Deck 16: Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science.

Question 1

In what ways did the fifteenth-century Renaissance contribute to the sixteenth and seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

Please define the following key terms.
Ptolemaic conception

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

In what ways was the work of Isaac Newton the culmination of almost two centuries of scientific research and development?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

Please define the following key terms.
"natural philosophers"

Question 5

How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the seventeenth century?

Question 6

What did Vesalius and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine? Be specific and give examples.

Question 7

How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did most male scientists view women in general and female scientists in particular?

Question 8

What was rationalism? Why is Descartes considered the founder of "modern rationalism"?

Question 9

Compare the methods used by Bacon and Descartes. How did each thinker contribute to the development of the scientific method?

Question 10

Please define the following key terms.
Aristotle

Question 11

Please define the following key terms.
geocentric conception

Question 12

Please define the following key terms.
"God's handiwork"

Question 13

Please define the following key terms.
Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 14

What were the key features of medieval cosmology?

Question 15

How did Pascal view the relationship between science and religion?

Question 16

Please define the following key terms.
alchemy

Question 17

Please define the following key terms.
epicycles

Question 18

Please define the following key terms.
the Empyrean Heaven

Question 19

Why did the Catholic Church view Galileo as a threat to its power and authority?

Question 20

In what ways did Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton challenge prevailing ideas about the structure of the universe? What elements of that cosmology did they leave intact?

Question 21

Please define the following key terms.
Andreas Vesalius

Question 22

Please define the following key terms.
William Harvey

Question 23

Please define the following key terms.
heliocentric conception

Question 24

Please define the following key terms.
world-machine

Question 25

Please define the following key terms.
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood

Question 26

Please define the following key terms.
Galenic hypotheses

Question 27

Please define the following key terms.
On the Fabric of the Human Body

Question 28

Please define the following key terms.
Isaac Newton

Question 29

Please define the following key terms.
Principia

Question 30

Please define the following key terms.
universal law of gravitation

Question 31

Please define the following key terms.
three laws of motion

Question 32

Please define the following key terms.
the Inquisition

Question 33

Please define the following key terms.
Galen

Question 34

Please define the following key terms.
hermetic magic

Question 35

Please define the following key terms.
"spyglass"

Question 36

Please define the following key terms.
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Question 37

Please define the following key terms.
Scientific Revolution

Question 38

Please define the following key terms.
The Starry Messenger

Question 39

Please define the following key terms.
Johannes Kepler

Question 40

Please define the following key terms.
Galileo Galilei

Question 41

Please define the following key terms.
"music of the spheres"

Question 42

Please define the following key terms.
scientific method

Question 43

Please define the following key terms.
rationalism

Question 44

Please define the following key terms.
Margaret Cavendish

Question 45

Please define the following key terms.
Antoine Lavoisier

Question 46

Please define the following key terms.
Robert Boyle

Question 47

Please define the following key terms.
Francis Bacon

Question 48

Please define the following key terms.
French Royal Academy of Sciences

Question 49

Please define the following key terms.
Francis Bacon's inductive method

Question 50

Please define the following key terms.
Blaise Pascal

Question 51

Please define the following key terms.
empiricism

Question 52

Please define the following key terms.
"I think therefore I am"

Question 53

Please define the following key terms.
René Descartes

Question 54

Please define the following key terms.
Cavendish's Grounds of Natural Philosophy

Question 55

Please define the following key terms.
Cartesian dualism

Question 56

Please define the following key terms.
Pensées

Question 57

Please define the following key terms.
Maria Winkelmann

Question 58

Please define the following key terms.
metallurgy

Question 59

Please define the following key terms.
English Royal Society

Question 60

Please define the following key terms.
Discourse on Method

Question 61

Who was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope?

A)Galileo
B)Copernicus
C)Galen
D)Kepler
E)Newton

Question 62

Who sought to discover the "music of the spheres"?

A)Galileo
B)Kepler
C)Newton
D)Galen
E)Harvey

Question 63

Knowledge of ____ was crucial to Renaissance painters.

A)statistics
B)trigonometry
C)calculus
D)geometry
E)algebra

Question 64

What was the title of Copernicus's most important book?

A)On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
B)Novum Organum
C)Principia
D)On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
E)The Great Instauration

Question 65

By what other name is the Ptolemaic conception of the universe?

A)God's master plan
B)The geocentric conception
C)The lunacentric conception
D)The expanding universe
E)The pantheistic theory

Question 66

Kepler, Galileo, and Newton were all interested in

A)alchemy.
B)painting.
C)Islam.
D)radioactivity.
E)the ancient Aztecs.

Question 67

The heliocentric theory

A)had little immediate impact.
B)sparked an immediate and violent debate.
C)was quickly accepted by the Church.
D)made Copernicus a wealthy man.
E)had little long-term impact on astronomy.

Question 68

What was the general conception of the universe before Copernicus?

A)It was orderly with heaven at the center and the earth circling around it.
B)The earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.
C)The earth rested on the shell of a giant tortoise.
D)It could not be revealed according to God's will.
E)The world was both flat and infinite.

Question 69

According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

A)Astronomy
B)Art
C)Biology
D)The Bible
E)Mathematics

Question 70

Copernicus believed that

A)the earth was larger than the sun.
B)the sun was motionless.
C)there was no such thing as crystalline spheres.
D)Galileo was wrong about the structure of the solar system.
E)the stars did not really exist.

Question 71

Why was Galileo convicted of heresy in 1633?

A)For denying the existence of God
B)For dropping heavy objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa
C)For receiving money from the Medici
D)For claiming that Copernicus was in league with the Devil
E)For ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print

Question 72

Why did Copernicus prefer the heliocentric model?

A)As a Protestant, he felt free to disagree with the Pope.
B)It earned him lots of money and fame.
C)It made the planetary orbits easier to calculate.
D)He regarded the Sun as the most powerful god
E)The sun is the source of all energy on earth.

Question 73

Which statement best describes the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century?

A)It was stimulated by a revived interest in Galen and Aristotle.
B)It directly resulted from reaction and revolt against the social and historical conditions of the Middle Ages.
C)It was largely due to a monastic revolution.
D)Although an innovative phase in western thinking, it was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.
E)It marked a complete break with the past.

Question 74

Please define the following key terms.
Cavendish's Observations upon Experimental Philosophy

Question 75

How did Kepler build upon the foundation established by Copernicus?

A)Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory, but that showed the orbits were elliptical.
B)Kepler observed the heavens and proved that planetary motion was circular around the sun.
C)Kepler used magic to prove that the earth moved in a manner based on geometric figures, trying to bring harmony of the human soul into alignment with the universe.
D)Kepler demonstrated that the motion of the planets is steady and unchanging.
E)Kepler discovered the three laws of thermodynamics.

Question 76

Which statement applies to scholars devoted to Hermeticism?

A)They believed that the world was a very recent creation still imperfect.
B)They credited the devil with control over the dark secrets of nature.
C)They saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.
D)They retreated from study of the natural world to concentrate on mastery of theories of magic.
E)They believed that in the future human beings would become gods.

Question 77

What existed at the center of the heliocentric conception of the universe?

A)The heavenly bodies
B)The sun
C)The earth
D)God
E)Human beings

Question 78

Galileo used his telescope to discover

A)the temperature of the Sun.
B)the geography of Neptune.
C)Jupiter's moons.
D)gravity.
E)the size of the universe.

Question 79

Whose work represented the culmination of the attack on Ptolemaic-Aristotelian cosmology?

A)Copernicus
B)Newton
C)Kepler
D)Galileo
E)Bacon

Question 80

Kepler believed that the orbits of the planets were

A)elliptical.
B)circular.
C)random.
D)unknowable.
E)variable.