Question 1

_______ develops from exposure to antigens.&#10;A) Passive immunity&#10;B) Active immunity&#10;C) Short-term immunity&#10;D) Nonimmunity

Accepted Answer

Active immunity is developed through exposure to antigens, either naturally through infection or artificially through vaccination. Passive immunity, on the other hand, is acquired through the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from another individual, such as through maternal antibodies in breast milk. Short-term immunity is a generic term that can refer to either active or passive immunity that provides temporary protection, while nonimmunity refers to an absence of immune response.

Question 2

Interferons are cytokines that _______.&#10;A) signal cells to produce antiviral proteins&#10;B) are produced by cells infected by viruses and they kill those cells&#10;C) stimulate macrophages to release histamines&#10;D) are released by NK cells

Accepted Answer

Interferons are cytokines that signal cells to produce antiviral proteins, which help to inhibit viral replication and spread. They are released by cells that have been infected by viruses, but do not kill those cells. Interferons can also activate immune cells such as NK cells and macrophages to help fight the infection.

Question 3

Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?&#10;A) Macrophages and neutrophils&#10;B) NK cells and T cells&#10;C) Plasma cells and macrophages&#10;D) Macrophages and dendritic cells

Accepted Answer

Macrophages and dendritic cells are both antigen-presenting cells, meaning they can process and present antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response. Plasma cells are not APCs, as they are the end stage of B cell differentiation and primarily secrete antibodies. Neutrophils and NK cells are not typically considered APCs, as their primary functions are phagocytosis and cytotoxicity, respectively.

Question 4

_______ defense mechanisms include barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body.&#10;A) Nonspecific&#10;B) Specific&#10;C) Antibody&#10;D) Cytokine

Accepted Answer

Nonspecific defense mechanisms are the first line of defense and include physical and chemical barriers, such as skin, mucous membranes, and stomach acid, that prevent pathogens from entering the body. Antibodies and cytokines are part of the specific immune response, which targets specific pathogens, while nonspecific defenses are not specific to a particular pathogen.

Question 5

_______ is a common clinical sign of widespread inflammatory response.&#10;A) Decreased blood flow&#10;B) Blood vessel constriction&#10;C) Fever&#10;D) Phagocytosis

Accepted Answer

Fever is a common clinical sign of widespread inflammatory response. It is caused by the release of pyrogens (substances that induce fever) from immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. The increase in body temperature is thought to help fight off pathogens and enhance immune responses. Options A, B, and D are not commonly observed clinical signs of widespread inflammatory response.

Question 6

The principal job of a(n) _______ is to recognize and bind to a specific antigen.&#10;A) plasma cell&#10;B) antibody&#10;C) memory B cell&#10;D) helper T cell

Accepted Answer

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. Plasma cells are the cells that produce antibodies. Memory B cells are B cells that have been activated by an antigen and have become "programmed" to recognize andrespond to that antigen more quickly in the future. Helper T cells are a type of T cell that helps activate and direct other cells of the immune system, but they do not directly recognize and bind to antigens like antibodies do.

Question 7

An _______ involves recognition of foreign molecules and an action aimed at eliminating them.&#10;A) antigen&#10;B) antibody response&#10;C) immune pathway&#10;D) immune response

Accepted Answer

The immune response is a way in which the body recognizes foreign molecules and takes action to eliminate them. The Antigen is a foreign molecule that triggers an immune response. The antibody response is a specific part of the immune response that involves the production of specific proteins called antibodies to bind and neutralize the foreign molecules. The immune pathway refers to the various steps and components involved in the immune response. Therefore, the best choice that accurately describes the process of recognition and elimination of foreign molecules is D) immune response.

Question 8

_______ are cells that ingest bacteria and other foreign matter.&#10;A) Natural killer (NK) cells&#10;B) Interleukins&#10;C) Phagocytes&#10;D) Serotonins

Accepted Answer

Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests foreign particles such as bacteria, viruses, and dead cells. They play a critical role in the immune system's defense against foreign invaders. Natural killer cells (A) are a type of lymphocyte that plays a vital role in the immune system's defense against cancer and virus-infected cells. Interleukins (B) are a group of signaling molecules that regulate immune system activity. Serotonins (D) are neurotransmitters that regulate mood, appetite, and sleep.

Question 9

Once activated, a _______ multiplies by mitosis, giving rise to a sizeable clone of cells identical to itself.&#10;A) T cell&#10;B) macrophage&#10;C) plasma cell&#10;D) memory B cell

Accepted Answer

T cells, once activated, undergo clonal expansion through mitosis to produce a large number of identical cells.

Question 10

_______ is borrowed immunity, so its effects do not last.&#10;A) Passive immunity&#10;B) Active immunity&#10;C) Immunization&#10;D) Primary response

Accepted Answer

Passive immunity is borrowed from another source, such as antibodies passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or through breast milk. Because the antibodies are not produced by the person's own immune system, the effects are temporary and do not last long-term. Active immunity, on the other hand, is when the body produces its own antibodies in response to an infection or vaccination, providing long-term protection. Immunization is a process of inducing active immunity. Primary response refers to the initial immune response to an antigen.

Question 11

Some activated B cells become _______ and continue for years to produce small amounts of antibody.&#10;A) memory T cells&#10;B) helper T cells&#10;C) memory B cells&#10;D) killer B cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some activated B cells become _______ and...

Question 12

_______ is an example of the immune system overreacting to mild antigens.&#10;A) HIV&#10;B) Cancer&#10;C) Autoimmune disease&#10;D) Allergic reaction

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ is an example of the immune...

Question 13

_______ occurs as the volume of interstitial fluid increases.&#10;A) Fever&#10;B) Phagocytosis&#10;C) Immunity&#10;D) Edema

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ occurs as the volume of interstitial...

Question 14

Antibodies of the IgG and IgM groups activate _______.&#10;A) the complement system&#10;B) cytokines&#10;C) antigens&#10;D) immunosuppression

Accepted Answer

The answer of Antibodies of the IgG and IgM groups...

Question 15

_______ is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and other harmful substances.&#10;A) Inflammation&#10;B) Skin&#10;C) Edema&#10;D) The macrophage

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ is the body's first line of...

Question 16

_______ often evade the immune system and multiply in an uncontrolled way.&#10;A) Cancer cells&#10;B) Cells targeted by graft rejection&#10;C) Mast cells&#10;D) Viruses that cause autoimmune diseases

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ often evade the immune system and...

Question 17

Killer T cells _______.&#10;A) produce antibodies&#10;B) develop into plasma cells&#10;C) migrate to the infected area and release enzymes that destroy pathogens&#10;D) produce large clones of cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of Killer T cells _______.&#10;A) produce antibodies&#10;B) develop...

Question 18

_______ is the study of the body's defense mechanisms.&#10;A) Pathology&#10;B) Anatomy&#10;C) Immunology&#10;D) Physiology

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ is the study of the body's...

Question 19

An antigen-antibody complex _______.&#10;A) attacks mast cells&#10;B) stimulates phagocytes to destroy pathogens&#10;C) presents antigens to plasma cells&#10;D) releases histamines

Accepted Answer

The answer of An antigen-antibody complex _______.&#10;A) attacks mast cells&#10;B)...

Question 20

_______ are a diverse group of peptides and proteins that cells of the immune system use to signal one another.&#10;A) Complement&#10;B) Cytokines&#10;C) Histamines&#10;D) Serotonins

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ are a diverse group of peptides...

Question 21

Multiple sclerosis is an example of _______.&#10;A) an allergic reaction&#10;B) an autoimmune disease&#10;C) immunological competence&#10;D) a complement system

Accepted Answer

The answer of Multiple sclerosis is an example of _______.&#10;A)...

Question 22

Pregnant women confer _______ immunity upon their developing babies by producing antibodies for them.&#10;A) passive&#10;B) active&#10;C) no&#10;D) maternal

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pregnant women confer _______ immunity upon their...

Question 23

_______ continue to produce small amounts of antibody for years after an infection.&#10;A) Memory T cells&#10;B) Macrophages&#10;C) T cells&#10;D) Memory B cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ continue to produce small amounts of...

Question 24

About 75% of the antibodies in the body are _______.&#10;A) IgM&#10;B) IgD&#10;C) IgG&#10;D) IgA

Accepted Answer

The answer of About 75% of the antibodies in the...

Question 25

Immune responses depend on communication among cells, or _______.&#10;A) antigens&#10;B) antibodies&#10;C) cell signaling&#10;D) pathogens

Accepted Answer

The answer of Immune responses depend on communication among cells,...

Question 26

In allergic reactions, _______.&#10;A) there is a very slow, nonspecific immune response&#10;B) transplanted tissue is destroyed&#10;C) helper T cells stimulate complement production&#10;D) mast cells release histamine, which leads to inflammation

Accepted Answer

The answer of In allergic reactions, _______.&#10;A) there is a...

Question 27

The principal warriors in specific immune responses are the trillion or so _______ stationed strategically in the lymph tissue.&#10;A) phagocytes&#10;B) lymphocytes&#10;C) macrophages&#10;D) B cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of The principal warriors in specific immune responses...

Question 28

_______ are important in destroying cancer cells and cells infected by viruses.&#10;A) Memory B cells&#10;B) Killer B cells&#10;C) NK cells&#10;D) Macrophages

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ are important in destroying cancer cells...

Question 29

A molecule recognized as foreign by cells of the immune system is a(n) _______.&#10;A) antigen&#10;B) antibody&#10;C) pathogen&#10;D) cytokine

Accepted Answer

The answer of A molecule recognized as foreign by cells...

Question 30

Plasma cells _______.&#10;A) develop into macrophages&#10;B) produce antibodies&#10;C) develop from competent T cells&#10;D) produce antigens

Accepted Answer

The answer of Plasma cells _______.&#10;A) develop into macrophages&#10;B) produce...

Question 31

Transplanted tissues have foreign antigens that stimulate _______, an immune response in which T cells destroy the transplant.&#10;A) graft rejection&#10;B) immunosuppression&#10;C) autoimmune disease&#10;D) allergic reactions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Transplanted tissues have foreign antigens that stimulate...

Question 32

Mechanical and chemical barriers, as well as inflammation, are examples of _______ defenses.&#10;A) nonspecific&#10;B) specific&#10;C) cell signaling&#10;D) antigen

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mechanical and chemical barriers, as well as...

Question 33

Some complement proteins _______.&#10;A) destroy macrophages and neutrophils&#10;B) promote production of plasma cells&#10;C) reset the body's thermostat, causing fever&#10;D) stimulate phagocytosis and inflammation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some complement proteins _______.&#10;A) destroy macrophages and...

Question 34

_______ remain in lymph tissue for many years after an infection.&#10;A) Memory T cells&#10;B) Macrophages&#10;C) Helper T cells&#10;D) Killer B cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ remain in lymph tissue for many...

Question 35

The HIV infects _______ and seriously impairs immune function, placing the patient at risk for other infections.&#10;A) memory T cells&#10;B) memory B cells&#10;C) helper T cells&#10;D) killer T cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of The HIV infects _______ and seriously impairs...

Question 36

In _______, a cell flows around a bacterium and engulfs it.&#10;A) phagocytosis&#10;B) antigen presentation&#10;C) interferon release&#10;D) inflammation

Accepted Answer

The answer of In _______, a cell flows around a...

Question 37

When individuals are exposed to a disease like viral hepatitis or anthrax, they can be injected with _______ to help protect them from the disease.&#10;A) antigen-antibody complex&#10;B) immunizations&#10;C) gamma globulin&#10;D) T cells

Accepted Answer

The answer of When individuals are exposed to a disease...

Question 38

_______ is not a clinical characteristic of inflammation.&#10;A) Edema&#10;B) Redness&#10;C) Pain&#10;D) Decrease in temperature

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ is not a clinical characteristic of...

Question 39

A second exposure to an antigen, even years after the first exposure, ________.&#10;A) results in a much more rapid immune response&#10;B) stimulates an immune response that requires about 2 weeks to be effective&#10;C) stimulates complement production&#10;D) stimulates passive immunity

Accepted Answer

The answer of A second exposure to an antigen, even...

Question 40

_______ immune responses are precise responses against specific foreign molecules that have gained entrance to the body.&#10;A) Nonspecific&#10;B) Specific&#10;C) Cell signaling&#10;D) Barrier

Accepted Answer

The answer of _______ immune responses are precise responses against...

Question 41

How do major burns reduce the functional ability of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do major burns reduce the functional...

Deck 13: Immune System: Internal Defense