Deck 6: Biological and Psychological Explanations

Question 1

Which of the following may impair moral reasoning and the ability to appreciate the consequences of one's actions?

A) High testosterone
B) Low IQ
C) High serotonin
D) Low glucose

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Psychological approaches also suggest that criminality results from psychological _____.

A) abnormality
B) development
C) recidivism
D) innovation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following suggests why low IQ may lead to crime?

A) It increases the likelihood of low testosterone levels.
B) It lowers serotonin levels.
C) It decreases social bonds.
D) It impairs moral judgment.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Why did Lombroso believe women committed so little crime?

A) He believed they preferred shoplifting to violence.
B) He believed they only committed crime out of anger.
C) He believed them to be more naturally passive than men.
D) He believed them to be more intelligent than men.

Question 5

Which of the following statements best describes cads?

A) Women who have multiple children in order to pass on their genes
B) Women who have numerous children as a means of passing on DNA
C) Men who have multiple spouses
D) Men who used rape as a means to pass along their genes

Question 6

Which of the following is said to increase aggressiveness,risk taking and impulsiveness?

A) Testosterone
B) Androgen
C) Insulin
D) Ritalin

Question 7

Kohlberg's theory of _____ is an explanation of the ability to distinguish right from wrong and to determine the ethically correct course of action in complex cases.

A) normative superiority
B) ethnocentrism
C) limited deviance
D) moral development

Question 8

Which of the following best reflects modern psychoanalytical explanations of crime?

A) Crime is the result of experiencing puberty.
B) Crime is only the result of serious physical injury to the head.
C) Crime arises from internal disturbances developing in early childhood.
D) Crime arises from genetic predispositions in certain races.

Question 9

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?

A) Serotonin
B) Glucose
C) Testosterone
D) Nitrogen

Question 10

An infamous criminal defense based on diet and nutrition is the ____ defense.

A) Red Bull
B) candy cane
C) Twinkie
D) hookah

Question 11

Who introduced the idea of personality being a product of id,ego and superego?

A) Fritz Mallack
B) Charles Darwin
C) Cesare Beccasia
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 12

Which of the following criminal defenses is based on the idea of women having "raging hormones"?

A) KGB
B) DNA
C) XXY
D) PMS

Question 13

Which of the following best describes phrenology?

A) It concerns the size and shape of skull as a measurement of criminality.
B) It concerns the use of brain scans as a measurement of criminality.
C) It is the study of social ecology as the root cause of crime.
D) It is the study of brain chemistry as the root cause of crime.

Question 14

According to researchers,which chromosome pattern suggests men with long arms,acne and low intelligence?

A) XXX
B) YXX
C) XXY
D) XYY

Question 15

Cesare Lombroso considered criminals ____ or "throwbacks" to an earlier age of evolution.

A) avatars
B) atavists
C) artisans
D) alabasters

Question 16

When both members of a part act alike,it is called _____.

A) cooption
B) coronation
C) contention
D) concordance

Question 17

Individuals who experience early puberty often:

A) suffer from low IQ.
B) act in anti-social ways.
C) get married.
D) drop out of school.

Question 18

Some of the most important work in psychology and crime focuses on _____.

A) social ecology
B) phrenology
C) personality
D) utilitarianism

Question 19

Which stage did Freud think represents internalization of society's moral code?

A) Superego
B) Id
C) Ego
D) Ethos

Question 20

Which of the following explanations suggests that for thousands of years certain favored traits survived through natural selection?

A) Social structure
B) Evolutionary biology
C) Developmental genetics
D) Intelligent design

Question 21

A popular modern biological explanation of crime centers on _____,the "male hormone."

Question 22

Relatively new technologies,such as positron emission tomography (PET)and _____,have enabled scientists to study the brain as never before.

A) psychological genetic hematology (PGH)
B) ionic resonance schematics (IRS)
C) geometric profiling systems (GPS)
D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 23

The _____ defense is based on the overconsumption of junk food.

Question 24

According to Freud,the _____ drives our basics desires according to Freud.

Question 25

Which of the following is a common critique of psychological studies?

A) Contemporarily, nearly all studies over-utilize juveniles.
B) Historically, they have often used small, unrepresentative samples of offenders in prisons or mental institutions.
C) Historically, few studies utilize established scientific method protocols, such as random samples.
D) Contemporarily, most studies are only done in laboratories and so results are questionable.

Question 26

Ectomorphs are muscular and prone to violence.

Question 27

Lombroso believed women were inherently more criminal than men.

Question 28

_____ carry messages from the brain throughout the body.

Question 29

In 1949,William Sheldon (1898-1977)published a book that outlined his theory of _____,which assumes that people's body shapes affect their personalities and hence the crimes they commit.

A) hematology
B) climatology
C) somatology
D) hormonology

Question 30

Which of the following suggests a genetic tendency for criminal behavior is passed from parents to children?

A) Puberty
B) Heredity
C) Nationality
D) Equality

Question 31

An over production of the male hormone _____ may influence criminal behavior.

Question 32

Phrenology concerns the size and shape of skull as a measurement of criminality.

Question 33

Modern _____ explanations say delinquency and crime arise from internal disturbances developing in early childhood because of interaction problems between parents and children.

Question 34

Individuals who experience early _____ are more likely to commit delinquent acts.

Question 35

Which of the following best represents Kohlberg's sensorimotor period?

A) It lasts from ages 7 to 11 and involves learning logical thinking and problem solving.
B) It lasts until the age of 2 and involves learning about their immediate environment and developing their reflexes.
C) It last until age 31 and corresponds with the fully developed superego.
D) period lasts from ages 12-17 and consists of learning language, drawing, and other skills .

Question 36

Cesare Lombroso considered criminals ____ or "throwbacks" to an earlier age of evolution.

Question 37

Concordance occurs when two like individuals acts differently.

Question 38

Lombroso believed criminality stemmed from atavism.

Question 39

According to Sheldon,____ are heavy and relatively noncriminal.

Question 40

_____ are athletic and muscular and tend to be aggressive.

Question 41

It has been definitively proven that abortion reduces crime.

Question 42

XYY is a means of measuring brain activity.

Question 43

What is your reaction to Stanley Milgram's famous experiment involving electric shock and learning?

Question 44

The first notable family study involved the Jukes.

Question 45

What do you think of such "biological" criminal defenses as the "Twinkie defense?"

Question 46

Prenatal problems concern effects of pregnancy and birth complications.

Question 47

Explain why biological explanations have been,and remain,controversial.

Question 48

Testosterone is a male hormone.

Question 49

Discuss what adoption studies say about the biological link to crime.

Question 50

Explain Freud's ideas regarding the three components of the human personality.