Deck 5: Motivating Behaviour

Question 1

Hygiene factors include the quality of supervision, working conditions and interpersonal relationships.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Esteem needs involve realising our full potential.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The desirability of outcomes received for performing work is referred to as valence.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy are security needs.

Question 5

High-need achievers often do not get promoted into high-level managerial positions.

Question 6

Herzberg viewed satisfaction and dissatisfaction as two different factors that exist along different dimensions.

Question 7

Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

The dual-structure theory identifies motivation factors, which prevent dissatisfaction, and hygiene factors, which enhance satisfaction.

Question 9

Frederick Taylor (the father of scientific management) believed people were motivated by the opportunity to contribute to the workplace.

Question 10

Motivation factors include achievement, recognition and responsibility.

Question 11

Historical perspectives on motivation are important because these ideas provide a background for our current understanding of motivation.

Question 12

Equity is achieved when an individual perceives that he or she is being treated fairly in relation to others.

Question 13

The need for affiliation is the desire to control one's environment.

Question 14

According to reinforcement theory, if rewards are removed from behaviours that were previously reinforced, the behaviours are likely to decrease in frequency and eventually disappear.

Question 15

Porter and Lawler suggested that, under the right conditions, high levels of performance might lead to satisfaction, rather than the other way around.

Question 16

Individuals might adjust their inputs or outcomes in order to mitigate concerns about inequity.

Question 17

Performance depends upon ability and motivation, but not on the environment.

Question 18

The top two sets of needs in Maslow's hierarchy are referred to as growth needs.

Question 19

The performance-to-outcome expectancy is a person's perception of the probability that effort will lead to performance.

Question 20

Supervisors can more easily manage employees' motivation than they can their ability or the environment.

Question 21

Equity theory is concerned with differences in pay and is not applicable to intangible rewards in the workplace.

Question 22

Based on Maslow's hierarchy, __________ needs are the most basic requirements that people possess.

A) growth
B) security
C) physiological
D) self-actualisation
E) esteem

Question 23

Variable-interval reinforcement varies the amount of time between reinforcements.

Question 24

__________ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in one behaviour rather than some alternative behaviour.

A) Autonomy
B) Task identity
C) Motivation
D) Activity
E) Equilibrium.

Question 25

There is a lot of empirical evidence to support Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Question 26

The human relations approach to motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) employees want to feel useful.
B) employees want to feel important.
C) employees have strong social needs.
D) employees are motivated by only money.
E) allow employees a modicum of self-direction.

Question 27

Equality and equity are the same thing.

Question 28

The scientific management view of motivation includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) employees are motivated by money.
B) work is inherently unpleasant.
C) employees want to feel useful and important.
D) advocates incentive pay systems.
E) the nature of the work is not important.

Question 29

Punishment and extinction both tend to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours and conduct.

Question 30

The human resource approach to motivation assumes that

A) employees are economically motivated.
B) employees will achieve their security needs.
C) meaningful employee contributions are valuable to both the individuals and the organisation.
D) illusory employee contributions are valuable to both the individuals and the organisation.
E) None of these are correct.

Question 31

The most difficult performance factor to manage is often

A) environment.
B) mastery.
C) activity.
D) motivation.
E) equilibrium.

Question 32

John has satisfied his basic needs and has many friends.He is now trying to learn new skills and advance his career.According to Alderfer, John's activities are explained by which component of ERG theory?

A) Satisfaction-progression
B) Frustration-regression
C) Importance-satisfaction
D) Satisfaction-regression
E) Frustration-progression

Question 33

Fixed-interval reinforcement provides reinforcement on a fixed time schedule.

Question 34

Motivated behaviour begins with one or more

A) motives.
B) people.
C) wants.
D) needs.
E) behaviours.

Question 35

For various reasons, Andiswa is unable to move ahead into a higher position at work.According to Alderfer's ERG theory, which of the following sets of needs will become more important to Andiswa?

A) Existence
B) Growth
C) Relatedness
D) Security
E) Belongingness

Question 36

High performance requires both ability and motivation.

Question 37

Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of behaviour by providing a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behaviour.

Question 38

People have to be rewarded identically in order to perceive the rewards to be fair.

Question 39

According to Maslow, if a previously satisfied lower-level need becomes deficient,

A) the individual returns to the level just below the deficient level.
B) the individual returns to the lowest level that is now deficient.
C) the individual becomes demotivated.
D) the individual advances a level.
E) the individual begins again at the bottom of the hierarchy.

Question 40

Social learning suggests that individual behaviour is determined by a person's cognitions and social environment.

Question 41

Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behaviour?

A) Positive reinforcement and extinction
B) Negative reinforcement and punishment
C) Negative reinforcement and extinction
D) Extinction and punishment
E) Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Question 42

Which type of reinforcement schedule is effective at motivating desirable behaviours, especially in the early stages of learning?

A) Variable interval
B) Fixed ratio
C) Fixed interval
D) Variable ratio
E) Continuous

Question 43

__________ theory assumes that people are motivated to work towards a goal if they want that goal and think they can achieve it.

A) Perception
B) Equity
C) Attribution
D) Reinforcement
E) Expectancy

Question 44

Equity theory provides several insights for managerial applications to everyday situations in the workplace.Which of the following statements is NOT true in this regard?

A) People tend to take a multifaceted view of the rewards they receive from the organisation.
B) The basis for organisational rewards should be clearly communicated to employees.
C) People base their experience of equity on their perceptions, which don't necessarily match reality.
D) Formal and informal organisational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions.
E) Employees' perceptions may differ from the manager's perceptions.

Question 45

Aria has been performing successfully at work for several months.Aria believes that she will get a pay raise if she maintains this high level of performance.This belief is an example of the __________ expectancy.

A) effort-to-performance
B) performance-to-benefit
C) performance-to-outcome
D) performance-to-valence
E) effort-to-outcome

Question 46

The basic expectancy framework suggests that, for motivated behaviour to occur,

A) the performance-to-outcome expectancies should approach zero.
B) the sum of all the valences for the relevant potential outcomes must be negative.
C) none of the valences for the relevant potential outcomes should be negative.
D) the effort-to-performance ratio should be well above 10.
E) the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes.

Question 47

According to Herzberg, once a state of no dissatisfaction has been reached,

A) the manager should strive to create a feeling of equity.
B) the employee will naturally be satisfied.
C) further attempts to enhance motivation via the hygiene factors will be a waste of time.
D) the employee will be motivated to achieve.
E) increased attention to motivation factors is pointless.

Question 48

In its simplest form, reinforcement theory suggests that behaviour is a function of

A) equity perceptions.
B) emotional states.
C) attitudes.
D) subconscious perceptions.
E) consequences.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is NOT true about continuous reinforcement?

A) Extinction sets in quickly when reinforcement is removed.
B) It is frequently used by managers in organisational settings.
C) It is the process of reinforcing behaviour every time it occurs.
D) It is an effective means for increasing the frequency of desired behaviour.
E) It requires that managers monitor every behaviour of an employee and provide effective reinforcement.

Question 50

Porter and Lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that

A) only extrinsic rewards are important.
B) reward equity replaces valence.
C) ability, traits and role perceptions are removed from the original model.
D) rewards are less important than originally thought.
E) high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction.

Question 51

According to equity theory, people

A) have the motivation to improve their standard of living.
B) have the motivation to develop satisfying relationships.
C) want to be treated fairly.
D) want everything to be equal.
E) compare what they get from a job with what they want from a job.

Question 52

Sara tries always to be on time for work because she once saw her boss give someone an award for good attendance.Sara is exhibiting learning through

A) avoidance.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) extinction.
E) a stimulus-response mechanism.

Question 53

According to Herzberg's dual-structure theory, motivation factors were often cited as the primary causes of

A) job enrichment and motivation.
B) satisfaction and motivation.
C) dissatisfaction and lack of motivation.
D) loyalty and commitment.
E) higher performance and pay.

Question 54

Duduzane is an employee of McDowell Instruments.Duduzane takes longer breaks than his co-workers, and often rationalises his behaviour because the organisation does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does.Duduzane is reducing his perceived inequity by

A) altering his perception of self.
B) altering his perception of the situation.
C) changing his inputs.
D) changing his outcomes.
E) changing the object of comparison.

Question 55

People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they

A) curb their desires when they might interfere with organisational relationships.
B) lessen alienation with other employees.
C) have a high need for affiliation.
D) seek power to increase their standing in the organisation.
E) strive to get along with others.

Question 56

Herzberg's dual-structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that

A) job loyalty ranged from loyalty to disloyalty.
B) job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction.
C) job motivation ranged from motivation to demotivation.
D) job ability ranged from ability to disability.
E) job motivation ranged from progression to regression.

Question 57

All of the following are steps in an individual's formation of equity perceptions EXCEPT

A) evaluating how they are being treated.
B) forming perceptions of how a comparison-other is being treated.
C) comparing their own circumstances with those of a comparison-other.
D) confronting the comparison-other with any inequity.
E) making a choice to pursue equity-restoring options.

Question 58

People with a strong need for affiliation most often work in jobs with

A) high technical skill demands.
B) many opportunities to control one's environment.
C) a high degree of immediate feedback.
D) a lot of interpersonal contact.
E) little opportunity to accomplish tasks more effectively than in the past.

Question 59

High-need achievers tend not to make good top managers because

A) top managers are required to have too much formal education.
B) high-need achievers tend to make decisions that are too risky.
C) top managers seldom receive immediate feedback.
D) high-need achievers delegate too many responsibilities.
E) top managers have too high a need for affiliation.

Question 60

According to the equity theory, inputs include all of the following EXCEPT

A) education.
B) experience.
C) effort.
D) loyalty.
E) All of these are inputs.

Question 61

Instrumentality refers to a person's perception of the probability that

A) motivation will lead to effort.
B) performance will lead to effort.
C) effort will lead to performance.
D) performance will lead to certain outcomes.
E) certain outcomes will lead to performance.

Question 62

Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behaviour is called

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) extinction.
E) classical conditioning.

Question 63

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behaviour is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous

Question 64

According to Herzberg, __________ happiness includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions that produce an acceptable work environment and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction.

A) hygiene
B) motivation
C) acceptability
D) happiness
E) engagement

Question 65

In order for social learning to take place,

A) tasks must be complex, so as to motivate the employee.
B) the behaviour being modelled must be intangible in nature.
C) the employee must possess the physical attributes needed to perform the job.
D) the employee need not perceive a direct cause-and-effect linkage.
E) the employee must be physically present at the time of the demonstration.

Question 66

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behaviour is reinforced after a specified number of instances.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous

Question 67

A performance bonus is an example of

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) extinction.
E) classical conditioning.

Question 68

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behaviour is reinforced after an unpredictable number of instances.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous

Question 69

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how difficult a task can be accomplished?

A) Strength
B) Magnitude
C) Power
D) Generality
E) Corporality

Question 70

No longer laughing at a co-worker's inappropriate jokes so that he will stop telling them is an example of

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) extinction.
E) classical conditioning.

Question 71

Which of the following is most appropriate when a manager realises that he or she has been rewarding the wrong thing and wants to stop the behaviour?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Punishment
D) Extinction
E) Classical conditioning

Question 72

A relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs because of experience is called

A) trauma.
B) training.
C) growth.
D) intelligence.
E) learning.

Question 73

A person's confidence in his or her ability to organise and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task is called

A) self-righteousness.
B) self-sufficiency.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-efficacy.
E) self-determination.

Question 74

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behaviour is reinforced each time that it occurs.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous

Question 75

In the expectancy model of motivation, which term refers to the perceived value of a given reward or outcome?

A) Perception
B) Expectancy
C) Valence
D) Strength
E) Generality

Question 76

Cutting the work hours of low-performing employees is an example of

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) extinction.
E) classical conditioning.

Question 77

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about the degree to which similar tasks can be accomplished?

A) Strength
B) Magnitude
C) Power
D) Generality
E) Corporality

Question 78

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how confident the person is that the task can be accomplished?

A) Strength
B) Magnitude
C) Power
D) Generality
E) Corporality

Question 79

A R100 bonus for every fifth sale would be an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

A) Fixed-ratio
B) Variable-interval
C) Fixed-interval
D) Variable-ratio
E) Continuous

Question 80

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behaviour is reinforced after a certain amount of time has passed.

A) variable-interval
B) variable-ratio
C) fixed-interval
D) fixed-ratio
E) continuous