Question 1

Nicotinic receptors are found on which of the following nerve cells?&#10;A)Sympathetic effector cells&#10;B)Sympathetic ganglionic cells&#10;C)Parasympathetic effector cells&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptors are found on sympathetic ganglionic cells, where they mediate synaptic transmission between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Question 2

Which of the following receptor types mediates an increase in heart rate and contractility?&#10;A)Alpha1 receptors&#10;B)Alpha2 receptors&#10;C)Beta1 receptors&#10;D)Beta2 receptors

Accepted Answer

Beta1 receptors are found primarily in the heart and are responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility. Activation of Beta1 receptors by epinephrine or norepinephrine increases the activity of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, leading to an increase in cyclic AMP levels and subsequent activation of protein kinase A. This ultimately results in increased calcium influx into cardiac myocytes, leading to increased contractility and heart rate.

Question 3

Selective bilateral damage to the gray ramus from T1 to T6 would most likely produce which of the following effects?&#10;A)Bilaterally constricted pupils&#10;B)A lower than normal heart rate&#10;C)An increase in intestinal motility&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The gray ramus communicates carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers back to the spinal nerves. Damage to these fibers from T1 to T6 would impair sympathetic innervation to the eyes (leading to constricted pupils), heart (resulting in a lower heart rate), and intestines (causing increased motility), thus all of the effects listed are likely.

Question 4

Which drug stimulates beta1 and beta2 receptors?&#10;A)Phenoxybenzamine&#10;B)Albuterol&#10;C)Isoproterenol&#10;D)Reserpine

Accepted Answer

Isoproterenol stimulates both beta1 and beta2 receptors. Phenoxybenzamine is an alpha blocker, albuterol is a selective beta2 agonist, and reserpine is an antihypertensive medication that depletes catecholamines.

Question 5

The application of a solution containing atropine to the eye will result in which of the following?&#10;A)Pupillary constriction&#10;B)An inability to focus on objects close at hand&#10;C)Ptosis&#10;D)Amblyopia

Accepted Answer

Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist that causes dilation of the pupil (mydriasis) and paralysis of the ciliary muscle, leading to an inability to focus on objects close at hand (cycloplegia).

Question 6

Beta2 receptor agonists are used to treat which of the following conditions?&#10;A)Asthma&#10;B)Myasthenia gravis&#10;C)Heart failure&#10;D)Insecticide poisoning

Accepted Answer

Beta2 receptor agonists are used as bronchodilators to treat asthma by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways. Myasthenia gravis is treated with anticholinesterase drugs or immunosuppressants. Heart failure is treated with medications such as ACE inhibitors and diuretics. Insecticide poisoning is typically treated with supportive care and specific antidotes if available.

Question 7

Which of the following receptors is found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?&#10;A)Nicotinic&#10;B)Muscarinic&#10;C)Adrenergic&#10;D)Dopaminergic

Accepted Answer

Nicotinic receptors are found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. These receptors bind to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and play a role in the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons. Muscarinic receptors, on the other hand, are found only in the parasympathetic nervous system and mediate the effects of acetylcholine on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Adrenergic receptors are found in the sympathetic nervous system and bind to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Dopaminergic receptors are found in the central nervous system and bind to the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Question 8

Which of the following nerve fibers are contained in the gray ramus?&#10;A)Postganglionic sympathetic fibers&#10;B)Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers&#10;C)Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers&#10;D)Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Accepted Answer

Gray rami contain postganglionic sympathetic fibers.

Question 9

Which of the following structures is innervated almost entirely by the sympathetic, but not the parasympathetic, division of the autonomic nervous system?&#10;A)Blood vessels&#10;B)Gastrointestinal tract&#10;C)Heart&#10;D)Reproductive organs&#10;E)Urinary bladder

Accepted Answer

Blood vessels are innervated almost entirely by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation to control blood flow and blood pressure. The parasympathetic division does not play a significant role in the regulation of blood vessels. The other structures listed are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, although the balance of their influence may vary depending on the specific conditions or stimuli.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the spinal cord location of cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons?&#10;A)Dorsal horn&#10;B)Ventral horn&#10;C)Lateral horn

Accepted Answer

The cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.

Question 11

Which of the following is the neurotransmitter in autonomic ganglia?&#10;A)Acetylcholine&#10;B)Norepinephrine&#10;C)Epinephrine&#10;D)Dopamine

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the neurotransmitter...

Question 12

Selective destruction of the right superior cervical ganglion would result in which of the following?&#10;A)A dilated pupil in the right eye&#10;B)A dilated pupil in the left eye&#10;C)A fixed, nonaccommodating lens in the right eye&#10;D)A constricted pupil in the right eye

Accepted Answer

The answer of Selective destruction of the right superior cervical...

Question 13

Which of the following are correctly paired?&#10;A)Sympathetic stimulation and ejaculation&#10;B)Sympathetic stimulation and blood vessel dilation c.Sympathetic stimulation and pupillary constriction&#10;D)Parasympathetic stimulation and increased heart rate&#10;E)Parasympathetic stimulation and constriction of coronary artery&#10;F)Parasympathetic stimulation and dilation of bronchi

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following are correctly paired?&#10;A)Sympathetic...

Deck 61: The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla