Deck 13: The Essentials of Control

Question 1

Someone who is frustrated by the growth opportunities in his job and progress toward career goals may regress to relatedness needs and start spending more time socializing with one's coworkers, is an example of relatedness in the ERG theory.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Motivation is the intention of achieving a goal, leading to goal-directed behavior.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Among the need-based approaches to motivation, the ERG theory states that individuals acquire three types of needs as a result of their life experiences.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

An employee who is trying to satisfy her safety needs may feel gratified when her supervisor praises her.

Question 5

The implication of the ERG theory is that we need to recognize which of the following?

A) The multiple needs that may be driving an individual at a given point
B) Understand group behaviors
C) Job design is critical to motivation
D) How to reward employees better

Question 6

Having the skills and knowledge required to perform the job is called _____________.

Question 7

Providing promotion opportunities at work, recognizing a person's accomplishments verbally or through more formal reward systems, job titles that communicate to the employee that one achieved high status within the organization are among the ways of satisfying:

A) Physiological needs
B) Esteem needs
C) Safety needs
D) Self-actualization needs

Question 8

Need for power is viewed as important for effectiveness in managerial and leadership positions.

Question 9

Physiological needs refer to the need for:

A) Air, food, and water
B) Safety from danger, pain, and an uncertain future
C) The bond with other human beings, to be loved and form lasting attachments
D) Respected by one's peers, feeling important and being appreciated

Question 10

Once physiological needs are satisfied, people tend to become concerned about self-actualization.

Question 11

An employee who is trying to satisfy his social needs may resent being praised by upper management in front of peers if the praise sets him apart from the rest of the group.

Question 12

In the ERG theory, existence need corresponds to Maslow's physiological and safety needs.

Question 13

Those who have a high need for affiliation have a strong need to be successful.

Question 14

Those who are high in need for achievement may view managerial activities such as coaching, communicating, and meeting with subordinates as necessary.

Question 15

Regarding motivation, there are four major theories in the need-based category and they include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B) Required needs theory
C) ERG theory
D) Herzberg's dual factor theory

Question 16

Need-based theories describe motivated behavior as team efforts to meet needs.

Question 17

Self-actualization refers to the desire to be respected by one's peers, feeling important, and being appreciated.

Question 18

Providing generous benefits, including health insurance and company-sponsored retirement plans, as well as offering a measure of job security, will help satisfy physiological needs.

Question 19

Individuals high in need for achievement are well suited to positions such as sales, where there are explicit goals and feedback is immediately available.

Question 20

ERG theory of Clayton Alderfer is the same as Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 21

_______________ needs may be satisfied by providing development and growth opportunities on or off the job, as well as by assigning interesting and challenging work.

Question 22

__________ theory of Clayton Alderfer is a modification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 23

Instead of the five needs that are hierarchically organized in Maslow's theory, Alderfer proposed that basic human needs may be grouped under _____________ categories.

Question 24

Individuals who want to be liked and accepted by others, and when given a choice, prefer to interact with others and be with friends have:

A) A high need for affiliation
B) A high need for power
C) A high need for achievement
D) A high need for relatedness

Question 25

In Herzberg's two-factor theory, hygiene factors include which of the following?

A) Company policies
B) Job descriptions
C) Base salaries
D) Self-actualization

Question 26

Those who want to influence others and control their environment have a high:

A) Need for affiliation
B) Need for power
C) Need for achievement
D) Need for growth

Question 27

Explain the ERG theory's main contribution to the literature.

Question 28

The most basic of Maslow's needs are _______________ needs.

Question 29

What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Question 30

How is Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory depicted and what does it represent?

Question 31

How can an organization satisfy their employees' various needs as defined by Maslow?

Question 32

According to the acquired needs theory, individuals acquire three types of needs as a result of their life experiences. This includes which of the following?

A) Need for recognition
B) Need for security
C) Need for career advancement
D) Need for power

Question 33

Maslow's theory is based on a simple premise: human beings have needs that are _______________ ranked.

Question 34

Herzberg labeled factors causing dissatisfaction of workers as ___________ factors because these factors were part of the context in which job was performed, as opposed to the job itself.

Question 35

Maslow's hierarchy is a ____________ way of thinking about the different needs employees may have at any given point and explains different reactions they may have to similar treatment.

Question 36

In the two-factor theory, _______________ are factors that are intrinsic to the job, such as achievement recognition, interesting work, and growth opportunities.
Short

Question 37

In ERG theory, _______________ corresponds to social needs, and growth needs refer to Maslow's esteem and self-actualization needs.

Question 38

The concern from danger, pain, or an uncertain future is the need for ____________.

Question 39

The ERG theory has a ____________ hypothesis suggesting that individuals who are frustrated in their attempts to satisfy one need may regress to another one.

Question 40

_____________ needs refer to the desire to be respected by one's peers, feeling important, and being appreciated.

Question 41

An example of a fixed ratio schedule would be giving an employee a sales commission every time he makes a sale.

Question 42

How might a high need for affiliation serve as a disadvantage in managerial positions?

Question 43

Our sense of fairness is a result of the professional comparisons we make.

Question 44

Studies point to wages as the primary influence over worker motivation.

Question 45

Why is the two-factor theory a valuable aid to managers?

Question 46

Like job rotation, job enlargement increases boredom and monotony.

Question 47

Job specialization is efficient in terms of automation and standardization.

Question 48

What is the difference between need- and process-based theories ion 2

Question 49

In order to influence their instrumentality perceptions, managers may train their employees, or hire people who are qualified for the jobs in question.

Question 50

What is Frederick Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory?

Question 51

According to the reinforcement theory, behavior is a function of its consequences.

Question 52

Low expectancy may be because employees may feel that something other than effort predicts performance, such as political behaviors on the part of employees.

Question 53

In the equity theory, inputs are the rewards the person feels he or she is receiving from a situation.

Question 54

Positive reinforcement involves making sure that behavior is met with removal of negative consequences.

Question 55

Nagging an employee to complete a report is an example of negative reinforcement.

Question 56

Equity perceptions develop as a result of a subjective process.

Question 57

Whether a person believes that high levels of effort will lead to desired outcomes is a perception labeled expectancy.

Question 58

What implications do McClelland's theory of acquired needs have for motivating employees?

Question 59

The first step in influencing expectancy is to connect pay and other rewards to performance using bonuses, award systems, and merit pay.

Question 60

Exclusively giving employees more tasks that are very simple in nature can have positive consequences on employee satisfaction with the job.

Question 61

Providing a reward after a specified period of time, such as a sales bonus once a month, is what schedule?

A) Continuous
B) Fixed ratio
C) Fixed interval
D) Variable ratio

Question 62

Three types of fairness theories include which of the following?

A) Individual fairness
B) Personal justice
C) Distributive justice
D) Universal justice

Question 63

The mere presence of feedback is sufficient for employees to feel motivated to perform better.

Question 64

Task identity refers to the degree to which a person has the freedom to decide how to perform tasks.

Question 65

Employees care about procedural justice for the organizational decisions including all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Layoffs
B) Employee selection
C) Pay decisions
D) Employee respect

Question 66

The perception labeled "expectancy" is a result of asking oneself:

A) Am I trained to do the job?
B) Will my effort lead to high performance?
C) Will performance lead to outcomes?
D) Do I find outcomes desirable?

Question 67

The perception labeled "instrumentality" is a result of asking oneself:

A) Am I trained to do the job?
B) Will my effort lead to high performance?
C) Will performance lead to outcomes?
D) Do I find outcomes desirable?

Question 68

In equity theory, _____________ are the contributions the person feels they are making to the environment.

Question 69

Job enrichment may sometimes cause employees to be dissatisfied.

Question 70

In equity theory, the _____________ other may be a specific person or an entire category of people.

Question 71

A systematic way in which reinforcement theory principles are applied is called:

A) Scientific management
B) Job specialization
C) OB Mod
D) Job characteristics model

Question 72

Whether a person's job substantially affects other people's work, health, or well being is referred to as:

A) Task significance
B) Task identity
C) Autonomy
D) Skill variety

Question 73

Breaking down tasks to their simplest components and assigning them to employees so that each person performs few tasks in a repetitive manner is called:

A) Job rotation
B) Job specialization
C) Job enlargement
D) Job enrichment

Question 74

If a goal is substantially difficult, merely working harder will get you the results.

Question 75

We perceive fairness if we believe that the input-to-output ratio we bring into a situation is similar to the input/output ration of a comparison person or ______________.

Question 76

According to the ______________ theory, individuals are motivated by a sense of fairness in their interactions.

Question 77

Researchers identified a personality trait that explains different reactions to inequity and named this:

A) Equity sensitivity
B) Inequity reactionaries
C) Procedural individuals
D) Reaction individuals

Question 78

In contrast to the need-based theories, _______________ theories view motivation as a rational process.

Question 79

Job design is one of the many organizational design decisions managers must make when engaged in the POLC function of:

A) Planning
B) Organizing
C) Leading
D) Controlling

Question 80

The theory based on the work of Pavlov in behavior conditioning, and the later work of Skinner on operant conditioning is:

A) Equity theory
B) Reinforcement theory
C) Scientific management
D) Acquired needs theory