Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Need for achievement is also referred to as __________.

A) nAch
B) NFA
C) Ach
D) neech

Answer 1

nAch

Question 2

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of at least __________ basic facial expressions of emotion.

A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) nine

Answer 2

seven

Question 3

The process by which the facial expressions send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called __________.

A) facial feedback
B) internal emotion work
C) primary emotional processing
D) body language

Answer 3

facial feedback

Question 4

What do we call biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior?

A) drives
B) instincts
C) releasing behaviors
D) universal behaviors

Question 5

According to Schvey et al. (2015), which of the following individuals is at the highest risk for developing an eating disorder?

A) Ted, a 42-year-old workaholic
B) Phoebe, a 13-year-old student who is popular with her peers
C) Emily, the 16-year-old daughter of two parents who are in the military
D) Charles, a 61-year-old retiree

Question 6

Dylan gets a great deal of fulfillment out of visiting the new art exhibits at the museum in town. He usually visits each exhibit several times during a show and finds beauty in a variety of different types of art works. Dylan is likely to visit the new exhibits in an effort to meet a(n) __________ need.

A) freedom
B) belonging
C) power
D) aesthetic

Question 7

In arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) __________ level of tension.

A) ultimate
B) lower
C) optimal
D) high

Question 8

The pursuit of an activity for an outcome that is separate from the person is called __________.

A) the need for affiliation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) a mastery goal

Question 9

__________ theory states that behaviors are motivated by an organism's attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst and return the body to a state of balance.

A) Drive-reduction
B) Homeostatic
C) Needs
D) Disequilibrium

Question 10

According to cognitive-mediational theories, appraisal of the situation comes __________ the physical arousal and __________ the experience of emotion.

A) before; before
B) after; before
C) before; after
D) after; after

Question 11

Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S. Army's slogan "Be all that you can be"?

A) safety
B) self-esteem
C) belongingness
D) self-actualization

Question 12

Which of the following statements is accurate concerning the interaction of culture and food?

A) American men and women both eat to reduce depression, whereas Japanese men and women eat to reduce anger.
B) American women eat when they are depressed, whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands.
C) There are no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women.
D) Japanese men eat more than both American men and women.

Question 13

Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion?

A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) Schachter-Singer theory
D) common-sense view of emotions

Question 14

Schachter and Singer proposed that what two things must happen before emotion occurs?

A) physical arousal and fight or flight
B) cognition and behavior
C) physical arousal and labeling
D) behavior and physical arousal

Question 15

Which of the following is a criticism of Maslow's theory?

A) Research does not support the idea that people want to self-actualize.
B) Evidence suggests that met needs become less important.
C) His theory was based primarily on the study of Americans.
D) The theory does not suggest a regulatory fit.

Question 16

Which two terms BEST describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?

A) arousal and physiology
B) behavior and genetics
C) arousal and context
D) nature and nurture

Question 17

One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives __________.

A) are inherited
B) exist inside a narrow collection of internal stimuli
C) exist independently of any need or level of arousal
D) only work for adults

Question 18

Some psychologists believe that an organism's behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively-a state called __________.

A) unbalance
B) acquiescence
C) propinquity
D) homeostasis

Question 19

Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by __________ theory.

A) Plutchik's
B) the James-Lange
C) Schachter and Singer's
D) the Cannon-Bard

Question 20

The problematic functioning of what hormone may contribute to overeating?

A) adrenaline
B) peptic acid
C) leptin
D) lipotor

Question 21

The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by __________.

A) the need for affiliation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) biological drives
D) performance goals

Question 22

Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity __________.

A) for external reward
B) for its own sake
C) to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation
D) in order to increase one's competence and skills

Question 23

The __________ theory of motivation suggests a connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior.

A) arousal
B) drive-reduction
C) incentive
D) achievement

Question 24

In psychology, instinct approaches to motivation have faded because they lacked the goal of __________.

A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) change

Question 25

__________ is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water.

A) Motivation
B) A drive
C) A value
D) Instinct

Question 26

The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) __________.

A) emotion
B) impulse
C) drive
D) instinct

Question 27

Which of the following was a positive outcome of instinct approaches?

A) They gave birth to psychoanalytic theory.
B) Psychologists began focusing on learning theories.
C) Psychologists were forced to consider the effects of heredity on behavior.
D) They presented a better explanation of behavior.

Question 28

Early in the twentieth century, William McDougall and others proposed that motivation was a result of __________.

A) instincts
B) incentives
C) drives
D) emotions

Question 29

Early in the twentieth century, William McDougall proposed that there were __________ human instincts.

A) five
B) nine
C) 18
D) 24

Question 30

The pursuit of an activity for an outcome that is separate from the person is called __________.

A) the need for affiliation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) extrinsic motivation
D) a mastery goal

Question 31

In the early attempts to understand motivation, psychologists were inclined to attribute it to __________.

A) emotions
B) incentives
C) learned responses
D) instincts

Question 32

Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of __________.

A) incentives
B) motives
C) instinct
D) needs

Question 33

An instinct is a tendency that is __________.

A) learned
B) conditioned
C) biologically innate
D) easily controlled

Question 34

Which statement about motivation is TRUE?

A) Motivation directs behavior.
B) We are always aware of motivational processes.
C) There is only one type of motivation.
D) Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.

Question 35

You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class. He mentions "purposeful or goal-directed behavior that satisfies a particular physical or psychological need or want." You recognize that the speaker is talking about which type of behavior?

A) motivated
B) emotional
C) frustrated
D) preconscious

Question 36

Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity __________.

A) for external rewards
B) because the act itself is satisfying
C) to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation
D) in order to be judged favorably by others

Question 37

What do we call biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior?

A) drives
B) instincts
C) releasing behaviors
D) universal behaviors

Question 38

According to the text, the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called __________.

A) stability
B) equilibrium
C) homeostasis
D) physiological balance

Question 39

Chase is known to be the fastest worker in the mail room. He has worked in the mail room for only a short time but prides himself on being competent and a quick learner. He often gets positive comments from coworkers and his boss, which helps to motivate him and has a positive effect as he continues to challenge himself at work. As a result of his efficient style, he is also given more freedom than other workers, as his boss is impressed by his ability to sort and organize mail. Chase is likely to be __________ motivated as he continues to challenge and push himself to perform even better each day.

A) intrinsically
B) extrinsically
C) superiorly
D) withinsically

Question 40

The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called __________.

A) motivation
B) emotion
C) achievement
D) synergy

Question 41

Primary drives are __________.

A) learned
B) unlearned
C) produced by external incentives
D) exceptions to the drive-reduction principle

Question 42

According to drive-reduction theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction?

A) Tension is increased.
B) Stability is reduced.
C) Tension is reduced.
D) Drives are increased.

Question 43

The abbreviation nAch stands for __________.

A) no achievement
B) need for achievement
C) no challenge
D) need for change

Question 44

Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called __________.

A) stability
B) equilibrium
C) homeostasis
D) physiological balance

Question 45

Gwyneth says, "I don't care much about my grades as long as I'm the most popular girl in the class!" What need is she demonstrating?

A) need for achievement
B) need for affiliation
C) need for power
D) need for sex

Question 46

__________ theory states that behaviors are motivated by an organism's attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst and return the body to a state of balance.

A) Drive-reduction
B) Homeostatic
C) Needs
D) Disequilibrium

Question 47

What is the chief function of homeostasis?

A) to prevent balance
B) to maintain a steady state
C) to regulate emotions
D) to control sexual urges

Question 48

Homeostasis is MOST like which of the following?

A) a car
B) a thermometer
C) a cooler
D) a thermostat

Question 49

A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst. This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches __________ theory.

A) reciprocity
B) homeostatic
C) needs
D) drive-reduction

Question 50

What does the drive-reduction theory fail to explain?

A) actions people take to reduce tension created by needs
B) behavior that arises from physiological needs
C) people eating when they're not hungry
D) the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

Question 51

Some psychologists believe that an organism's behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively-a state the text refers to as __________.

A) counterbalance
B) acquiescence
C) propinquity
D) homeostasis

Question 52

Physiologically based drives that are unlearned are called __________ drives.

A) primary
B) reflexive
C) acquired (secondary)
D) tertiary

Question 53

Primary drives are caused by __________.

A) exceptions to the drive-reduction principle
B) learned behaviors
C) needs within the body
D) needs outside the body

Question 54

Thirst, sexual desire, and hunger are examples of __________ drives.

A) primary
B) reduction
C) acquired (secondary)
D) internalized

Question 55

Pippa put all her time and energy into getting into the acting club because her main goal in life was "to be a famous star!" Pippa's drive to be famous was a(n) __________ drive.

A) primary
B) reflexive
C) acquired (secondary)
D) tertiary

Question 56

The need for __________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals.

A) achievement
B) power
C) motivation
D) emotion

Question 57

Drives that are learned through experience are called __________ drives.

A) primary
B) reflexive
C) acquired (secondary)
D) tertiary

Question 58

Which of the following activities is inconsistent with drive-reduction theory?

A) eating food that tastes bad
B) going swimming on a hot day
C) going rock climbing for recreation
D) smoking pot to relax

Question 59

Drive-reduction theorists would say that getting a haircut to look attractive is a(n) __________ drive.

A) homeostatic
B) acquired (secondary)
C) primary
D) motive

Question 60

Which of the following accurately describes people who are high in the need for achievement?

A) They look for careers that pay a lot of money.
B) They look for careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them.
C) They look for careers that require little education.
D) They look for careers that will make them famous.

Question 61

Things that attract or lure people into action are __________.

A) instincts
B) incentives
C) stimuli
D) bait

Question 62

Javier says, "I want to rule the world." What type of need is he demonstrating?

A) need for achievement
B) need for affiliation
C) need for power
D) need for sex

Question 63

Antoine is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for __________.

A) attention
B) affiliation
C) physical activity
D) achievement

Question 64

Need for achievement is also referred to as __________.

A) Ach
B) NFA
C) nAch
D) neech

Question 65

According to Dweck, what is the BEST parenting strategy one can use to help children succeed?

A) praise good behavior and punish bad behavior
B) praise good behavior but say nothing about bad behavior
C) constructively criticize and link it with praise for effort
D) criticize bad behavior and minimally praise good behavior

Question 66

A stimulus motive is __________.

A) unlearned
B) learned
C) acquired
D) based on behavior

Question 67

According to Carol Dweck, people with which type of control believe that intelligence is fixed, unchanging, and independent?

A) internal locus of control
B) decremental
C) incidental
D) external locus of control

Question 68

Andre says, "I don't care what I do as long as I am in control!" What need is he demonstrating?

A) need for achievement
B) need for affiliation
C) need for power
D) need for sex

Question 69

According to Carol Dweck, people with which type of control believe intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experience?

A) internal locus of control
B) decremental
C) incidental
D) external locus of control

Question 70

Compared to most people, Rocco appears to need a high level of arousal. He enjoys potentially life-threatening hobbies such as skydiving, swimming with sharks, and bungee jumping from bridges. Rocco is likely to be __________.

A) a show-off
B) mentally unstable
C) a sensation seeker
D) unhealthy

Question 71

Which of the following statements would BEST be associated with Carol Dweck?

A) Looking smart is better than being smart.
B) Failure is a good way to learn.
C) Never fail, no matter what.
D) The best way to succeed is to always have the right answer.

Question 72

Although Tamika just ate a huge meal and feels "stuffed," the idea of a chocolate sundae is too good to pass up. Which motivational term explains the appeal of the sundae?

A) incentive
B) instinctive
C) drive reduction
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 73

Fletcher believes that all the teaching in the world will not change the fact that he is stupid and of below average intelligence. According to Dweck, what locus of control does Fletcher have?

A) internal locus of control
B) decremental
C) incidental
D) external locus of control

Question 74

A way to abbreviate need for power is __________.

A) nPow
B) nAch
C) nEEP
D) nAff

Question 75

In arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) __________ level of tension.

A) ultimate
B) lower
C) optimal
D) high

Question 76

According to Carol Dweck, need for achievement is closely related to __________.

A) genetics
B) geography
C) luck
D) personality factors

Question 77

River is a very active 5-year-old compared to others in his class. He appears to seek a great deal of stimulation and is very playful, curious, and explorative. River's seemingly unlearned motives, which are likely to increase stimulation, are called __________ motives.

A) developmental
B) exploratory
C) stimulus
D) cognitive

Question 78

Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as __________ in arousal theory.

A) foolhardy
B) a person high in nPow
C) a sensation seeker
D) a person high in nAff

Question 79

Zhang Wei believes that he can learn from his mistakes and that study and perseverance will help him improve his intelligence. According to Dweck, what locus of control does Zhang Wei have?

A) internal locus of control
B) decremental
C) incidental
D) external locus of control

Question 80

One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives __________.

A) are inherited
B) exist inside a narrow collection of internal stimuli
C) exist independently of any need or level of arousal
D) only work for adults