Deck 8: America Secedes from the Empire 1775-1783

Question 1

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This unwarranted exercise of power by the court [in Brown v.Board of Education] contrary to the Constitution,is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both races… Without regard to the consent of the governed,outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public school systems…We decry the Supreme Court's encroachments on rights reserved to the states and to the people,contrary to established law and to the Constitution."
Manifesto of One Hundred Members of the U.S.Congress,1956
Civil rights activists in this era

A) openly challenged the dominant economic order.
B) were successful in achieving racial equality.
C) focused exclusively on using the court system to achieve victories.
D) utilized a variety of strategies to combat racial discrimination.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Why are we in South Viet-Nam? We are there because we have a promise to keep. Since 1954 every American President has offered support to the people of South Viet-Nam. We have helped to build,and we have helped to defend. Thus,over many years,we have made a national pledge to help South Viet-Nam defend its independence…We are also there because there are great stakes in the balance. Let no one think for a moment that retreat from Viet-Nam would bring an end to conflict. The battle would be renewed in one country and then another."
President Lyndon B.Johnson,Speech at Johns Hopkins University,1965
The most significant concern of the United States government in its involvement in the conflict described by President Johnson was

A) stopping the potential spread of Communist influence.
B) securing American economic security.
C) protecting America's position as the most powerful nation on earth.
D) developing new alliances in Southeast Asia.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"A government job is a privilege,not a right. There is no reason why men who chum with Communists,who refuse to turn their backs upon traitors,and who are consistently found at the time and place where disaster strikes America and success comes to international Communism,should be given positions of power in government… I have not urged that those whom I have named be put in jail. Once they are exposed so the American people know what they are,they can do but little damage."
Senator Joseph McCarthy,The Fight For America,1952
The controversy over the remarks made by Senator McCarthy would highlight on-going tension between

A) expansion and stability.
B) liberty and order.
C) equality and individualism.
D) populism and communism.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"A government job is a privilege,not a right. There is no reason why men who chum with Communists,who refuse to turn their backs upon traitors,and who are consistently found at the time and place where disaster strikes America and success comes to international Communism,should be given positions of power in government… I have not urged that those whom I have named be put in jail. Once they are exposed so the American people know what they are,they can do but little damage."
Senator Joseph McCarthy,The Fight For America,1952
Though many Americans debated the merits of McCarthy's arguments in the passage above,most Americans supported

A) American involvement in the Vietnam War.
B) changes to loosen the nation's immigration policy.
C) the build-up of the nation's nuclear arsenal.
D) the nation's foreign policy strategy of containment.

Question 5

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[The Soviets will apply] insistent,unceasing pressure for penetration and command of key positions in administration…of foreign countries… In summary,we have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with US…it is desirable and necessary that the internal harmony of our society be disrupted… [and] the international authority of our state be broken,if Soviet power is to be secure… Much depends on health and vigor of our own society… Every courageous and incisive measure to solve internal problems of our own society… is a diplomatic victory over Moscow."
George Kennan,"The Long Telegram," 1946
To directly combat the threat described by Kennan,the United States would

A) support the development of peace settlements between affected nations.
B) support the decolonization of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
C) support policies designed to develop collective security among non-Communist nations.
D) support the expansion of executive power in foreign policy.

Question 6

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Why are we in South Viet-Nam? We are there because we have a promise to keep. Since 1954 every American President has offered support to the people of South Viet-Nam. We have helped to build,and we have helped to defend. Thus,over many years,we have made a national pledge to help South Viet-Nam defend its independence…We are also there because there are great stakes in the balance. Let no one think for a moment that retreat from Viet-Nam would bring an end to conflict. The battle would be renewed in one country and then another."
President Lyndon B.Johnson,Speech at Johns Hopkins University,1965
Which of the following best characterizes the public response to Johnson's statements?

A) Widespread antiwar protests
B) Broad consensus over the nation's Cold War strategy of containment
C) Outcry against the nation's failure to support democracy
D) Open debate about collective security

Question 7

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"The experience of a 'détente' in American-Soviet relations in the 1970s ultimately failed for a number of reasons,including an underlying difference in conceptions of détente: The American leaders saw it (in Kissinger's words)as a way of 'managing the emergence of Soviet power' into world politics in an age of nuclear parity;the Soviet leaders,for their part,envisaged it as a way of managing the transition of the United States from its former superiority into a more modest role in world politics… Ultimately disillusionment affected the leaderships on both sides… and the détente commitment was not only devalued but used as the basis for additional hostile charges against the other side."
Raymond L.Garthoff,"Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan," 1982
Which of the following issues most dominated the foreign policy debate in the United States in conjunction with debates over the merits of the policies described in the passage?

A) The development of a national energy policy
B) Methods of rooting out Communism in American government
C) The desirability of multilateralism versus unilateralism
D) The growth of the nation's nuclear arsenal

Question 8

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This unwarranted exercise of power by the court [in Brown v.Board of Education] contrary to the Constitution,is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both races… Without regard to the consent of the governed,outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public school systems…We decry the Supreme Court's encroachments on rights reserved to the states and to the people,contrary to established law and to the Constitution."
Manifesto of One Hundred Members of the U.S.Congress,1956
The most significant effect of the efforts of Americans who agreed with the perspective presented in the passage was to

A) reduce the attractiveness of nonviolent protest.
B) block the passage of civil rights legislation.
C) encourage the use of judicial activism.
D) slow the progress of desegregation.

Question 9

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"The experience of a 'détente' in American-Soviet relations in the 1970s ultimately failed for a number of reasons,including an underlying difference in conceptions of détente: The American leaders saw it (in Kissinger's words)as a way of 'managing the emergence of Soviet power' into world politics in an age of nuclear parity;the Soviet leaders,for their part,envisaged it as a way of managing the transition of the United States from its former superiority into a more modest role in world politics… Ultimately disillusionment affected the leaderships on both sides… and the détente commitment was not only devalued but used as the basis for additional hostile charges against the other side."
Raymond L.Garthoff,"Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan," 1982
Détente,as described in the passage,contrasted most significantly with

A) the military confrontations in Korea and Vietnam.
B) the support of Latin-American regimes that opposed Communism.
C) the ideological conflicts concerning the Middle East.
D) the growth of an international economic network.

Question 10

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"The experience of a 'détente' in American-Soviet relations in the 1970s ultimately failed for a number of reasons,including an underlying difference in conceptions of détente: The American leaders saw it (in Kissinger's words)as a way of 'managing the emergence of Soviet power' into world politics in an age of nuclear parity;the Soviet leaders,for their part,envisaged it as a way of managing the transition of the United States from its former superiority into a more modest role in world politics… Ultimately disillusionment affected the leaderships on both sides… and the détente commitment was not only devalued but used as the basis for additional hostile charges against the other side."
Raymond L.Garthoff,"Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan," 1982
The foreign policy era described in this passage reflects

A) American attempts to pursue a policy of containment amidst increasingly complex international conditions.
B) the United States' desires to form multilateral economic frameworks to promote peace.
C) a general decline in the "military industrial complex" amidst widespread debate.
D) the growing trend towards de-alignment among emerging nations in the Middle East.

Question 11

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This unwarranted exercise of power by the court [in Brown v.Board of Education] contrary to the Constitution,is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both races… Without regard to the consent of the governed,outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public school systems…We decry the Supreme Court's encroachments on rights reserved to the states and to the people,contrary to established law and to the Constitution."
Manifesto of One Hundred Members of the U.S.Congress,1956
The central complaint of this manifesto referenced the Supreme Court's decision to

A) desegregate schools.
B) ban racial discrimination.
C) prevent nonviolent protests.
D) call for economic equality.

Question 12

"Malcom X,one of the most influential Black Nationalist thinkers of the twentieth century,declared… 'The political philosophy of black nationalism is that which is designed to encourage our people,the black people,to gain complete control over the politics and the politicians of our own community.' ...Both scholars and leaders agree on certain central features of Black Nationalist ideology… The crucial distinguishing feature between the nationalists and the integrationists is that nationalists' integration as neither desirable nor likely as a means of achieving black liberation in the United States at the present time."
Alphonso Pinkney,Red,Black,and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States,1979
Civil rights activists who disagreed with the philosophy described in the passage would have

A) sought the support of the federal government to achieve racial justice.
B) challenged the dominant economic and social order.
C) criticized liberalism for its perceived failure to establish racial equality.
D) promoted homogeneous forms of mass culture for all races.

Question 13

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[The Soviets will apply] insistent,unceasing pressure for penetration and command of key positions in administration…of foreign countries… In summary,we have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with US…it is desirable and necessary that the internal harmony of our society be disrupted… [and] the international authority of our state be broken,if Soviet power is to be secure… Much depends on health and vigor of our own society… Every courageous and incisive measure to solve internal problems of our own society… is a diplomatic victory over Moscow."
George Kennan,"The Long Telegram," 1946
In response to fears like those expressed in the passage,Americans would domestically

A) call for immediate conservation measures.
B) embrace the homogeneity of mass culture.
C) challenge conservative policies related to the family.
D) reject the authority of the state.

Question 14

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"A government job is a privilege,not a right. There is no reason why men who chum with Communists,who refuse to turn their backs upon traitors,and who are consistently found at the time and place where disaster strikes America and success comes to international Communism,should be given positions of power in government… I have not urged that those whom I have named be put in jail. Once they are exposed so the American people know what they are,they can do but little damage."
Senator Joseph McCarthy,The Fight For America,1952
Government efforts in line with Senator McCarthy's remarks most nearly reflected the policies of the government

A) After the Revolutionary War.
B) After the Civil War.
C) After the Spanish-American War.
D) After World War I.

Question 15

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[The Soviets will apply] insistent,unceasing pressure for penetration and command of key positions in administration…of foreign countries… In summary,we have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with US…it is desirable and necessary that the internal harmony of our society be disrupted… [and] the international authority of our state be broken,if Soviet power is to be secure… Much depends on health and vigor of our own society… Every courageous and incisive measure to solve internal problems of our own society… is a diplomatic victory over Moscow."
George Kennan,"The Long Telegram," 1946
Over time,American policies towards the Soviet Union would tend to

A) embrace the growth of nationalist movements.
B) seek to build an economic framework to bolster the Soviet Union.
C) fluctuate between periods of confrontation and periods of détente.
D) support the escalation of armed conflict.

Question 16

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Why are we in South Viet-Nam? We are there because we have a promise to keep. Since 1954 every American President has offered support to the people of South Viet-Nam. We have helped to build,and we have helped to defend. Thus,over many years,we have made a national pledge to help South Viet-Nam defend its independence…We are also there because there are great stakes in the balance. Let no one think for a moment that retreat from Viet-Nam would bring an end to conflict. The battle would be renewed in one country and then another."
President Lyndon B.Johnson,Speech at Johns Hopkins University,1965
American efforts in which of the following conflicts most closely resembled the efforts of the United States in the conflict described by President Johnson?

A) World War I
B) World War II
C) Korean conflict
D) Conflict in Afghanistan and Iraq

Question 17

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[The Soviets will apply] insistent,unceasing pressure for penetration and command of key positions in administration…of foreign countries… In summary,we have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that with US…it is desirable and necessary that the internal harmony of our society be disrupted… [and] the international authority of our state be broken,if Soviet power is to be secure… Much depends on health and vigor of our own society… Every courageous and incisive measure to solve internal problems of our own society… is a diplomatic victory over Moscow."
George Kennan,"The Long Telegram," 1946
Which of the following explains the most significant challenge to the United States in light of the nature of the Soviet Union's policies as described by Kennan?

A) Shifting international alignments complicated the nation's commitment to containment.
B) Europe's war-ravaged economy left the United States in a position of significant power.
C) Domestic disputes over war policies threatened the authority of the national government.
D) Instability in the global economy upset the balance of power in the United States.

Question 18

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"This unwarranted exercise of power by the court [in Brown v.Board of Education] contrary to the Constitution,is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both races… Without regard to the consent of the governed,outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public school systems…We decry the Supreme Court's encroachments on rights reserved to the states and to the people,contrary to established law and to the Constitution."
Manifesto of One Hundred Members of the U.S.Congress,1956
The message presented in this passage underscores which of the following developments of the post-World War II era?

A) The rise efforts to achieve gender equality
B) The growth of white resistance movements
C) The escalation of antiwar protests
D) The increasing tension over the rise of conservatism

Question 19

"Malcom X,one of the most influential Black Nationalist thinkers of the twentieth century,declared… 'The political philosophy of black nationalism is that which is designed to encourage our people,the black people,to gain complete control over the politics and the politicians of our own community.' ...Both scholars and leaders agree on certain central features of Black Nationalist ideology… The crucial distinguishing feature between the nationalists and the integrationists is that nationalists' integration as neither desirable nor likely as a means of achieving black liberation in the United States at the present time."
Alphonso Pinkney,Red,Black,and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States,1979
The philosophy described by Pinkney in the passage is reflected in

A) the Great Migration.
B) the Harlem Renaissance.
C) Brown v. Board.
D) abolitionism.

Question 20

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"Why are we in South Viet-Nam? We are there because we have a promise to keep. Since 1954 every American President has offered support to the people of South Viet-Nam. We have helped to build,and we have helped to defend. Thus,over many years,we have made a national pledge to help South Viet-Nam defend its independence…We are also there because there are great stakes in the balance. Let no one think for a moment that retreat from Viet-Nam would bring an end to conflict. The battle would be renewed in one country and then another."
President Lyndon B.Johnson,Speech at Johns Hopkins University,1965
One of the greatest contributing factors to the intensity of the conflict in Vietnam was

A) the expansion of collective security agreements.
B) the rise of a Vietnamese nationalist movement.
C) a series of oil crises in the region.
D) the failure of efforts at peaceful, mutual coexistence.

Question 21

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"The conventional wisdom on the origins of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965 suggests that it was primarily a product of the civil rights movement… However,ideational effects of the cold war also played a part in the political developments of 1965… Cold war foreign-policy considerations pressed for increased openness for ethnic minority immigration to reduce tensions with allied (or potential allied)countries,and conversely,civil rights leaders were able to gain leverage for the Civil Rights Act by exploiting this tension and forcing Americans to practice the liberalism reflected in their founding myths."
Christopher Rudolph,National Security and Immigration: Policy Development in the United States and Western Europe Since 1945,2006
Which of the following policy concerns most directly coincided with the policy described in the passage?

A) The nation's energy policy
B) The nation's involvement in Vietnam
C) The rise of the conservation movement
D) The movement towards deregulation

Question 22

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"As…Negroes fought for entry into American society,[the Beats] passively withdrew from the surrounding nation… [they] listened to poetry readings,listened to jazz,… opted for poverty,refused to be anchored down by family obligations,and developed a literary style marked by run-on,stream-of-consciousness sentences… The Beats rejected straight society. Overthrow it-its morality,its patriotism,its family structure,its capitalism,its Christianity,its taboos… Socially alienated and ideologically inarticulate,the Beats represented radicalism of the cultural rather than the political.
Daniel Flynn,A Conservative History of the American Left,2009
What role would the Cold War play in the rise of the movement described in the passage?

A) Fear of Communism would lead to increased government intervention in the economy.
B) Concerns about subversion would lead to an increasingly homogenous mass culture.
C) Conflicts with the Soviet Union would lead to increased involvement abroad.
D) Worries about espionage would lead to increased restrictions on immigration.

Question 23

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"As…Negroes fought for entry into American society,[the Beats] passively withdrew from the surrounding nation… [they] listened to poetry readings,listened to jazz,… opted for poverty,refused to be anchored down by family obligations,and developed a literary style marked by run-on,stream-of-consciousness sentences… The Beats rejected straight society. Overthrow it-its morality,its patriotism,its family structure,its capitalism,its Christianity,its taboos… Socially alienated and ideologically inarticulate,the Beats represented radicalism of the cultural rather than the political.
Daniel Flynn,A Conservative History of the American Left,2009
The methods of the Beats,as described in the passage,demonstrate

A) the role of literature and the arts in movements for change.
B) the challenge of communicating with the generation of the 1960s.
C) the limitations of political reform movements in the Cold War.
D) the decline of nonviolent protest as a means for reform.

Question 24

The following questions refer to the image below.

Fred W.McDarrah/Getty Images
The most significant objective of the movement depicted above was to

A) oppose the growth of liberalism.
B) defy the persistence of segregation.
C) call attention to the problems of poverty in the nation.
D) rally for legal, economic, and social equality.

Question 25

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"In his conduct of the office of President of the United States,Richard M.Nixon,in violation of his constitutional oath faithfully to execute the office of President of the United States…has prevented,obstructed,and impeded the administration of justice,in that:
Richard M.Nixon,using the powers of his high office,engaged personally and through his subordinates and agents,in a course of conduct or plan designed to delay,impede,and obstruct the investigation [into the Watergate break in]… to cover up,conceal,and protect those responsible;and to conceal the existence and scope of other unlawful covert activities."
Articles of Impeachment,U.S.House Judiciary Committee,1974
Chief among the political concerns of this time period was the

A) rise of informality in U.S. political culture.
B) proper balance in the powers of the presidency and the federal government.
C) supremacy of state sovereignty over local issues.
D) growth of "big government" and the national debt.

Question 26

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[But] somewhere between 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 citizens of [the United States]… [are] poor… It is a blow to reform and the political hopes of the poor that the middle class no longer understands that poverty exists… What shall we tell the American poor?...Shall we say to them that they are better off than the Indian poor? That is one answer,but it is heartless…The means are at hand to fulfill the age-old dream: poverty can now be abolished."
Michael Harrington,The Other America,1962
Conservative critics of the American government's reaction to the issues described in the passage

A) argued against the culture of conformity.
B) called the efforts a misuse of national authority.
C) charged that too little was done to transform economic realities.
D) called for increased measures for conservation.

Question 27

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"In his conduct of the office of President of the United States,Richard M.Nixon,in violation of his constitutional oath faithfully to execute the office of President of the United States…has prevented,obstructed,and impeded the administration of justice,in that:
Richard M.Nixon,using the powers of his high office,engaged personally and through his subordinates and agents,in a course of conduct or plan designed to delay,impede,and obstruct the investigation [into the Watergate break in]… to cover up,conceal,and protect those responsible;and to conceal the existence and scope of other unlawful covert activities."
Articles of Impeachment,U.S.House Judiciary Committee,1974
Which of the following best explains the impact of the events leading up to the House Judiciary Committee's resolution above?

A) A rise in attacks on communism
B) Rebellion among the nation's intellectuals
C) A growth in advocacy for economic inequality
D) Sharp political divisions and growing mistrust in government

Question 28

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"As…Negroes fought for entry into American society,[the Beats] passively withdrew from the surrounding nation… [they] listened to poetry readings,listened to jazz,… opted for poverty,refused to be anchored down by family obligations,and developed a literary style marked by run-on,stream-of-consciousness sentences… The Beats rejected straight society. Overthrow it-its morality,its patriotism,its family structure,its capitalism,its Christianity,its taboos… Socially alienated and ideologically inarticulate,the Beats represented radicalism of the cultural rather than the political.
Daniel Flynn,A Conservative History of the American Left,2009
Which of the following changes would the group described in the passage have most strongly opposed?

A) Expansion of middle-class suburbs
B) Campaigns to limit pollution
C) The rise of equality movements for women and gays
D) Efforts to eliminate poverty

Question 29

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"As…Negroes fought for entry into American society,[the Beats] passively withdrew from the surrounding nation… [they] listened to poetry readings,listened to jazz,… opted for poverty,refused to be anchored down by family obligations,and developed a literary style marked by run-on,stream-of-consciousness sentences… The Beats rejected straight society. Overthrow it-its morality,its patriotism,its family structure,its capitalism,its Christianity,its taboos… Socially alienated and ideologically inarticulate,the Beats represented radicalism of the cultural rather than the political.
Daniel Flynn,A Conservative History of the American Left,2009
The ideology of the group described in the passage would be most nearly reflected in which of the following?

A) Civil Rights Activists
B) Environmental conservationists
C) Members of the young counterculture
D) Neoconservatives

Question 30

"Women have many careers,but only one vocation-motherhood… It is for woman as mother,actual or vicarious,to restore emotional security in our insecure world… Today,however,the duties of the homemaker have become so depreciated that many women feel impelled to work outside the home-even when it is not economically necessary-in order to retain the respect of the community… What ails these women who reject their children? Surface influences of a competitive,materialistic world have atrophied their emotions and destroyed their instinctive reactions."
Agnes Meyer,"Women Aren't Men," Reader's Digest,1950
The author of this passage would agree most with the role of women in the period of

A) the 1790s.
B) the 1890s.
C) the 1920s.
D) the 1940s.

Question 31

"Women have many careers,but only one vocation-motherhood… It is for woman as mother,actual or vicarious,to restore emotional security in our insecure world… Today,however,the duties of the homemaker have become so depreciated that many women feel impelled to work outside the home-even when it is not economically necessary-in order to retain the respect of the community… What ails these women who reject their children? Surface influences of a competitive,materialistic world have atrophied their emotions and destroyed their instinctive reactions."
Agnes Meyer,"Women Aren't Men," Reader's Digest,1950
Which of the following developments would most directly challenge the perspective of this passage?

A) Media depictions of the nuclear family
B) Movements for individual rights
C) The rise in the number of working women
D) The movement towards suburbanization

Question 32

"Malcom X,one of the most influential Black Nationalist thinkers of the twentieth century,declared… 'The political philosophy of black nationalism is that which is designed to encourage our people,the black people,to gain complete control over the politics and the politicians of our own community.' ...Both scholars and leaders agree on certain central features of Black Nationalist ideology… The crucial distinguishing feature between the nationalists and the integrationists is that nationalists' integration as neither desirable nor likely as a means of achieving black liberation in the United States at the present time."
Alphonso Pinkney,Red,Black,and Green: Black Nationalism in the United States,1979
In the post-World War II era,support grew for the philosophy described in the passage as a result of

A) solidarity movements between Blacks, Latinos, and American Indians.
B) charges of communism among more radical activists.
C) philosophical divisions over the Vietnam war.
D) the slow progress of desegregation movements.

Question 33

The following questions refer to the image below.

Fred W.McDarrah/Getty Images
Which of the following developments most significantly challenged the success of the movement depicted above?

A) The growth of transportation technology
B) The growth in political activism among fundamentalist groups
C) The growth of the counterculture in the 1960s
D) The decline in public trust in government

Question 34

The following questions refer to the image below.

Fred W.McDarrah/Getty Images
The event depicted above was most directly influenced by the

A) Great Society programs aimed at income inequality.
B) growth of challenges to inequality elsewhere in the nation.
C) Vietnam War protestors as the war escalated.
D) baby boom and the corresponding rise of suburbanization.

Question 35

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[But] somewhere between 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 citizens of [the United States]… [are] poor… It is a blow to reform and the political hopes of the poor that the middle class no longer understands that poverty exists… What shall we tell the American poor?...Shall we say to them that they are better off than the Indian poor? That is one answer,but it is heartless…The means are at hand to fulfill the age-old dream: poverty can now be abolished."
Michael Harrington,The Other America,1962
What was the most significant response of the United States' government to the sentiments expressed in the passage?

A) The expansion of the role of the Supreme Court
B) The protection of the private sector
C) The enactment of the Great Society
D) The passage of new immigration laws

Question 36

The following questions refer to the image below.

Fred W.McDarrah/Getty Images
The movement depicted above was most similar to preceding civil rights movements in its use of

A) nonviolent protest.
B) the Supreme Court.
C) Federal power.
D) new legislation.

Question 37

"Women have many careers,but only one vocation-motherhood… It is for woman as mother,actual or vicarious,to restore emotional security in our insecure world… Today,however,the duties of the homemaker have become so depreciated that many women feel impelled to work outside the home-even when it is not economically necessary-in order to retain the respect of the community… What ails these women who reject their children? Surface influences of a competitive,materialistic world have atrophied their emotions and destroyed their instinctive reactions."
Agnes Meyer,"Women Aren't Men," Reader's Digest,1950
Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the perspective of this passage?

A) Liberals
B) Latinos
C) Conservatives
D) African-Americans

Question 38

"Women have many careers,but only one vocation-motherhood… It is for woman as mother,actual or vicarious,to restore emotional security in our insecure world… Today,however,the duties of the homemaker have become so depreciated that many women feel impelled to work outside the home-even when it is not economically necessary-in order to retain the respect of the community… What ails these women who reject their children? Surface influences of a competitive,materialistic world have atrophied their emotions and destroyed their instinctive reactions."
Agnes Meyer,"Women Aren't Men," Reader's Digest,1950
Which of the following developments contributed most directly to the concern with the topic in the passage?

A) The rise of counterculture
B) The baby boom
C) Urban unrest
D) The Great Society

Question 39

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"[But] somewhere between 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 citizens of [the United States]… [are] poor… It is a blow to reform and the political hopes of the poor that the middle class no longer understands that poverty exists… What shall we tell the American poor?...Shall we say to them that they are better off than the Indian poor? That is one answer,but it is heartless…The means are at hand to fulfill the age-old dream: poverty can now be abolished."
Michael Harrington,The Other America,1962
Which of the following stands in most direct contrast to the message of this passage?

A) Perceptions of America's economic well-being following World War II
B) The rise of liberalism in the 1960s
C) The challenges faced by civil rights activists
D) Images advanced by the popular media

Question 40

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"The conventional wisdom on the origins of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965 suggests that it was primarily a product of the civil rights movement… However,ideational effects of the cold war also played a part in the political developments of 1965… Cold war foreign-policy considerations pressed for increased openness for ethnic minority immigration to reduce tensions with allied (or potential allied)countries,and conversely,civil rights leaders were able to gain leverage for the Civil Rights Act by exploiting this tension and forcing Americans to practice the liberalism reflected in their founding myths."
Christopher Rudolph,National Security and Immigration: Policy Development in the United States and Western Europe Since 1945,2006
The most significant result of the policy change described in the passage was that

A) significant numbers of international migrants sought opportunities in the United States.
B) fears of Communist influences led to general hostility towards immigrants.
C) the civil rights movement experienced a philosophical divide over the inclusion of immigrants.
D) America's role as an international peacekeeper declined significantly.

Question 41

The following questions refer to the map below.

2016 Cengage Learning
Post-War Migration to the Sunbelt and West Coast
Answer parts a,b,and c.
a)Describe ONE major cultural change resulting from ONE of the following in the period from 1950 to 1970:
-Baby Boom
-Technological Developments
-Suburbanization
b)Briefly explain ONE specific development leading to the change you described in part a.
c)Briefly explain ONE specific response to the change you described in part a.

Question 42

Directions: In your response you should do the following:
• State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
• Support your argument with evidence,using specific examples.
• Apply historical thinking skills as directed by the question.
• Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or connects it to a different category of analysis.
Compare and contrast Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal with Lyndon Johnson's Great Society.To what extent did the Presidents use federal power to advance social and economic goals?

Question 43

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"The conventional wisdom on the origins of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965 suggests that it was primarily a product of the civil rights movement… However,ideational effects of the cold war also played a part in the political developments of 1965… Cold war foreign-policy considerations pressed for increased openness for ethnic minority immigration to reduce tensions with allied (or potential allied)countries,and conversely,civil rights leaders were able to gain leverage for the Civil Rights Act by exploiting this tension and forcing Americans to practice the liberalism reflected in their founding myths."
Christopher Rudolph,National Security and Immigration: Policy Development in the United States and Western Europe Since 1945,2006
Which of the following developments of the era most significantly amplified the effects of the policy described in the passage?

A) Civil rights victories
B) The rise of individualism
C) The growth of suburbs
D) The booming economy

Question 44

The following questions refer to the map below.

2016 Cengage Learning
Post-War Migration to the Sunbelt and West Coast
Which of the following best describes the impact of the migration shown on the map?

A) A shift in the geographic focus of political power
B) A decline in the role of liberalism in American government
C) A change in the balance of power between minorities and white Americans
D) An acceleration of technological change

Question 45

The following questions refer to the map below.

2016 Cengage Learning
Post-War Migration to the Sunbelt and West Coast
Population growth in this period most directly contributed to growing concerns about

A) Communism.
B) the scope of presidential power.
C) American energy policy and resource use.
D) national values.

Question 46

Directions: These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.
In your response you should do the following:
•State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
•Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents.
•Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument.
•Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view.
•Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents.
•Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes.
•Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic.
To what extent did American foreign policy evolve following the conclusion of World War II? Discuss both continuities and changes during the period from 1945 to 1980.

Question 47

The following questions refer to the map below.

2016 Cengage Learning
Post-War Migration to the Sunbelt and West Coast
"At the very time the Senate was censuring [Senator Joseph] McCarthy,Congress was putting through a whole series of anti-Communist bills…The liberals in the government were themselves acting to exclude,persecute,fire,and even imprison Communists.It was just that McCarthy had gone too far,attacking not only Communists but liberals,endangering that broad liberal-conservative coalition which was considered essential… Undoubtedly,there was success in the attempt to make the general public fearful of Communists and ready to take drastic actions against them-imprisonment at home,military action abroad.The whole culture was permeated with anti-Communism."
Howard Zinn,The People's History of the United States,1980
" "McCarthyism" subsequently became a term synonymous with repression and terror-an amazing development considering that not one of the people subpoenaed by the senator to testify lacked legal counsel;none were arrested or detained without due process;and no one went to jail without a trial.The bottom line,however,was that anticommunism was a serious response to genuine threats on many levels than it was a form of paranoia… Spies…had given the Soviets the data they needed to make an atomic bomb… Labeling this the Red Scare,or hysteria,is a gross exaggeration."
Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen,A Patriot's History of the United States,2007
Using the excerpts above,answer parts a,b,and c.
a)Briefly explain the central argument about post-World War II anti-Communism made by the first passage.
b)Briefly explain the central argument about post-World War II anti-Communism made by the second passage.
c)Briefly provide ONE additional piece of evidence,not referenced in the passages,that supports one of these two interpretations of post-World War II anti-Communism.

Question 48

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
"The conventional wisdom on the origins of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965 suggests that it was primarily a product of the civil rights movement… However,ideational effects of the cold war also played a part in the political developments of 1965… Cold war foreign-policy considerations pressed for increased openness for ethnic minority immigration to reduce tensions with allied (or potential allied)countries,and conversely,civil rights leaders were able to gain leverage for the Civil Rights Act by exploiting this tension and forcing Americans to practice the liberalism reflected in their founding myths."
Christopher Rudolph,National Security and Immigration: Policy Development in the United States and Western Europe Since 1945,2006
The policy described in the passage contributed to a proportional growth in the population of Americans of what descent?

A) European
B) African
C) Indian
D) Latin American

Question 49

The following questions refer to the map below.

2016 Cengage Learning
Post-War Migration to the Sunbelt and West Coast
Which of the following factors most directly motivated the migration shown in this map?

A) Economic development
B) The growth of higher education
C) Desegregation
D) The conservation movement

Question 50

Directions: In your response you should do the following:
• State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
• Support your argument with evidence,using specific examples.
• Apply historical thinking skills as directed by the question.
• Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or connects it to a different category of analysis.
Analyze the growth of the women's movement during the period from 1950 to 1980.Consider both the movement's methods and achievements in this period.

Question 51

Directions: These questions are based on the accompanying documents.The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.
In your response you should do the following:
•State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
•Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all,or all but one,of the documents.
•Incorporate analysis of all,or all but one,of the documents into your argument.
•Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,purpose,historical context,and/or point of view.
•Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents.
•Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes.
•Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument,connects it to a different historical context,or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic.
To what extent did the civil rights campaigns for women,Latinos,and American Indians reflect the efforts of the African-American Civil Rights Movement? Discuss both continuities in the movements as well as strategic changes in the period from 1954 to 1978.

Question 52

The following questions refer to the map below.

2016 Cengage Learning
Post-War Migration to the Sunbelt and West Coast
Using your knowledge of United States history,answer parts a,b,and c.
a)Briefly describe ONE specific United States foreign policy during the period from 1945 to 1970.
b)Briefly describe ONE specific result of the policy you described in part a.
c)Identify and explain ONE criticism of the policy you described in part a.