Deck 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment.

Question 1

Please define the following key terms.
reason

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

Please define the following key terms.
Montesquieu

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

Please define the following key terms.
philosophes

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

Please define the following key terms.
Immanuel Kant

Question 5

Who were the philosophes? What common characteristics did they have?

Question 6

Please define the following key terms.
Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question 7

What role did the salon hostess play in the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas?

Question 8

Compare and contrast baroque and Rococo art and architecture.

Question 9

Define "high culture." In what ways was high culture expressed in the eighteenth century?

Question 10

On what grounds did Mary Wollstonecraft challenge conventional eighteenth-century ideas about women's nature and their proper social roles?

Question 11

Please define the following key terms.
skepticism

Question 12

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau mean by the "general will"? What kind of government did he advocate?

Question 13

To what extent did "high culture" and "popular culture" influence one another?

Question 14

Please define the following key terms.
cosmopolitan

Question 15

What were the chief characteristics of popular religion in the eighteenth century?

Question 16

Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment.

Question 17

How did Kant define the Enlightenment? What differences did he see between his time and earlier periods?

Question 18

Please define the following key terms.
separation of powers

Question 19

Please define the following key terms.
John Locke's tabula rasa

Question 20

How did the Enlightenment contribute to changes in European judicial systems?

Question 21

Please define the following key terms.
popular culture

Question 22

Please define the following key terms.
laissez-faire

Question 23

Please define the following key terms.
Antoine Watteau

Question 24

Please define the following key terms.
salons

Question 25

Please define the following key terms.
Voltaire

Question 26

Please define the following key terms.
Denis Diderot

Question 27

Please define the following key terms.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 28

Please define the following key terms.
Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Question 29

Please define the following key terms.
Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Question 30

Please define the following key terms.
Francois Quesnay

Question 31

Please define the following key terms.
Rococo

Question 32

Please define the following key terms.
Physiocrats

Question 33

Please define the following key terms.
Wealth of Nations

Question 34

Please define the following key terms.
Marie-Therese de Geoffrin

Question 35

Please define the following key terms.
cultural relativism

Question 36

Please define the following key terms.
deism

Question 37

Please define the following key terms.
Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 38

Please define the following key terms.
Adam Smith

Question 39

Please define the following key terms.
Émile

Question 40

Please define the following key terms.
economic liberalism

Question 41

Please define the following key terms.
Joseph II

Question 42

Please define the following key terms.
feminism

Question 43

Please define the following key terms.
Enlightenment

Question 44

Please define the following key terms.
Franz Joseph Haydn

Question 45

Please define the following key terms.
George Frederick Handel

Question 46

Please define the following key terms.
Carnival

Question 47

Please define the following key terms.
The Social Contract and the general will

Question 48

Please define the following key terms.
Versailles

Question 49

Please define the following key terms.
Ashkenazic Jews

Question 50

Please define the following key terms.
Cesare Beccaria

Question 51

Please define the following key terms.
Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 52

Please define the following key terms.
pogroms

Question 53

Please define the following key terms.
Sephardic Jews

Question 54

Please define the following key terms.
gin

Question 55

Please define the following key terms.
Romanticism

Question 56

Please define the following key terms.
Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration

Question 57

Please define the following key terms.
Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws

Question 58

Please define the following key terms.
high culture

Question 59

Please define the following key terms.
Johann Sebastian Bach

Question 60

Please define the following key terms.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Question 61

Which city was the recognized capital of the Enlightenment?

A)Geneva
B)Berlin
C)London
D)Vienna
E)Paris

Question 62

Which scientist-philosopher provided a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the 18th century?

A)Voltaire
B)Diderot
C)Montesquieu
D)Beccaria
E)Fontenelle

Question 63

Baron Paul d'Holbach believed that

A)emotion was more important than reason.
B)traditional values were always best.
C)religious revival was Europe's only hope.
D)God was like a clockmaker.
E)God did not exist.

Question 64

Supporters of polygenesis believed that

A)there were a number of separate human species.
B)there was only one human species.
C)the earth had been created by more than one god.
D)truth could only be discovered through the embrace of all religions.
E)racial differences were largely an illusion.

Question 65

____ religion and growing secularization were important factors in the emergence of the Enlightenment.

A)A new devotion to
B)Skepticism toward
C)The absolute rejection of
D)A renewed faith in
E)The embrace of traditional

Question 66

How did Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, define the Enlightenment?

A)"Man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"
B)"The end of tyranny"
C)"A new era of equality for all"
D)"A false intimation of future woes"
E)"The proxy for real progress"

Question 67

Who wrote The Spirit of the Laws?

A)Mary Wollstonecraft
B)Denis Diderot
C)Voltaire
D)Montesquieu
E)John Locke

Question 68

Which statement best describes the French philosophes?

A)They flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B)They sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines beyond philosophy.
C)They were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D)They supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E)They were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

Question 69

From which segment of society did most of the French philosophes come?

A)The nobility and the middle class
B)The lower class and the lower middle class
C)Aristocracy and nobility
D)Urban artisans and craftsmen
E)Merchants and tradesmen

Question 70

With which of the following statements would Voltaire have agreed?

A)Women have no place in intellectual life.
B)The universe is a wild and unpredictable thing.
C)Jesus was a good man, but he was not divine.
D)God directs the lives of every individual.
E)Faith is more important than reason.

Question 71

The Plurality of Worlds used a dialogue between an aristocratic lady and her lover to explain

A)the mechanistic universe.
B)religious toleration.
C)the power of reason.
D)absolute monarchy.
E)human nature.

Question 72

What was the main purpose of the Encyclopedia, according to Diderot?

A)To get the uneducated masses to respect authority
B)To usher in God's kingdom on earth
C)To dispute the claims of science
D)To exacerbate the hedonism of his peers
E)To change the general way of thinking

Question 73

What most closely describes the contributions of Isaac Newton and John Locke to the Enlightenment?

A)They created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B)They provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C)They claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D)They said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified.
E)They had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

Question 74

What is the main idea of deism?

A)It posits that religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
B)It suggests that if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
C)It argues that God created the universe, but has no direct involvement in it.
D)It suggests that a transcendent spirit controls every event.
E)It argues that praying matters.

Question 75

Whose voyages in the Pacific Ocean were a major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century?

A)James Cook
B)Ferdinand de Lesseps
C)Zheng He
D)David Hume
E)Ferdinand Magellan

Question 76

Who advocated natural economic laws as the leader of the Physiocrats?

A)Denis Diderot
B)Adam Smith
C)Francois Quesnay
D)Cesare Beccaria
E)David Hume

Question 77

Please define the following key terms.
John Wesley and Methodism

Question 78

According to Montesquieu, there were three basic types of governments: republican, monarchical, and

A)imperial.
B)socialist.
C)despotic.
D)democratic.
E)oligarchical.

Question 79

As a deist, Voltaire likened the universe to a

A)human being.
B)clock.
C)wild animal.
D)unsolvable riddle.
E)delicious meal.

Question 80

With what characteristic was every person born, according to John Locke?

A)A passion for evil
B)Love in their heart
C)The image of God in their mind's eye
D)A blank mind
E)A mixture of their parent's beliefs and values