Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to __________.

A) the gender of the person doing the hypnotizing
B) education
C) state of suggestibility
D) time of day

Answer 1

state of suggestibility

Question 2

Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk?

A) a 10-year-old child
B) a 24-year-old adult
C) a 44-year-old adult
D) a 74-year-old adult

Answer 2

a 10-year-old child

Question 3

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter associated with alcohol?

A) GABA
B) acetylcholine
C) endorphins
D) adrenalin

Answer 3

GABA

Question 4

Sleep spindles appear during stage __________ sleep.

A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) R

Question 5

Your friend Deshaun has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Deshaun is probably suffering from __________.

A) narcolepsy
B) parasomnia
C) REM rebound
D) sleep apnea

Question 6

Heroin addiction has been treated with __________.

A) morphine
B) LSD
C) methadone
D) amphetamines

Question 7

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning cocaine?

A) During the Civil War, many Confederate soldiers bought cocaine from Union soldiers.
B) At one time, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola.
C) Cocaine was used by early Greek philosophers.
D) One of the powerful addictive ingredients in cocaine is heroin.

Question 8

One major danger of barbiturates is __________.

A) overstimulation
B) hyperactivity
C) drug interaction
D) sleepwalking

Question 9

A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called _________.

A) sleep apnea
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) cataplexy

Question 10

Which of the following is classified as a depressant?

A) cocaine
B) alcohol
C) heroin
D) marijuana

Question 11

Melatonin is a __________.

A) hormone
B) neurotransmitter
C) depressant
D) stimulant

Question 12

Sigmund Freud believed that dreams __________.

A) are sexual perversions
B) stem from unconscious conflicts, events, and desires
C) are reflections of consciousness
D) are ways to solve problems

Question 13

Which early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid, seemingly mentally ill, from lack of this one stage of sleep?

A) Freud
B) Dement
C) Jung
D) James

Question 14

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A) We require more sleep as we age.
B) As we age, we tend to get less sleep.
C) We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D) The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.

Question 15

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

A) thinking
B) conscience
C) cognition
D) consciousness

Question 16

Which of the following pairs belong together?

A) LSD; tetrahydrocannabinol
B) marijuana; psilocybin
C) MDMA; acetylcholine
D) marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol

Question 17

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as __________.

A) hyperconsciousness
B) unconscious states
C) relaxed wakefulness
D) altered states of consciousness

Question 18

Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of __________.

A) endorphins
B) alcohol
C) cigarettes
D) LSD

Question 19

Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning the relation between sex and dreams?

A) Men and women typically dream about similar things.
B) Men dream more each night than women.
C) Research reports that men and women differ in the things they dream about.
D) Women tend to dream twice as much as men.

Question 20

Aiden needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Aiden is experiencing __________.

A) drug tolerance
B) drug detoxification
C) withdrawal
D) overdraw

Question 21

The hypothalamus controls the __________.

A) hypnotic suggestibility ratio
B) sleep-wake cycle
C) frequency of nightmares
D) growth hormones that occur during sleep

Question 22

Consciousness is the __________.

A) state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes
B) awareness of ourselves and the environment
C) memory of personally experienced events
D) intentional recollection of an item of information

Question 23

Melatonin is to __________ as an aspirin is to __________.

A) nausea; a nightmare
B) nightmare; blood clots
C) insomnia; a headache
D) sleep apnea; a blood thinner

Question 24

What does SCN stand for?

A) stop control now
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) serotonin-controlled nucleus
D) sleep control nucleus

Question 25

__________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

A) Serotonin
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Melatonin

Question 26

Melatonin is a __________.

A) hormone
B) neurotransmitter
C) depressant
D) stimulant

Question 27

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis?

A) daydreaming
B) meditative absorption
C) stream of consciousness
D) altered state of consciousness

Question 28

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as __________.

A) hyperconsciousness
B) unconscious states
C) relaxed wakefulness
D) altered states of consciousness

Question 29

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

A) thinking
B) cognition
C) conscience
D) consciousness

Question 30

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A) Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
B) The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
C) Heart rates typically increase at night.
D) Part of the brain is sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness.

Question 31

Our awareness of various external stimuli and internal mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating, is called __________.

A) consciousness
B) creativity
C) intelligence
D) self-awareness

Question 32

__________ used to be called "the gentle tyrant."

A) Drugs
B) Dreams
C) Sleep
D) Meditation

Question 33

A circadian cycle is approximately how many hours long?

A) 1.5
B) 12
C) 6
D) 24

Question 34

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?

A) thalamus
B) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
D) hypothalamus

Question 35

The state in which our thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and we feel alert is called __________.

A) altered state of consciousness
B) waking consciousness
C) self-awareness
D) intelligence

Question 36

Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of __________.

A) self-awareness
B) self-absorption
C) waking consciousness
D) altered states of consciousness

Question 37

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n) __________ rhythm.

A) infradian
B) diurnal
C) circadian
D) ultradian

Question 38

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) __________ cycle.

A) infradian
B) circadian
C) diurnal
D) ultradian

Question 39

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the __________.

A) pineal gland
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
C) thalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 40

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by which part of the brain?

A) optic nerve
B) frontal lobe
C) hypothalamus
D) median forebrain bundle

Question 41

Sleep may decrease the activity of neurons associated with __________, suggesting an important cognitive benefit of sleep.

A) intelligence
B) language
C) forgetting
D) problem solving

Question 42

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is __________ sleep.

A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) R

Question 43

Short, rhythmic bursts of brain-wave activity that appear during stage N2 sleep are called __________.

A) delta waves
B) sleep spindles
C) paradoxical sleep waves
D) beta waves

Question 44

If a human or a prey animal is out and about at night, it is more at risk of being eaten. If the prey is in a safe place sleeping and conserving energy, it is more likely to remain unharmed. This reasoning is consistent with the __________ theory of sleep.

A) restorative
B) adaptive
C) psychoanalytic
D) dream

Question 45

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages N1-N3 of sleep?

A) REM (or R) sleep
B) non-REM (NREM, or N) sleep
C) REMN sleep
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 46

REM sleep refers to __________.

A) dreamless sleep
B) sleep induced by sleeping pills
C) sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely
D) sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly

Question 47

Nazir is taking part in research on the effects of sleep deprivation; he has been without sleep for 75 hours. Right now, researchers have asked him to sit in front of a computer screen and hit a button each time he sees the letter S on the screen. A few days ago, Nazir was a whiz at this task; however, he is doing very poorly today. How are sleep researchers likely to explain Nazir's poor performance?

A) Due to the sleep deprivation, Nazir does not understand the task.
B) Microsleeps are occurring due to the sleep deprivation, and Nazir is asleep for brief periods of time.
C) Nazir is determined to ruin the research because of the suffering he is enduring at the hands of the researchers.
D) Nazir is probably dreaming that he is somewhere else and has no interest in responding to the "here and now."

Question 48

Which statement is CORRECT concerning how much sleep people need?

A) Most older people need at least 10 hours of sleep.
B) Men need more sleep than women.
C) Most young adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep.
D) Women need more sleep than men.

Question 49

If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?

A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) slow wave sleep

Question 50

If an EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, a researcher is likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A) R
B) N1
C) N2
D) N3

Question 51

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?

A) alpha eventually replaced by delta
B) delta eventually replaced by theta
C) beta eventually replaced by alpha
D) delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 52

Upon just waking up, you report a vivid visual event. What term do psychologists use for such phenomena?

A) hypnotic illusion
B) positive hallucination
C) hypnogogic images or hallucinations
D) hypnopompic image

Question 53

The restorative theory views sleep as __________.

A) having evolutionary advantages
B) helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events
C) a means to cope with stress
D) important only to the extent that we don't enter a state of sleep deprivation

Question 54

According to the __________ theory, sleep is necessary for the growth and repair of the body.

A) restorative
B) adaptive
C) psychoanalytic
D) dream

Question 55

If an EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves, a researcher is likely to conclude that the sleeping person is __________.

A) really not sleeping and is awake
B) in stage N2
C) in stage N3
D) in stage N4

Question 56

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A) electromyograph (EMG)
B) electrocardiograph (EKG)
C) electrooculograph (EOG)
D) electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 57

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A) We require more sleep as we age.
B) As we age, we tend to get less sleep.
C) We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D) The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.

Question 58

Sleep spindles appear during stage __________ sleep.

A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) R

Question 59

According to __________ theory, sleep is a product of evolution.

A) restorative
B) adaptive
C) psychoanalytic
D) dream

Question 60

Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation?

A) hyperactivity
B) cheerfulness
C) depression
D) nausea

Question 61

Alec is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Alec's symptoms?

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea
C) night terrors
D) REM behavior disorder

Question 62

The difference between insomnia and apnea is that __________.

A) apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children
B) insomnia is treatable but apnea is not
C) insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
D) apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not

Question 63

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is __________.

A) zombulism
B) cataplexy
C) narcolepsy
D) insomnia

Question 64

Which early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid, seemingly mentally ill, from lack of this one stage of sleep?

A) Freud
B) Dement
C) Jung
D) James

Question 65

Which of the following statements concerning sleepwalking is CORRECT?

A) Sleepwalking has never been used successfully as a murder defense.
B) There have been cases in which sleepwalking was a successful murder defense.
C) Sleepwalking in prisons is a common occurrence.
D) A famous attorney reported that he tried a murder case while he was sleepwalking.

Question 66

Which of the following statements regarding nightmares and/or night terrors is TRUE?

A) Night terrors are often seen as a rare disorder.
B) Nightmares, but not night terrors, suggest some psychological problems.
C) Night terrors, but not nightmares, suggest some psychological problems.
D) Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.

Question 67

Mason will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he __________.

A) takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight
B) drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping
C) did not sleep much last night
D) slept more than 8 hours last night

Question 68

Which stage of sleep is marked by the production of very slow delta waves?

A) R
B) N1
C) N2
D) N3

Question 69

People in stage N3 sleep __________.

A) dream all the time
B) are hard to wake up
C) are easy to wake up
D) hallucinate

Question 70

You find it hard to sleep due to your roommate's sleeping behavior. She snores quite a bit, and at times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing. Your roommate may have __________.

A) sleep apnea
B) night terrors
C) nightmares
D) narcolepsy

Question 71

Sleep research supports three helpful hints to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is one of them?

A) Stay in bed if you cannot fall asleep, so you don't "wake up" your brain.
B) Avoid meditation or relaxation techniques, as they interfere with your circadian rhythm.
C) Drink alcohol 2-3 hours before bedtime.
D) It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

Question 72

Yoshiko is having insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it?

A) Take sleeping pills.
B) Go to bed every night at different times to "shock your sleep system."
C) Study in bed and then immediately go to sleep.
D) Don't do anything in your bed but sleep.

Question 73

Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk?

A) a 10-year-old child
B) a 24-year-old adult
C) a 44-year-old adult
D) a 74-year-old adult

Question 74

The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep.

A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) R

Question 75

REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs __________.

A) in men over age 60
B) in women under age 60
C) in children
D) among the poor

Question 76

To treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should avoid doing anything in your bed but sleeping, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?

A) enuresis
B) narcolepsy
C) insomnia
D) REM behavior disorder

Question 77

If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from __________.

A) insomnia
B) parasomnia
C) hypersomnia
D) reverse insomnia

Question 78

Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

A) REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.
B) REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly.
C) REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
D) REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.

Question 79

REM behavior disorder results from __________.

A) too much sleep
B) not enough sleep
C) failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles
D) deterioration of the medial hypothalamus

Question 80

Stage N3 sleep is marked by __________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta