Deck 7: Person-Centered Therapy

Question 1

What is a limitation of person-centred therapy?

A) The approach does not make use of research to study the process or outcomes of therapy.
B) The therapist has more power to manipulate and control the client than is true of most other therapies.
C) The approach does not emphasise the role of techniques in creating change in the client's behaviour.
D) The client is not given enough responsibility to direct the course of his or her own therapy.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A potential limitation of the person-centred approach is:

A) their view of assessment and diagnosis.
B) that some students-in-training and practitioners may have a tendency to be very supportive of clients without being challenging.
C) shortcomings of the studies of the approach.
D) the continual evolution of the approach leads to unclear therapeutic principles.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Thabo, an eight-year-old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow's framework, which needs took precedence?

A) Physical and safety needs
B) Belonging and love
C) Esteem from self and others
D) Self-actualisation

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Person-centred therapy is:

A) an action-oriented approach to therapy.
B) a humanistic approach to therapy.
C) an existential approach to therapy.
D) a deterministic approach to therapy.

Question 5

The that recently has emerged shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach.

A) positive psychology movement
B) object relations approach
C) dialectical behaviour therapy approach
D) applied behaviour analysis movement

Question 6

Which of the statements below regarding motivational interviewing (MI) is not accurate?

A) MI was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking.
B) MI stresses client self-responsibility and promotes an invitational style for working cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioural problems.
C) MI was developed by Maslow in the late 1970s after he created his theory on self- actualisation.
D) MI therapists avoid arguing with clients and reframe resistance as a healthy response.

Question 7

What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centred therapy?

A) Defining concrete and measurable goals
B) The therapist's technical skills
C) The relationship between the client and therapist
D) The therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems

Question 8

The person-centred therapist is best described as a:

A) facilitator.
B) teacher.
C) human engineer.
D) friend.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centred approach?

A) The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment.
B) In a climate of safety in the therapeutic session, the client comes to realise that there are more authentic ways of being.
C) The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy.
D) The focus is on exploration of a client's past.

Question 10

Characteristics of a self-actualised person include all of the following, except:

A) welcomes uncertainty in his or her life.
B) has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships.
C) has artificial dualities within himself or herself.
D) is spontaneous and creative.

Question 11

The technique of reflection involves the therapist:

A) restating the client's words verbatim.
B) sharing his or her genuine emotional response with the client.
C) mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation.
D) bringing an actual mirror into the session and having a client look at himself or herself in the mirror.

Question 12

The person-centred therapist generally does not find traditional assessment and diagnosis:

A) as a useful tool for case conceptualisation.
B) as a meaningful way of understanding of a client's psychological state.
C) to be useful because these procedures encourage an external and expert perspective on the client.
D) as a necessary process that does not affect the course of therapy.

Question 13

In applying the person-centred approach to crisis intervention, therapists should do all of the following, except:

A) communicate a deep sense of understanding.
B) provide genuine support and warmth.
C) use a more structured approach and provide clients with some direction.
D) do not give the individual the opportunity to fully express themselves.

Question 14

Person-centred therapy is best described as a:

A) completed 'school' of counselling.
B) fixed set of therapeutic principles.
C) systematic set of behavioural techniques.
D) philosophy of how the therapy process develops.

Question 15

One point of disagreement between existential and humanistic thought involves:

A) a respect for the client's subjective experience.
B) a trust in the capacity of the client to make positive choices.
C) an emphasis on freedom.
D) the idea of an innate self-actualising drive.

Question 16

Which statement is true of the person-centred approach?

A) Therapists should give advice when clients need it.
B) The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes.
C) Therapists should function largely as teachers.
D) Therapy is primarily the therapist's responsibility.

Question 17

The person-centred approach's view of human nature:

A) views people as basically competitive.
B) states that humans are driven by irrational forces.
C) emphasises clients' abilities to engage their own resources to act in their world with others.
D) assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant.

Question 18

In order for a therapist to communicate 'accurate empathic understanding' the counsellor must:

A) have experienced a situation very similar to the client's current predicament.
B) clarify details and facts relevant to the client's experiences.
C) feel a deep sense of warmth toward the client.
D) connect emotionally to the client's subjective world.

Question 19

Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centred framework?

A) Unconditional positive regard
B) Creative expression
C) Accurate empathetic understanding
D) Congruence

Question 20

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centred approach?

A) The focus is on the phenomenological world of the client.
B) It is supported by evidence from ongoing research.
C) The client-centred approach emphasised the role of the therapist as a facilitator of growth and honoured the inherent power of the client.
D) Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.

Question 21

The is a directional process of striving toward realisation, fulfilment, autonomy, and self-determination.

A) congruence tendency
B) empathic understanding
C) actualising tendency
D) actualising understanding

Question 22

From a person-centred perspective, the best source of knowledge about the client is the:

A) individual client.
B) therapist.
C) client's family.
D) therapeutic relationship.

Question 23

Philani has been confronted by family members and friends about his excessive gambling. Despite their attempts to help him, he insists that they are overreacting and that he has everything under control. He does not feel the need to alter his behaviours. Philani is at which stage of change?

A) Precontemplation
B) Contemplation
C) Preparation
D) Action

Question 24

Which of the following is not true about Carl Rogers?

A) He was raised with strict religious standards in his home.
B) He developed cognitive therapy.
C) At one point in his life, he was preparing to enter the ministry.
D) He made a contribution toward achieving world peace.

Question 25

A factor that distinguishes the person-centred approach to group counselling from other approaches is the:

A) therapist's role as facilitator.
B) length of treatment.
C) focus on creating a collaborative spirit.
D) focus on building genuine relationships among members.

Question 26

Anele, who is uncertain about her career goals and is afraid to commit to any career path, is working with a therapist who specialises in using motivational interviewing strategies. What will her therapist look for in order to assess the success of therapy?

A) An improvement in Anele's ability to block negative thoughts about her career options
B) A reduction in Anele's ambivalence about choosing a career path and an increase in her intrinsic motivation to clarify her direction
C) Progress in working through unconscious conflicts related to commitment
D) A willingness on Anele's part to examine her family constellation in order to deepen her understanding of her reasons for her lack of direction

Question 27

Which of the following personal characteristics of the therapist is most important, according to Carl Rogers?

A) Unconditional positive regard
B) Acceptance
C) Genuineness
D) Accurate empathic understanding

Question 28

Therapists using motivational interviewing strategies view clients as:

A) opponents to be defeated.
B) allies who play a major role in their present and future success.
C) victims of their own psychopathology who need to be liberated from their pain and dysfunction.
D) people who are lazy and need a powerful incentive to change their ways.

Question 29

Methods of expressive arts therapy are based on humanistic principles. Which of the following principles is not one?

A) Releasing creative energy is based on the principle of regression.
B) The creative process is transformative and healing.
C) The expressive arts lead us into the unconscious.
D) Our feelings and emotions are a source of energy.

Question 30

According to Rogerian therapy, an 'internal source of evaluation' is defined as:

A) internalising the validation one receives from others.
B) looking more to oneself for the answers to the problems of existence.
C) going on one's instincts when judging the behaviour of others.
D) a neurotic tendency to be self-critical.

Question 31

A common theme originating in Carl Rogers's early writings and continuing to be seen in all of his works is:

A) the need to find meaning in life through love, work, or suffering.
B) the need for a religion to find meaning in life.
C) the importance of expressing feelings that stem from childhood issues.
D) a basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward in a constructive manner if the conditions that encourage growth are present.

Question 32

Concerning research on psychotherapy and Carl Rogers, which of the following is not true?

A) Rogers stated his concepts as testable hypotheses and submitted them to research.
B) Rogers opened the field for psychotherapy research.
C) Rogers inspired others to conduct extensive research on counselling process and outcome.
D) Rogers did not conduct the research himself.

Question 33

Accurate empathic understanding helps clients in all the following areas, except:

A) to notice and devalue their experiences.
B) to view prior experiences in new ways.
C) to process their experience both cognitively and bodily.
D) to increase their confidence in making choices and in pursuing a course of action.

Question 34

In person-centred group therapy, the leader:

A) displays a sense of trust in the members.
B) uses techniques and exercises to motivate the group.
C) focuses on making interpretations.
D) sets goals for the group members.

Question 35

In the 1960s and 1970s Rogers did a great deal to encourage the development of:

A) organisational management seminars.
B) private colleges aimed at training person-centred therapists.
C) student-centred teaching and encounter groups.
D) the National Training Laboratories and T-groups.

Question 36

Carl Rogers drew heavily from existential concepts, especially as they apply to:

A) the transference relationship.
B) countertransference, or unfinished business of the counsellor.
C) the client/therapist relationship.
D) guilt and anxiety.

Question 37

Which of the following is the correct order in terms of the historical development of Carl Rogers's approach to counselling?

A) Client-centred to person-centred to nondirective
B) Client-centred to nondirective to person-centred
C) Nondirective to client-centred to person-centred
D) Nondirective to person-centred to client-centred

Question 38

Carl Rogers's position on confronting the client is that:

A) confrontation is to be avoided at all costs.
B) confrontation causes clients to stop growing.
C) confrontation reflects that the therapist has a need to be in control.
D) confrontation or resistance must be responded to in a non-confrontational manner.

Question 39

Which of the following is not true about the most recent trends in person-centred therapy?

A) It could be referred to as holistic therapy.
B) Acceptance and clarification are the main techniques used.
C) It emphasises an increased involvement of the therapist as a person.
D) It allows the therapist greater freedom to be active in the therapeutic relationship.

Question 40

From Carl Rogers's perspective the client/therapist relationship is characterised by:

A) a sense of equality.
B) the transference relationship.
C) the therapist functioning as the expert.
D) a clearly defined contract that specifies what clients will talk about in the sessions.

Question 41

If the therapeutic core conditions exist over some period of time, constructive personality change will not occur.

Question 42

Carl Rogers's original emphasis was on reflection of feelings expressed by the client.

Question 43

Carl Rogers's approach is based on the assumptions that humans are trustworthy and that clients desire to grow.

Question 44

The concept of unconditional positive regard implies that therapists develop an accepting and approving attitude toward all actions taken by their clients.

Question 45

Carl Rogers is often called the 'father of psychotherapy research.'

Question 46

Free association and dream analysis are a typical part of the person-centred therapist's procedures.

Question 47

Therapists are encouraged to use positive regard for clients only as a means of shaping their behaviour.

Question 48

According to Carl Rogers, personality change occurs only when clients develop insight into the origin of their personality problems.

Question 49

Congruence is a basic characteristic of effective therapists.

Question 50

Person-centred therapy groups emphasise the unique role of the group counsellor as a leader.

Question 51

The term 'presence' refers to the counsellor's ability to be fully engaged in the therapeutic relationship with the client.

Question 52

When Rogers challenged the basic assumption that 'the counsellor knows best', he thought that this radical idea would affect the power dynamics and politics of the counselling profession, but to his surprise, it did not.

Question 53

Person-centred expressive arts therapy can be used in both group and individual contexts.

Question 54

Therapists who have little respect for their clients can anticipate that their therapeutic work will not be helpful.

Question 55

The person-centred approach is based on a set of specific therapeutic techniques designed to promote behaviour change.

Question 56

An assumption of person-centred therapy is that the counsellor's presence is far more powerful than techniques he or she uses to facilitate change.

Question 57

The person-centred approach evolved from a nondirective therapy to an experiential therapy.

Question 58

Accurate empathic understanding implies an objective understanding of a client.

Question 59

The person-centred emphasises the necessary and sufficient conditions for change.

Question 60

Carl Rogers encouraged counsellors to use a non-confrontational manner with their clients.

Question 61

The person-centred model has been widely adapted to include such areas as family therapy, crisis counselling and classroom education.

Question 62

The person-centred approach is not particularly well-suited to multi-cultural counselling.

Question 63

Maslow postulated a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation, with the most basic needs being physiological needs.

Question 64

Empathy is a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client.

Question 65

The underlying vision of humanistic philosophy is captured by the metaphor of how an acorn will automatically grow in positive ways, pushed naturally toward its actualisation as an oak.

Question 66

Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) emerged as a behavioural approach informed by understanding the role of an emotion in human functioning and psychotherapeutic change.

Question 67

Immediacy is highly valued in the person-centred approach