Deck 11: Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

Which of the following are examples of carotenoid-rich foods that nutritionists recommend be consumed daily?

A)Vegetable oils
B)Nuts, seeds, and whole grains
C)Sweet potatoes, carrots, and cantaloupe
D)Skim milk, eggs, and yogurt

Answer 1

C

Question 2

If you wanted to take advantage of the potential benefits of consuming carotenoids in terms of decreased risk for many diseases, what should your diet include in ample amounts?

A)Whole grains
B)Low-fat dairy products
C)Fruits and vegetables
D)Polyunsaturated oils

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Following absorption, fat-soluble vitamins are initially circulated in the _____ via _____

A)lymph, chylomicrons
B)lymph, transport proteins
C)blood, LDL
D)blood, triglycerides

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_____ foods provide preformed vitamin A while _____ foods provide most of the provitamin A carotenoids

A)Cooked, raw
B)Raw, cooked
C)Animal, plant
D)Plant, animal

Question 5

Consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins can _____

A)decrease one's risk of developing heart disease
B)result in toxicities
C)benefit one's immune system
D)increase excretion of water-soluble vitamins

Question 6

Rhodopsin is made of the protein opsin and a _____ form of vitamin A

A)retinol
B)retinal
C)retinoic acid
D)carotenoid

Question 7

Where are fat-soluble vitamins generally absorbed?

A)Stomach
B)Small intestine
C)Large intestine
D)Liver

Question 8

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin C
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin E

Question 9

In addition to lycopene, lutein, and astaxanthin, what is another non-provitamin A carotenoid?

A)Zeaxanthin
B)Xyanthin
C)Lycotein
D)Lutopene

Question 10

_____ must be present for fat-soluble vitamins to be absorbed

A)Protein and enzymes
B)HCL and cofactors
C)Lipids and bile
D)Enzymes and carbohydrates

Question 11

What are the carotenoids that can be converted in the body to vitamin A called?

A)Preretinoid A
B)Preformed vitamin A
C)Provitamin A
D)Proactive A

Question 12

What unit is used to measure the vitamin A content of foods?

A)Retinol activity equivalent (RAE)
B)Active retinol unit (ARU)
C)Retinol functional equivalent (RFE)
D)Functional retinol unit (FRU)

Question 13

Which of the following is a source of preformed vitamin A?

A)Cantaloupe and carrots
B)Whole-fat dairy products
C)Peppers
D)Leafy green vegetables

Question 14

What vitamin name is now given to a series of compounds called retinoids?

A)A
B)D
C)K
D)E

Question 15

Why is a low-fat diet likely to decrease vitamin A and carotenoid absorption?

A)The enzymes needed for digestion are in short supply.
B)The hormones needed for digestion are not available.
C)The body is unable to synthesize protein carriers.
D)Absorption requires dietary lipid and bile.

Question 16

What is vitamin A attached to in the liver prior to being released into the blood?

A)Retinol-binding protein and transthyretin
B)Cis-retinal and opsin
C)Trans-retinal and rhodopsin
D)Retinoic acid and albumin

Question 17

Vitamin A and the carotenoids are important in regulation of _____

A)gene expression, immune function, metabolism of alcohol, and synthesis of cholesterol
B)growth, reproduction, energy metabolism, transamination, and production of urea
C)bone formation, immune function, the breakdown of ammonia, and acid-base balance
D)growth, reproduction, vision, and bone formation

Question 18

Processing and heating seem to increase the bioavailability of _____

A)vitamin D
B)some tocopherols
C)some carotenoids
D)vitamin K

Question 19

Retinoids include _____

A)retinyl, retinal acid, and retinin
B)retinase, retinin acid, and retyne
C)retinyl, retyne acid, and retamin
D)retinol, retinoic acid, and retinal

Question 20

Which of the following is true of fat-soluble vitamins?

A)They are circulated away from where they are absorbed via the blood.
B)They are typically circulated without being bound to any other molecules.
C)They function primarily as coenzymes for energy metabolism.
D)They are typically stored in the body.

Question 21

Mrs Greenwood has brought her 13-month-old daughter to see the dietitian Her daughter's skin has an orange tint While taking a diet history, what suspect foods will the dietitian focus on?

A)Carrots, tomatoes, cantaloupe, and egg yolks
B)Whole milk, cheese, and high-fat snacks
C)Foods fortified with vitamin A
D)Foods low in fat and fiber

Question 22

Cell _____ is the process by which immature cells become mature, functioning cells

A)maturation
B)differentiation
C)establishment
D)discrimination

Question 23

Children with vitamin A deficiency commonly experience chronic diarrhea and respiratory disease because vitamin A is important for production of immune cells, maintenance of the intestinal tract lining, and the _____

A)synthesis of antibodies
B)synthesis of osteoclasts
C)reformation of osteoblasts
D)formation of free radicles

Question 24

What are carotenoids packaged with to be transported from the liver?

A)Retinol-binding protein
B)Transthyretin
C)VLDLs
D)HDLs

Question 25

Dietary intervention trials suggest that the protective effect of carotenoids is available from _____ but not from _____

A)meats, dairy products
B)eggs, meat
C)carotenoid supplements, eggs
D)fruits and vegetables, carotenoid supplements

Question 26

What reaction has to occur each time light reaches the eye before the product of this reaction can be recombined with opsin to reform rhodopsin?

A)Cis-retinal must be reconverted to trans-retinal
B)Trans-retinal must be reconverted to cis-retinal
C)β-carotene must be reconverted to preformed vitamin A
D)Preformed vitamin A must be reconverted to β-carotene

Question 27

Which type of cells most depend on vitamin A to function?

A)Muscle
B)Bone
C)Nerve
D)Epithelial

Question 28

Why are there no Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) established for carotenoids?

A)They are not essential for humans.
B)There is insufficient evidence to document safe levels of intake for children and adults.
C)There is insufficient evidence to support their essentiality beyond their role as vitamin A precursors.
D)Carotenodermia is not considered dangerous and is reversible.

Question 29

Golden Rice 2 is an example of biotechnology in which rice has been modified What vitamin does Golden Rice 2 contain as a result of biotechnological changes?

A)E
B)D
C)K
D)A

Question 30

Experts caution against taking long-term, high-dose supplements of vitamin _____ because they are believed to increase risk of lung and colorectal cancers in some people

A)A
B)D
C)K
D)E

Question 31

Consuming too much of which vitamin can result in birth defects and reduced bone strength?

A)D
B)K
C)E
D)A

Question 32

The dietitian notices that the client with anorexia has bumpy, rough, irritated skin What vitamin deficiency does s/he suspect?

A)A
B)D
C)K
D)E

Question 33

When adequate vitamin A is present, bone formation is favored over bone breakdown because the activity of _____ is favored over that of _____

A)osteoclasts, osteoblasts
B)osteoblasts, osteoclasts
C)cis-retinal, trans-retinal
D)trans-retinal, cis-retinal

Question 34

What are functional immune cells called?

A)Red blood cells
B)Immunocytes
C)Lymphocytes
D)Opsin cells

Question 35

Dietitians working with senior citizens should encourage them to include foods containing carotenoids in their diets because higher circulating levels have been associated with a decreased risk of _____, an age-related deterioration of the retina

A)cataracts
B)macular degeneration
C)xerophthalmia
D)retinal degradation

Question 36

The carotenoids are potent antioxidants that protect cell membranes, DNA, and proteins from _____

A)damage from the sun's UBV rays
B)inactivation during cooking
C)damage from free radicals
D)being lost via respiration

Question 37

What results from a vitamin A deficiency?

A)Night blindness and increased risk of infection
B)Rickets and loss of balance
C)Hemolytic anemia and hearing loss
D)Bleeding and poor muscle control

Question 38

Scientists think that the health-promoting effects of some carotenoids are due to their _____

A)function as free radicals
B)ability to stimulate the immune system
C)role in energy regulation
D)antioxidant function

Question 39

Xerophthalmia can lead to blindness and is due to a deficiency of vitamin _____

A)A
B)C
C)D
D)K

Question 40

Provision of vitamin A supplements to children in developing nations reduces the incidence and severity of what disorder?

A)Rickets
B)Malaria
C)Mal-absorptive syndrome
D)Hemolytic anemia

Question 41

In addition to fatty fish, butter, and egg yolks, which of the following foods naturally contain(s) vitamin D?

A)Red meat
B)Fruits and vegetables
C)Cereal
D)Mushrooms

Question 42

What form of vitamin D is found in animal foods?

A)Osteocalciferol
B)Cholecalciferol
C)Malacalciferol
D)Ergocalciferol

Question 43

Which circumstance is most likely to negatively impact one's ability to get adequate vitamin D?

A)Living in southern climates
B)Living in rural areas
C)Being elderly
D)Having fair skin

Question 44

Which vitamin can humans produce in significant amounts?

A)E
B)D
C)A
D)C

Question 45

A metabolite of what compound is used to synthesize vitamin D when human skin is exposed to ultraviolet light?

A)Serotonin
B)Thiamin
C)Cholesterol
D)Phenylalanine

Question 46

What stimulates the production of the active form of vitamin D?

A)Cholecystokinin (CCK)
B)Glucagon
C)Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D)Epinephrine

Question 47

The active form of vitamin D is formed from cholecalciferol by the action of first the _____ and then the _____

A)stomach, large intestine
B)small intestine, large intestine
C)small intestine, liver
D)liver, kidneys

Question 48

_____ is the active form of vitamin D

A)Calcitriol
B)Ergocalciferol
C)Cholecalciferol
D)Procalcitriol

Question 49

Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating blood concentrations of _____

A)calcium
B)sodium
C)cholesterol
D)free radicals

Question 50

In the small intestine, dietary vitamin D is packaged into _____ with the help of _____

A)blood, lipase
B)blood, cholecalciferol
C)micelles, bile
D)micelles, lipase

Question 51

Vitamin D toxicity can result in _____ and deposit of calcium in _____

A)bone loss, soft tissues
B)bone loss, nerves
C)brittle bones, kidneys
D)brittle bones, gallbladder

Question 52

What does the body produce when the amount of calcium in the blood is low?

A)More menadione
B)More calcitriol
C)Less calcitriol
D)Less menadione

Question 53

Adequate calcium in the blood facilitates muscle contractions, blood pressure regulation, and _____

A)conversion of carotenoids into vitamin A
B)conversion of cholesterol into vitamin D
C)conduction of neural impulses
D)conduction of glucose to muscle tissues

Question 54

Why are skim and 1% milk typically good sources of vitamin D?

A)They naturally contain calcium.
B)Both are usually fortified with vitamin D.
C)Neither contains much fat.
D)They both provide calcitriol.

Question 55

Compared to light-skinned people, how much more or less sun exposure do people with dark skin need to produce enough vitamin D?

A)Up to three times more
B)Twice as much
C)One-third less
D)One-half less

Question 56

In order to regulate calcium in the blood, what does vitamin D facilitate?

A)Increased absorption of calcium by the small intestine and decreased uptake of calcium by the liver
B)Uptake of phosphorous by the liver and increased excretion of calcium by the kidneys
C)Decreased absorption of calcium by the stomach and increased storage of calcium by bones
D)Release of calcium from bones and decreased excretion of calcium by the kidneys

Question 57

How many forms of vitamin D occur in our foods?

A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four

Question 58

How much mid-day sun exposure is typically enough for healthy, light-skinned individuals to produce adequate amounts of cholecalciferol?

A)40 minutes daily
B)5-30 minutes two times each week
C)45-60 minutes three times each week
D)60 minutes daily

Question 59

Sal made a cake that included flour, sugar, eggs, vegetable oil, and milk What vitamin would most likely be in the finished cake in nearly the same amounts as it was in the "raw" ingredients?

A)D
B)K
C)C
D)E

Question 60

Observational human and experimental animal studies have provided evidence that vitamin D deficiency might lead to greater susceptibility to _____

A)multiple sclerosis
B)personality disorders
C)heart disease
D)lung cancer

Question 61

What vitamins are associated with stimulating cell differentiation?

A)A and D
B)D and E
C)E and K
D)K and A

Question 62

Which of the following is the most likely result of vitamin D toxicity?

A)Bone loss
B)Hypocalciuria
C)Hypocalcemia
D)Deposits of vitamin D in soft tissues

Question 63

What is the most biologically active form of vitamin E called?

A)β-menaquinone
B)Fibrinogen
C)α-tocopherol
D)Phylloquinone

Question 64

What is inadequate bone mineralization in infants and children called?

A)Osteomalacia
B)Antieoplasis
C)Osteo-degeneration
D)Rickets

Question 65

_____ is a symptom of vitamin E toxicity

A)Hemolytic anemia
B)Kidney stones
C)Neuromuscular problems
D)Bleeding

Question 66

The term vitamin E refers to how many different compounds that all have somewhat similar chemical structures?

A)4
B)6
C)8
D)10

Question 67

Which of the following nutrients act to prevent oxidation and free radical damage?

A)Carotenoids and vitamin E
B)Vitamins A and D
C)Vitamin A and carotenoids
D)Vitamins D and E

Question 68

What can result from too little vitamin E?

A)Hemolytic anemia
B)Excessive calcium loss
C)Night blindness
D)Dangerous bleeding

Question 69

Diets high in vitamin E are associated with a decreased risk of _____

A)infections and dementia
B)cancer and cataracts
C)dementia and arthritis
D)osteoporosis and rickets

Question 70

For Les to obtain his vitamin D RDA of _____ µg exclusively from milk, he would need to consume _____ cups of vitamin D-fortified milk each day

A)2, 3
B)6, 5
C)8, 8
D)15, 12

Question 71

Which of the following would likely give Chloe the most vitamin E intake from the same amount of vegetable oil?

A)Potatoes fried in oil
B)German potato salad made with hot oil dressing
C)A veggie stir-fry made with oil
D)A cold salad with an oil and vinegar dressing

Question 72

Which of the following foods would be the best candidate for fortification with vitamin D?

A)One that is not cooked before being eaten
B)Something that is sold in a non-transparent package
C)One that is considered low fat and high fiber
D)One that contains calcium

Question 73

What is the form of vitamin K that is produced by bacteria present in the large intestine called?

A)Menadione
B)Phyllodione
C)Phylloquinone
D)Menaquinone

Question 74

The difference between osteomalacia and osteoporosis is that osteomalacia is _____ while osteoporosis is _____

A)demineralization of bone, inadequate bone mineralization
B)hereditary, diet related
C)inadequate bone mineralization, demineralization of previously healthy bone
D)prevalent in adults, prevalent in children

Question 75

A deficiency of vitamin _____ causes osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K

Question 76

How much vitamin D supplement should all breast-fed infants receive daily?

A)200 IU
B)400 IU
C)600 IU
D)800 IU

Question 77

In addition to nuts and seeds, which of the foods listed below is an especially abundant source of vitamin E?

A)Mushrooms
B)Vegetable oils
C)Dairy products
D)Carrots and sweet potatoes

Question 78

What do antioxidants primarily protect?

A)Proteins used for synthesis of muscles
B)Enzymes essential for energy metabolism
C)Amino acids used for synthesis of insulin
D)Fatty acids contained in phospholipids

Question 79

Where do humans store excess vitamin E?

A)Muscles
B)Skin
C)Adipose tissue
D)Liver

Question 80

In order to avoid vitamin D toxicity, one should avoid _____

A)concentrated food sources
B)extensive exposure to the sun
C)high-dose supplements
D)consuming several food sources of vitamin D together