Deck 5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1775

Question 1

The following questions refer to the poster below.

One major factor that would expand Virginia's need for posters like this one was

A) the popularity of President Lincoln.
B) the growth of the Confederate economy.
C) the effect of the Emancipation Proclamation.
D) the Union's military leadership.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

"This infamous decision of the Slaveholding wing of the Supreme Court maintains that slaves are within the contemplation of the Constitution of the United States,property...The Constitution,as well as the Declaration of Independence,and the sentiments of the founders of the Republic,give us a platform broad enough to support the most comprehensive plans for the freedom and elevation of all the people of this country."
Frederick Douglass,May 1857
Which of the following later historical developments aided blacks in gaining their freedom and liberty?

A) The adoption of a proclamation of emancipation
B) The approval of Amendments to the Constitution
C) The rewriting of the Declaration of Independence
D) The successful defense of black rights by the Supreme Court

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"I told him I thought that every man,when he was free,could have his rights and protect [himself].He said,"The colored people could never protect themselves among the white people.So you had all better stay with the white people who raised you and make contracts with them to work by the year for one-fifth of all you make.And next year you can get one-third,and the next you maybe work for one-half you make.We have contracts for you all to sign,to work for one-twentieth you make from now until the crop is ended,and then next year you all can make another crop and get more of it.""
Senate Report 693,46th Congress,2nd Session,1880
The farming conditions,as described in the excerpt,

A) returned Southern cotton to "king" again.
B) created an indebtedness of the farmer to the landlord that lasted for several years.
C) provided the need for workers to pick an abundant crop of cotton.
D) gave the farmer choices as to whom to work for.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Let us now glance at a few of the popular objections to liberal divorce laws… To open the doors of escape to those who dwell in continual antagonism,to the unhappy wives of drunkards,libertines,knaves,lunatics,and tyrants,need not necessarily embitter the relations of those who are contented and happy,but on the contrary the very fact of freedom strengthens and purifies the bond of union.When husbands and wives…are bound together only by affection,marriage will be a life long friendship and not a heavy yoke,from which both may sometimes long for deliverance…"
Elizabeth Cady Stanton,"Home Life",1875
As depicted in the excerpt,by liberalizing divorce laws for women,

A) the moral fabric of society will be weakened.
B) the structure of family life will be undermined.
C) an escape from a miserable marriage will become possible.
D) women will lose political and economic power.

Question 5

"This infamous decision of the Slaveholding wing of the Supreme Court maintains that slaves are within the contemplation of the Constitution of the United States,property...The Constitution,as well as the Declaration of Independence,and the sentiments of the founders of the Republic,give us a platform broad enough to support the most comprehensive plans for the freedom and elevation of all the people of this country."
Frederick Douglass,May 1857
The arguments presented here by Frederick Douglass were echoed by which of the following groups in the same era?

A) Know Nothings
B) Irish immigrants
C) Women
D) Mexican War veterans

Question 6

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"I told him I thought that every man,when he was free,could have his rights and protect [himself].He said,"The colored people could never protect themselves among the white people.So you had all better stay with the white people who raised you and make contracts with them to work by the year for one-fifth of all you make.And next year you can get one-third,and the next you maybe work for one-half you make.We have contracts for you all to sign,to work for one-twentieth you make from now until the crop is ended,and then next year you all can make another crop and get more of it.""
Senate Report 693,46th Congress,2nd Session,1880
One reason for the development of the system described in this excerpt was that

A) Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land.
B) the 13th and 14th Amendments were ratified during the process of Reconstruction.
C) radical Republicans dominated the U.S. Congress.
D) laws enforcing segregation were passed throughout the South.

Question 7

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"I told him I thought that every man,when he was free,could have his rights and protect [himself].He said,"The colored people could never protect themselves among the white people.So you had all better stay with the white people who raised you and make contracts with them to work by the year for one-fifth of all you make.And next year you can get one-third,and the next you maybe work for one-half you make.We have contracts for you all to sign,to work for one-twentieth you make from now until the crop is ended,and then next year you all can make another crop and get more of it.""
Senate Report 693,46th Congress,2nd Session,1880
The economic system described in the excerpt above is known as

A) wage slavery.
B) Reconstruction.
C) indentured servitude.
D) sharecropping.

Question 8

The following questions refer to the poster below.

Collection of the New-York Historical Society
Events like the one described in this headline revealed that

A) the Civil War began as a result of conflicts like this one.
B) some abolitionists were willing to use violence to bring about the end of slavery.
C) the Constitution did not protect states' rights with respect to slavery.
D) the Mexican-American war played a large role in the coming of the Civil War.

Question 9

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Unjust laws exist;shall we be content to obey them,or shall we endeavor to amend them,and obey them until we have succeeded,or shall we transgress them at once? Men generally,under such government as this,think that they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majority to alter them.They think that,if they should resist,the remedy would be worse than the evil.But it is the fault of the government itself that the remedy is worse than the evil.It makes it worse...Why does it not cherish its wise majority? Why does it cry and resist before it is hurt? …"
Henry David Thoreau,"Civil Disobedience," 1848
Reformers of the 1830s-1840s who agreed to some extent with Thoreau's beliefs as expressed in the excerpt

A) were disillusioned with the U.S. and formed utopian societies.
B) were radicals and thrown in jail for their demonstrations.
C) left the U.S. disillusioned and went to Europe.
D) chose to run for political office in hopes of changing the government.

Question 10

The following questions refer to the poster below.

Which of the following factors explains the urgency of the message in this poster?

A) The role of the Emancipation Proclamation in the Civil War
B) The role of Great Britain in the Civil War
C) The Union's military leadership, as compared to that of the Confederacy
D) The South's manpower, as compared to that of the North

Question 11

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Unjust laws exist;shall we be content to obey them,or shall we endeavor to amend them,and obey them until we have succeeded,or shall we transgress them at once? Men generally,under such government as this,think that they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majority to alter them.They think that,if they should resist,the remedy would be worse than the evil.But it is the fault of the government itself that the remedy is worse than the evil.It makes it worse...Why does it not cherish its wise majority? Why does it cry and resist before it is hurt? …"
Henry David Thoreau,"Civil Disobedience," 1848
Thoreau's beliefs,as expressed in the excerpt,would have the greatest impact on which of the following reformers?

A) Environmentalists
B) Progressives
C) Second-wave feminists
D) African-American civil rights activists

Question 12

"This infamous decision of the Slaveholding wing of the Supreme Court maintains that slaves are within the contemplation of the Constitution of the United States,property...The Constitution,as well as the Declaration of Independence,and the sentiments of the founders of the Republic,give us a platform broad enough to support the most comprehensive plans for the freedom and elevation of all the people of this country."
Frederick Douglass,May 1857
This excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following?

A) The trial of John Brown
B) The Emancipation Proclamation
C) The Missouri Compromise
D) The Dred Scott decision

Question 13

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Let us now glance at a few of the popular objections to liberal divorce laws… To open the doors of escape to those who dwell in continual antagonism,to the unhappy wives of drunkards,libertines,knaves,lunatics,and tyrants,need not necessarily embitter the relations of those who are contented and happy,but on the contrary the very fact of freedom strengthens and purifies the bond of union.When husbands and wives…are bound together only by affection,marriage will be a life long friendship and not a heavy yoke,from which both may sometimes long for deliverance…"
Elizabeth Cady Stanton,"Home Life",1875
Which of the following is correct according to Stanton?

A) There should be no divorce.
B) Family life will suffer if women have the right to seek divorce.
C) A husband and wife should share equally in their relationship.
D) Only husbands should have the right to seek divorce.

Question 14

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"I am not a Know Nothing.That is certain.How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes,be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid.As a nation,we began declaring that "all men are created equal." We now practically read it "all men are created equal,except negroes." When the Know Nothings get control,it will read "all men are created equal except negroes,and foreigners,and catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty-to Russia,for instance…"
Abraham Lincoln,letter to Joshua Street,August 1855
The "classes of white people" that Lincoln references were most likely

A) Indentured servants
B) Irish immigrants
C) Mexican-Americans
D) Unionists

Question 15

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"I am not a Know Nothing.That is certain.How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes,be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid.As a nation,we began declaring that "all men are created equal." We now practically read it "all men are created equal,except negroes." When the Know Nothings get control,it will read "all men are created equal except negroes,and foreigners,and catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty-to Russia,for instance…"
Abraham Lincoln,letter to Joshua Street,August 1855
Which of the following is contrary to Lincoln's belief as expressed in the passage?

A) The Alien and Sedition Acts
B) Freedom of religion
C) "that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights … life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"
D) "give me your tired your poor huddled masses"

Question 16

The following questions refer to the poster below.

Collection of the New-York Historical Society
Which of the following historical events was a direct result of the event depicted?

A) The Republican Party was strengthened and ran Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency
B) Southern "Fire-eaters" took control of both houses of the U.S. Congress
C) The Democratic Party split into northern and southern factions
D) Southern states moved to secede

Question 17

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Let us now glance at a few of the popular objections to liberal divorce laws… To open the doors of escape to those who dwell in continual antagonism,to the unhappy wives of drunkards,libertines,knaves,lunatics,and tyrants,need not necessarily embitter the relations of those who are contented and happy,but on the contrary the very fact of freedom strengthens and purifies the bond of union.When husbands and wives…are bound together only by affection,marriage will be a life long friendship and not a heavy yoke,from which both may sometimes long for deliverance…"
Elizabeth Cady Stanton,"Home Life",1875
Which of the following statements is supported by Stanton's argument?

A) All marriages should be permanent.
B) Women should be encouraged to marry any man in order to have political and economic rights.
C) Men and women should never get married and not have children unless they are married.
D) Marriage can be wonderful if the right partner is found.

Question 18

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Unjust laws exist;shall we be content to obey them,or shall we endeavor to amend them,and obey them until we have succeeded,or shall we transgress them at once? Men generally,under such government as this,think that they ought to wait until they have persuaded the majority to alter them.They think that,if they should resist,the remedy would be worse than the evil.But it is the fault of the government itself that the remedy is worse than the evil.It makes it worse...Why does it not cherish its wise majority? Why does it cry and resist before it is hurt? …"
Henry David Thoreau,"Civil Disobedience," 1848
Henry David Thoreau's ideology as expressed here could best have been used to justify the actions of

A) Northerners resisting the Fugitive Slave provisions of the Compromise of 1850.
B) Native Americans resisting white encroachment on their lands.
C) Abolitionists who felt that violence was a legitimate means to combat slavery.
D) Southerners who lobbied for secession in the wake of the election of 1860.

Question 19

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"I am not a Know Nothing.That is certain.How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes,be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid.As a nation,we began declaring that "all men are created equal." We now practically read it "all men are created equal,except negroes." When the Know Nothings get control,it will read "all men are created equal except negroes,and foreigners,and catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty-to Russia,for instance…"
Abraham Lincoln,letter to Joshua Street,August 1855
Which of the following most accurately describes the Know-Nothings of whom Lincoln speaks?

A) They argued for the emancipation of slavery.
B) They believed the Declaration of Independence needed to be rewritten to include negroes.
C) They were nativists.
D) Many resided in the North and were abolitionists.

Question 20

The following questions refer to the poster below.

Which of the following groups was most likely to respond to this poster's call to arms?

A) Free Blacks
B) Southern Democrats
C) Unionists
D) Sharecroppers

Question 21

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"…It follows,from what has been stated,that it is a great and dangerous error to suppose that all people are equally entitled to liberty.It is a reward to be earned,not a blessing to be gratuitously lavished on all alike-a reward reserved for the intelligent,the patriotic,the virtuous and deserving,and not a boon to be bestowed on a people too ignorant,degraded and vicious to be capable either of appreciating or of enjoying it."
John C.Calhoun,"A Disquisition on Government," 1849
One of the most significant effects of rhetoric like that used here was

A) widespread opposition to the Civil War.
B) increased support for westward expansion.
C) the demise of the two-party system.
D) increased sectional divisions between the North and South.

Question 22

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"…It follows,from what has been stated,that it is a great and dangerous error to suppose that all people are equally entitled to liberty.It is a reward to be earned,not a blessing to be gratuitously lavished on all alike-a reward reserved for the intelligent,the patriotic,the virtuous and deserving,and not a boon to be bestowed on a people too ignorant,degraded and vicious to be capable either of appreciating or of enjoying it."
John C.Calhoun,"A Disquisition on Government," 1849
Which of the following political developments would Calhoun have most vigorously supported?

A) the growth of the Republican Party
B) the Dred Scott decision
C) the rise of abolitionist societies
D) Radical Reconstruction

Question 23

The following questions refer to the image below.

Buyenlarge/Getty Images
Which of the following groups was most directly affected by the development depicted above?

A) European immigrants
B) Southern plantation owners
C) Mexican-Americans
D) Nativists

Question 24

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"ARTICLE XIII.
The tribe herein named,by their representatives,parties to this treaty,agree to make the reservation herein described their permanent home,and they will not as a tribe make any permanent settlement elsewhere,reserving the right to hunt on the lands adjoining the said reservation formerly called theirs,subject to the modifications named in this treaty and the others of the commander of the department in which said reservation may be for the time being;and it is further agreed and understood by the parties to this treaty,that if any Navajo Indian or Indians shall leave the reservation herein described to settle elsewhere,he or they shall forfeit all the rights,privileges,and annuities conferred by the terms of this treaty;and it is further agreed by the parties to this treaty,that they will do all they can to induce Indians now away from reservations set apart for the exclusive use and occupation of the Indians,leading a nomadic life,or engaged in war against the people of the United States,to abandon such a life and settle permanently in one of the territorial reservations set apart for the exclusive use and occupation of the Indians."
Navaho Treaty,Fort Sumner,New Mexico,June 1,1868
Which of the following events led the U.S.into contact with the American Indians referenced in this document?

A) Growing numbers of immigrants to the United States
B) he completion of the Trans-Continental Railroad
C) The Confederate defeat in the Civil War
D) American victory in the Mexican-American War

Question 25

"We are not without judicial interpretation,therefore,both State and National,of the meaning of this clause.And it is sufficient to say that under no construction of that provision that we have ever seen,or any that we deem admissible,can the restraint imposed by the State of Louisiana upon the exercise of their trade by the butchers of New Orleans be held to be a deprivation of property within the meaning of that provision.Nor shall any State deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.In the light of the history of these amendments,and the pervading purpose of them,which we have already discussed,it is not difficult to give a meaning to this clause.The existence of laws in the States where the newly emancipated negroes resided,which discriminated with gross injustice and hardship against them as a class,was the evil to be remedied by this clause,and by it such laws are forbidden."
Supreme Court Justice Miller,Decision of the Court in the Slaughter House Cases,April 14,1873
Although the plaintiffs in this case were butchers in New Orleans,most African-Americans at this time were

A) actively involved in politics.
B) industrial workers.
C) sharecroppers.
D) migrants on their way to the West.

Question 26

"We are not without judicial interpretation,therefore,both State and National,of the meaning of this clause.And it is sufficient to say that under no construction of that provision that we have ever seen,or any that we deem admissible,can the restraint imposed by the State of Louisiana upon the exercise of their trade by the butchers of New Orleans be held to be a deprivation of property within the meaning of that provision.Nor shall any State deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.In the light of the history of these amendments,and the pervading purpose of them,which we have already discussed,it is not difficult to give a meaning to this clause.The existence of laws in the States where the newly emancipated negroes resided,which discriminated with gross injustice and hardship against them as a class,was the evil to be remedied by this clause,and by it such laws are forbidden."
Supreme Court Justice Miller,Decision of the Court in the Slaughter House Cases,April 14,1873
Which of the following developments in the South during this era contributed to the trend set by Supreme Court decisions like this one?

A) The rise of violence against African-Americans
B) The ratification of the 14th and 15th amendments
C) The growth of political opportunities for former slaves
D) The expanded power of radical Republicans in the Southern states

Question 27

The following questions refer to the image below.

Buyenlarge/Getty Images
The developments depicted above came about as a result of

A) Union victory in the Civil War.
B) the growing American belief in Manifest Destiny.
C) assimilation policy with regard to American Indians.
D) the growth of the American System.

Question 28

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"ARTICLE XIII.
The tribe herein named,by their representatives,parties to this treaty,agree to make the reservation herein described their permanent home,and they will not as a tribe make any permanent settlement elsewhere,reserving the right to hunt on the lands adjoining the said reservation formerly called theirs,subject to the modifications named in this treaty and the others of the commander of the department in which said reservation may be for the time being;and it is further agreed and understood by the parties to this treaty,that if any Navajo Indian or Indians shall leave the reservation herein described to settle elsewhere,he or they shall forfeit all the rights,privileges,and annuities conferred by the terms of this treaty;and it is further agreed by the parties to this treaty,that they will do all they can to induce Indians now away from reservations set apart for the exclusive use and occupation of the Indians,leading a nomadic life,or engaged in war against the people of the United States,to abandon such a life and settle permanently in one of the territorial reservations set apart for the exclusive use and occupation of the Indians."
Navaho Treaty,Fort Sumner,New Mexico,June 1,1868
One of the biggest changes to the lives of the American Indians as a result of agreements like this one was that

A) they were given an equal voice in debates over the status of their land.
B) they were increasingly able to find economic self-sufficiency.
C) their cultural practices were nearly destroyed.
D) they were able to more effectively resist white encroachment on their territory.

Question 29

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This measure was certainly undignified.It does not become a Congress that has been battling with the colossal artillery of impeachment to descend to throwing mud. Such conduct is neither royal,republican,nor democratic;it is simply boys' play.It isn't worthwhile to say that the reduction of the President's clerical force was made in the virtuous interest of retrenchment,for the stupidest of us all know better than that.Its moving spring was an unworthy and an ungraceful little spite.They might as well have estimated the capabilities of the Chief Magistrate's kitchen force,and discharged a cook or two.There is not any wisdom in this kind of warfare.The people cannot applaud it.Everybody is willing to see a fair stand-up fight between the President and his Congressional master,but nobody is willing to see either of them descend to scratching and hair-pulling.These parties stand for the United States.They represent the American nation,and it is not a nation that fights in that way."
Mark Twain,Chicago Republican,1868
One goal of the political actions referenced here by Twain was to

A) restore (or halt the restoration of) slavery to the Southern states.
B) change the balance of power between the Congress and the presidency.
C) end American interventionism in foreign conflicts.
D) support the role of the Supreme Court in protecting civil rights.

Question 30

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"…It follows,from what has been stated,that it is a great and dangerous error to suppose that all people are equally entitled to liberty.It is a reward to be earned,not a blessing to be gratuitously lavished on all alike-a reward reserved for the intelligent,the patriotic,the virtuous and deserving,and not a boon to be bestowed on a people too ignorant,degraded and vicious to be capable either of appreciating or of enjoying it."
John C.Calhoun,"A Disquisition on Government," 1849
John C.Calhoun reveals here that many Southerners' based their arguments in favor of slavery on

A) support for the Northern labor market.
B) the economic necessity of the institution.
C) theories about racial superiority.
D) the Constitution's protections of states' rights.

Question 31

The following questions refer to the cartoon below.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington,D.C[LC-DIG-ds-04504]
"A Truce-Not a Compromise" by Thomas Nast,1877
How was the issue depicted in the cartoon resolved?

A) Compromise
B) Act of Congress
C) Decision of the Supreme Court
D) Assassination of the President of the United States

Question 32

The following questions refer to the image below.

Buyenlarge/Getty Images
What was the effect of U.S.legislation on the developments depicted above?

A) It sought to promote the expansion of slavery into the West.
B) It focused on expanding trade connections with Asia.
C) It sought to limit white settlers' access to Native American lands.
D) It encouraged the expansion of transportation infrastructure across the West.

Question 33

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This is one of the last great battles with slavery.Driven from these legislative chambers,driven from the field of war,this monstrous power has found a refuge in the Executive Mansion,where,in utter disregard of the Constitution and laws,it seeks to exercise its ancient farreaching sway....Andrew Johnson is the impersonation of the tyrannical slave power.In him it lives again.He is the lineal successor of John C.Calhoun and Jefferson Davis;and he gathers about him the same supporters.Original partisans of slavery north and south;habitual compromisers of great principles;maligners of the Declaration of Independence;politicians without heart;lawyers,for whom a technicality is everything,and a promiscuous company who at every stage of the battle have set their faces against equal rights;these are his allies.It is the old troop of slavery,with a few recruits,ready as of old for violence running in device,and heartless in quibble.With the President at their head,they are now entrenched in the Executive Mansion. Not to dislodge them is to leave the country a prey to one of the most hateful tyrannies of history.Especially is it to surrender the Unionists of the rebel States to violence and bloodshed.Not a month,not a week,not day should be lost.The safety of the Republic requires action at once.The lives of innocent men must be rescued from sacrifice."
Charles Sumner,1868
The conflict described in this passage most directly revealed

A) the deep divisions that persisted over the question of civil rights for former slaves.
B) the persistence of secessionist philosophies in the South.
C) the violence of Southern resistance to Reconstruction.
D) the existence of broad political consensus with respect to Reconstruction.

Question 34

The following questions refer to the cartoon below.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington,D.C[LC-DIG-ds-04504]
"A Truce-Not a Compromise" by Thomas Nast,1877
To which of the following events does the cartoon refer?

A) The Civil War
B) Laws banning the Ku Klux Klan
C) Radical Reconstruction
D) The Election of 1876

Question 35

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This measure was certainly undignified.It does not become a Congress that has been battling with the colossal artillery of impeachment to descend to throwing mud. Such conduct is neither royal,republican,nor democratic;it is simply boys' play.It isn't worthwhile to say that the reduction of the President's clerical force was made in the virtuous interest of retrenchment,for the stupidest of us all know better than that.Its moving spring was an unworthy and an ungraceful little spite.They might as well have estimated the capabilities of the Chief Magistrate's kitchen force,and discharged a cook or two.There is not any wisdom in this kind of warfare.The people cannot applaud it.Everybody is willing to see a fair stand-up fight between the President and his Congressional master,but nobody is willing to see either of them descend to scratching and hair-pulling.These parties stand for the United States.They represent the American nation,and it is not a nation that fights in that way."
Mark Twain,Chicago Republican,1868
Which of the following groups controlled Congress as it is described in this excerpt?

A) Free-Soilers
B) Jacksonian Democrats
C) Southern Democrats
D) Radical Republicans

Question 36

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This measure was certainly undignified.It does not become a Congress that has been battling with the colossal artillery of impeachment to descend to throwing mud. Such conduct is neither royal,republican,nor democratic;it is simply boys' play.It isn't worthwhile to say that the reduction of the President's clerical force was made in the virtuous interest of retrenchment,for the stupidest of us all know better than that.Its moving spring was an unworthy and an ungraceful little spite.They might as well have estimated the capabilities of the Chief Magistrate's kitchen force,and discharged a cook or two.There is not any wisdom in this kind of warfare.The people cannot applaud it.Everybody is willing to see a fair stand-up fight between the President and his Congressional master,but nobody is willing to see either of them descend to scratching and hair-pulling.These parties stand for the United States.They represent the American nation,and it is not a nation that fights in that way."
Mark Twain,Chicago Republican,1868
Which of the following events is Twain referring to in the excerpt?

A) The impeachment of President Andrew Johnson
B) The debates over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution
C) The nominating conventions for the upcoming 1868 presidential election
D) The scandals of President Grant's presidency

Question 37

The following questions refer to the cartoon below.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington,D.C[LC-DIG-ds-04504]
"A Truce-Not a Compromise" by Thomas Nast,1877
Although Reconstruction was coming to an end,as depicted here,which of the following could be counted among the successes of Reconstruction?

A) The successful effort to promote economic self-sufficiency among freed slaves
B) The ratification of amendments that would become the basis for future civil rights victories
C) The peaceful resolution of tensions that had persisted in the South after the war ended
D) The diplomatic precedent set by U.S.-European relations during the Civil War

Question 38

"We are not without judicial interpretation,therefore,both State and National,of the meaning of this clause.And it is sufficient to say that under no construction of that provision that we have ever seen,or any that we deem admissible,can the restraint imposed by the State of Louisiana upon the exercise of their trade by the butchers of New Orleans be held to be a deprivation of property within the meaning of that provision.Nor shall any State deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.In the light of the history of these amendments,and the pervading purpose of them,which we have already discussed,it is not difficult to give a meaning to this clause.The existence of laws in the States where the newly emancipated negroes resided,which discriminated with gross injustice and hardship against them as a class,was the evil to be remedied by this clause,and by it such laws are forbidden."
Supreme Court Justice Miller,Decision of the Court in the Slaughter House Cases,April 14,1873
The effect of Supreme Court decisions like this one,in the wake of the Civil War,was to

A) Declare the practice of sharecropping unconstitutional.
B) build support for the ratification of the 15th Amendment.
C) reconcile the Northern and Southern factions of the Democratic Party.
D) erode the rights of African Americans.

Question 39

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"ARTICLE XIII.
The tribe herein named,by their representatives,parties to this treaty,agree to make the reservation herein described their permanent home,and they will not as a tribe make any permanent settlement elsewhere,reserving the right to hunt on the lands adjoining the said reservation formerly called theirs,subject to the modifications named in this treaty and the others of the commander of the department in which said reservation may be for the time being;and it is further agreed and understood by the parties to this treaty,that if any Navajo Indian or Indians shall leave the reservation herein described to settle elsewhere,he or they shall forfeit all the rights,privileges,and annuities conferred by the terms of this treaty;and it is further agreed by the parties to this treaty,that they will do all they can to induce Indians now away from reservations set apart for the exclusive use and occupation of the Indians,leading a nomadic life,or engaged in war against the people of the United States,to abandon such a life and settle permanently in one of the territorial reservations set apart for the exclusive use and occupation of the Indians."
Navaho Treaty,Fort Sumner,New Mexico,June 1,1868
One of the reasons for placing Native Americans on reservations was

A) to have access to all of the gold on their tribal lands.
B) for their own security and protection against the white man.
C) settlers wanted access to the tribal lands for farming.
D) to teach them how to farm so they could contribute to the American way of life.

Question 40

The following questions refer to the poster below.

Collection of the New-York Historical Society
What role would the Dred Scott decision have had on the rise of events like the one described here?

A) It opened the door to violence by encouraging free-soilers and pro-slavery groups to attempt to settle the same territory.
B) It increased hostility towards slavery in the North by ruling that states could not legally ban slavery.
C) It divided the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions.
D) It led directly to the secession of the Lower South, who feared the loss of their political power.

Question 41

"…But our Southern slavery has become a benign and protective institution,and our negroes are confessedly better off than any free laboring population in the world.How can we contend that white slavery is wrong,whilst all the great body of free laborers are starving;and slaves,white or black,throughout the world are enjoying comfort?..."
George Fitzhugh,"The Blessings of Slavery",1857
"…And thus it is that they are cajoled into the notion that they are the freest,happiest,and most intelligent people in the world….Thus it is that the South,woefully inert and invention less,has lagged behind the North,and is now weltering in the cesspool of ignorance and degradation."
Hinton Helper,The Impending Crisis of the South,1857
Using the excerpts above,answer parts a,b,and c.
a)Briefly explain the main point in the first excerpt (Fitzhugh).
b)Briefly explain the main point in the second excerpt (Helper).
c)Provide ONE piece of evidence from the period 1848 to 1860 and explain how it supports the interpretation in either document.

Question 42

Directions: These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.
In your response you should do the following:
•State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
•Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents.
•Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument.
•Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view.
•Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents.
•Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes.
•Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic.
Evaluate to what extent Reconstruction was a failure for the newly emancipated blacks in the period from 1865 to 1877.

Question 43

Answer parts a,b,and c.
a)Briefly explain why ONE of the following most clearly marks the turning point for the rights of African-Americans.
The Emancipation Proclamation
The ratification of the 13??,14??,and 15?? Amendments
The end of Reconstruction
b)Provide an example of an event to support your explanation in part (a).
c)Briefly explain why one of the other options is not as valid a marker of the turning point for the rights of African-Americans.

Question 44

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This is one of the last great battles with slavery.Driven from these legislative chambers,driven from the field of war,this monstrous power has found a refuge in the Executive Mansion,where,in utter disregard of the Constitution and laws,it seeks to exercise its ancient farreaching sway....Andrew Johnson is the impersonation of the tyrannical slave power.In him it lives again.He is the lineal successor of John C.Calhoun and Jefferson Davis;and he gathers about him the same supporters.Original partisans of slavery north and south;habitual compromisers of great principles;maligners of the Declaration of Independence;politicians without heart;lawyers,for whom a technicality is everything,and a promiscuous company who at every stage of the battle have set their faces against equal rights;these are his allies.It is the old troop of slavery,with a few recruits,ready as of old for violence running in device,and heartless in quibble.With the President at their head,they are now entrenched in the Executive Mansion. Not to dislodge them is to leave the country a prey to one of the most hateful tyrannies of history.Especially is it to surrender the Unionists of the rebel States to violence and bloodshed.Not a month,not a week,not day should be lost.The safety of the Republic requires action at once.The lives of innocent men must be rescued from sacrifice."
Charles Sumner,1868
The point of view of this excerpt would most likely have found support among

A) Southerners.
B) Democrats.
C) Radical Republicans.
D) The Populist Party.

Question 45

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"...Your letter alludes to many topics of interest.First of all this 'Woman's Rights Convention,' held at Worcester,Mass.I have read through all the proceedings carefully.They show great energy,much right feeling,but not,to my judgment,a great amount of strong,clear thought.This last,of course,one ought not to expect in the beginning;but in my own mind I have settled it as a society to respect,to feel sympathy for,to help incidentally,but not-for me-to work with body and soul.I cannot sympathize fully with an anti-man movement.I have had too much kindness,aid,and just recognition from men to make such attitude of women otherwise than painful;and I think the true end of freedom may be gained better in another way… But I feel a little perplexed by the main object of the Convention -- Woman's Rights.The great object of education has nothing to do with a woman's rights,or man's rights,but with the development of the human soul and body.But let me know how you mean to treat the subject,and I will render you what aid I can ....My head is full of the idea of organisation,but not the organisation of women in opposition to men.I have been lately meditating constantly on this idea,and seeking some principle of organisation which should be a constantly growing one,until it became adequate to meet the wants of the time ..."
Dr.Elizabeth Blackwell,December 24,1850
Which of the following ideas provides the best evidence in support of Blackwell's argument?

A) Women are right to have a convention to express their views.
B) Men are the controllers of all of society, including women.
C) Education is not anti-man or anti-woman; it is for the development of all people.
D) Women need to organize in their opposition against men.

Question 46

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"...Your letter alludes to many topics of interest.First of all this 'Woman's Rights Convention,' held at Worcester,Mass.I have read through all the proceedings carefully.They show great energy,much right feeling,but not,to my judgment,a great amount of strong,clear thought.This last,of course,one ought not to expect in the beginning;but in my own mind I have settled it as a society to respect,to feel sympathy for,to help incidentally,but not-for me-to work with body and soul.I cannot sympathize fully with an anti-man movement.I have had too much kindness,aid,and just recognition from men to make such attitude of women otherwise than painful;and I think the true end of freedom may be gained better in another way… But I feel a little perplexed by the main object of the Convention -- Woman's Rights.The great object of education has nothing to do with a woman's rights,or man's rights,but with the development of the human soul and body.But let me know how you mean to treat the subject,and I will render you what aid I can ....My head is full of the idea of organisation,but not the organisation of women in opposition to men.I have been lately meditating constantly on this idea,and seeking some principle of organisation which should be a constantly growing one,until it became adequate to meet the wants of the time ..."
Dr.Elizabeth Blackwell,December 24,1850
Which of the following developments of the Reconstruction Period would most significantly divide the women's rights movement?

A) The success of abolition
B) The development of the 14th and 15th amendments
C) The rise of the cult of domesticity
D) The plight of American Indians in the West

Question 47

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This is one of the last great battles with slavery.Driven from these legislative chambers,driven from the field of war,this monstrous power has found a refuge in the Executive Mansion,where,in utter disregard of the Constitution and laws,it seeks to exercise its ancient farreaching sway....Andrew Johnson is the impersonation of the tyrannical slave power.In him it lives again.He is the lineal successor of John C.Calhoun and Jefferson Davis;and he gathers about him the same supporters.Original partisans of slavery north and south;habitual compromisers of great principles;maligners of the Declaration of Independence;politicians without heart;lawyers,for whom a technicality is everything,and a promiscuous company who at every stage of the battle have set their faces against equal rights;these are his allies.It is the old troop of slavery,with a few recruits,ready as of old for violence running in device,and heartless in quibble.With the President at their head,they are now entrenched in the Executive Mansion. Not to dislodge them is to leave the country a prey to one of the most hateful tyrannies of history.Especially is it to surrender the Unionists of the rebel States to violence and bloodshed.Not a month,not a week,not day should be lost.The safety of the Republic requires action at once.The lives of innocent men must be rescued from sacrifice."
Charles Sumner,1868
Which of the following was a long-term result of the political situation described in the excerpt?

A) Presidential power was weakened for the next several years.
B) Southerners controlled Congress for the next three decades.
C) The Republican Party was weakened.
D) Presidential impeachments occurred several times over the next four decades.

Question 48

Directions: These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.
In your response you should do the following:
•State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
•Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents.
•Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument.
•Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view.
•Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents.
•Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes.
•Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic.
To what extent did the events following the Mexican-American War lead to increasing sectionalism and eventually the Civil War?

Question 49

Directions: In your response you should do the following:
•State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
•Support your argument with evidence,using specific examples.
•Apply historical thinking skills as directed by the question.
•Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or connects it to a different category of analysis.
Both the Union and Confederate governments maintained that they were waging war against each other for liberty and freedom of their people.Evaluate the extent to which this is true for both sides.

Question 50

Directions: In your response you should do the following:
•State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
•Support your argument with evidence,using specific examples.
•Apply historical thinking skills as directed by the question.
•Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or connects it to a different category of analysis.
Analyze the ways in which the Know Nothing,Free Soil,and Republican parties in the 1850s contributed to the breakup of the Union in 1860.

Question 51

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"...Your letter alludes to many topics of interest.First of all this 'Woman's Rights Convention,' held at Worcester,Mass.I have read through all the proceedings carefully.They show great energy,much right feeling,but not,to my judgment,a great amount of strong,clear thought.This last,of course,one ought not to expect in the beginning;but in my own mind I have settled it as a society to respect,to feel sympathy for,to help incidentally,but not-for me-to work with body and soul.I cannot sympathize fully with an anti-man movement.I have had too much kindness,aid,and just recognition from men to make such attitude of women otherwise than painful;and I think the true end of freedom may be gained better in another way… But I feel a little perplexed by the main object of the Convention -- Woman's Rights.The great object of education has nothing to do with a woman's rights,or man's rights,but with the development of the human soul and body.But let me know how you mean to treat the subject,and I will render you what aid I can ....My head is full of the idea of organisation,but not the organisation of women in opposition to men.I have been lately meditating constantly on this idea,and seeking some principle of organisation which should be a constantly growing one,until it became adequate to meet the wants of the time ..."
Dr.Elizabeth Blackwell,December 24,1850
Which of the following historical events contributed most directly to the excerpt?

A) Seneca Falls Women's Convention
B) Horace Mann's educational reform for schools
C) The growing strength of the abolitionist movement
D) The Second Great Awakening

Question 52

Answer parts a,b,and c.
a)Briefly explain ONE example of how the Mexican-American War led to a growth in sectional conflict in the United States.
b)Briefly explain ONE effort at resolving these tensions made by the U.S.government.
c)Briefly explain ONE other effort at resolving these tensions made by the U.S.government.