no evidence of effectiveness

Question 64

β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of:

A) alanine.
B) phenylalanine.
C) glutamine.
D) leucine.

Question 65

Is a 50 g/day branched chain amino acid (BCAA) supplement considered safe?

A) A 50 g/day dose is thought to be safe
B) A 50 g/day dose is not safe because such a dose can result in a reduction in fat oxidation
C) A safe dose is considered to be 5 to 20 g/day
D) Supplemental BCAA is not safe at any dose

Question 66

Can branched chain amino acid (BCAA) intake be increased without supplementation?

A) Yes, by increasing protein-containing foods
B) Yes, by increasing intake of plant fats
C) No, BCAA are only produced in the body and dietary intake has no effect

Question 67

How do whey and casein differ?

A) Whey is a milk protein, casein is a plant protein
B) Each is comprised of different amino acids
C) Whey has fewer kcal
D) There is no difference

Question 68

Is a 2-3 g/day β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplement considered safe?

A) A 2-3 g/day dose is thought to be safe
B) HMB is thought to be safe at doses less than 1 g/day
C) HMB is not safe at any dose

Question 69

Can glutamine intake be increased without supplementation?

A) Yes, by increasing protein-containing foods
B) Yes, by increasing intake of plant fats
C) No, glutamine is only produced in the body and dietary intake has no effect

Question 70

Are supplements containing whey and casein considered safe?

A) These supplements are thought to be safe
B) These supplements are not thought to be safe

Question 71

Is a β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplement effective for increasing muscle size and strength in trained male athletes?

A) There is strong evidence of effectiveness.
B) There is little or no evidence of effectiveness.

Question 72

Based on physiological function, the type of athlete who would likely benefit the most from supplemental branched chain amino acids is a(n):

A) recreational athlete.
B) body builder.
C) ultraendurance athlete.
D) "stop and go" athlete.

Question 73

The label of a protein supplement states that it contains a "fast-acting" protein. This terminology suggests that the supplement contains:

A) whey.
B) casein.
C) glucose.
D) insulin.

Question 74

What amino acid is considered conditionally indispensable in long-distance runners?

A) Creatine
B) HMB
C) Glucosamine
D) Glutamine

Question 75

A distance runner states that she is taking glutamine supplements because she is constantly plagued by upper respiratory tract infections. Is there a biologically plausible link?

A) Yes, because glutamine can be a fuel source for immune system cells under the stress of prolonged exercise.
B) No, because glutamine is not directly associated with the immune system.

Question 76

A protein that is described as "fast-acting" contains a high proportion of:

A) dispensable amino acids.
B) indispensable amino acids.
C) conditionally indispensable amino acids.
D) complementary proteins.

Question 77

According to the current body of scientific research, is a branched chain amino acid supplement effective for improving endurance performance in trained endurance athletes?

A) There is strong evidence of effectiveness.
B) There is little or no evidence of effectiveness.

Question 78

Which of the following does NOT contain lactose?

A) Whey powder
B) Whey protein concentrate
C) Whey protein isolate
D) All of the above

Question 79

Based on the current body of scientific research, is a whey protein supplement effective for increasing muscle size or strength?

A) There is emerging evidence of effectiveness
B) There is no evidence of effectiveness
C) There is not enough evidence at this time to determine effectiveness

Question 80

Is a 5 g/day glutamine supplement considered safe?

A) A 5 g/day dose is thought to be safe
B) Glutamine is thought to be safe at doses less than 1 g/day
C) Glutamine is not safe at any dose