Deck 7: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

Vasopressin is responsible for which of the following?

A)an increase of fluid reabsorption in the kidneys
B)the excretion of sodium
C)a decrease of fluid reabsorption in the kidneys
D)the reabsorption of sodium

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Total body water accounts for an average of ____ of weight in males

A)60%
B)70%
C)50%
D)80%

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is not a major electrolyte in the body?

A)potassium
B)zinc
C)magnesium
D)calcium

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Renal solute load:

A)consists of waste products that need to be excreted in the urine.
B)is impossible to calculate except with very sophisticated tests.
C)is unrelated to the volume of water needed for excretion by the kidney.
D)is typically 50-100 mOsm/day.

Question 5

Under conditions of illness or injury, third spacing can take place within the peritoneal cavity, causing the condition known as _____

A)peritonitis
B)hypovolemia
C)hyperkalemia
D)ascites

Question 6

Obligatory urine excretion is estimated to be approximately:

A)1000 mL.
B)500 mL.
C)It cannot be estimated.
D)It will vary widely from patient to patient.

Question 7

Total body water accounts for an average of _____ of weight in females

A)70%
B)50%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 8

The term "third spacing" is used to describe:

A)fluid that accumulates inside the organs.
B)fluid that accumulates around the brain.
C)fluid that accumulates in spaces between organs.
D)fluid that accumulates in between joints.

Question 9

Which is a molecule that ionizes in solution?

A)glucose
B)amino acid
C)sodium
D)lactate

Question 10

Which of the following proteins exerts the greatest effect on colloid osmotic pressure?

A)retinol-binding protein
B)albumin
C)transthyretin
D)transferrin

Question 11

The hormone renin stimulates conversion of _____

A)angiotensin II to aldosterone
B)angiotensin II to ADH
C)angiotensin I to angiotensin II
D)angiotensin I to aldolesterone

Question 12

In what situation would aldosterone be stimulated?

A)when serum sodium is low
B)when serum calcium is high
C)when plasma volume is high
D)when plasma volume is low

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true regarding interstitial fluid?

A)It is a fluid that surrounds cells.
B)It is a fluid found within blood.
C)It is a fluid found in secretions within organs.
D)It is a fluid found inside cells.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is false regarding filtration?

A)It involves the movement of water and solutes.
B)It is the process of fluids moving freely between fluid compartments.
C)It is influenced by osmotic and hydrostatic pressure.
D)It involves the movement of plasma proteins and red blood cells.

Question 15

As body fat content _____, the percentage of body water _____

A)increases, decreases
B)decreases, increases
C)decreases, decreases
D)increases, increases

Question 16

When cells are exposed to _____ solutions, fluid moves out of the cell to maintain equilibrium, resulting in cellular _____

A)hypertonic, dehydration
B)hypotonic, dehydration
C)hypertonic, swelling
D)hypotonic, swelling

Question 17

Which of the following tests is used for assessing solute concentration in urine?

A)GFR
B)UUN
C)specific gravity
D)creatinine clearance

Question 18

What is the major cation found in ICF?

A)calcium
B)sodium
C)potassium
D)magnesium

Question 19

What is the major cation found in ECF?

A)potassium
B)calcium
C)sodium
D)magnesium

Question 20

When a cell is exposed to a _____ solution, fluid moves into the cell to maintain equilibrium, resulting in cellular _____

A)hypotonic, swelling
B)hypertonic, swelling
C)hypotonic, dehydration
D)hypertonic, dehydration

Question 21

When serum calcium levels are low, _____ is secreted from the _____

A)PTH, thyroid gland
B)thyroxin, parathyroid gland
C)PTH, parathyroid gland
D)calcitonin, parathyroid gland

Question 22

Case Study Multiple Choice
Mr.M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 and is going to be requiring dialysis.His initial laboratory work came back and he has low Na, Cl, and Ca levels as well as high K and P levels.The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
One of the reasons for his high P could be:

A)the P restriction is altering the levels in the blood.
B)high PTH.
C)low Ca.
D)high K.

Question 23

When aldosterone is secreted, what is its role in electrolyte balance?

A)increases excretion of potassium by the kidney
B)increases excretion of sodium by the kidney
C)decreases reabsorption of sodium by the kidney
D)decreases excretion of potassium by the pancreas

Question 24

The accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces is called:

A)hyperkalamia.
B)ascites.
C)edema.
D)hypervolemia.

Question 25

The most common cause of hypervolemia is:

A)an increase in urine output.
B)an increase in excretion of potassium.
C)a decrease in urine output.
D)inadequate excretion of potassium.

Question 26

What part of the brain stimulates an individual to increase his or her fluid intake?

A)pineal gland
B)hypothalamus
C)medulla oblongata
D)hippocampus

Question 27

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of _____, which stimulates the kidneys to retain Na+

A)ADH
B)aldosterone
C)angiostensin I
D)ANP

Question 28

Plasma homeostasis of Ca is maintained through the interaction of all of the following hormones except for:

A)PTH.
B)calcitonin.
C)1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol.
D)thyroxin.

Question 29

Case Study Multiple Choice
Mr.M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 and is going to be requiring dialysis.His initial laboratory work came back and he has low Na, Cl, and Ca levels as well as high K and P levels.The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
Which of the following is contributing to Mr M's fluid imbalance?

A)diseased kidneys
B)excessive urine output
C)aldosterone secretion exceeding production
D)excessive thirst

Question 30

Sodium and fluid homeostasis is controlled primarily by which two hormones?

A)thyroxin and glucagon
B)insulin and glucagon
C)estrogen and testosterone
D)aldosterone and vasopressin

Question 31

Case Study Multiple Choice
Mr.M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 and is going to be requiring dialysis.His initial laboratory work came back and he has low Na, Cl, and Ca levels as well as high K and P levels.The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
The physician has placed Mr M on a diuretic A good measure of how he is responding to this medication would be:

A)I & Os.
B)albumin.
C)phosphorus.
D)calcium.

Question 32

High levels of _____ stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands

A)calcium
B)vitamin D
C)magnesium
D)potassium

Question 33

Case Study Multiple Choice
Mr.M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 and is going to be requiring dialysis.His initial laboratory work came back and he has low Na, Cl, and Ca levels as well as high K and P levels.The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
One of the reasons for the physician's order for a potassium restriction could be:

A)potassium interacts with kidney disease medications.
B)high potassium levels stimulate the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands.
C)high potassium levels cause the retention of vasopressin.
D)potassium directly interacts with calcium.

Question 34

Excessive renal losses are seen in which of the following diseases/conditions?

A)osteoporosis
B)type 2 diabetes
C)rheumatoid arthritis
D)cancer

Question 35

Case Study Multiple Choice
Mr.M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 and is going to be requiring dialysis.His initial laboratory work came back and he has low Na, Cl, and Ca levels as well as high K and P levels.The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
The type of fluid involved in Mr M's imbalance is:

A)intracellular.
B)transcellular.
C)extracellular.
D)pericardial.

Question 36

The most common cause of hyperkalemia is:

A)an increase of excretion of calcium.
B)inadequate excretion of potassium.
C)an increase in excretion of potassium.
D)inadequate excretion of calcium.

Question 37

How would a high-protein diet affect the need for fluid?

A)The extra protein increases the renal solute load, which in turn would increase fluid requirements.
B)It would decrease the amount of fluid needed.
C)It would cause liver damage.
D)Protein intake is unrelated to either renal solute load or fluid needs.

Question 38

Case Study Multiple Choice
Mr.M has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 and is going to be requiring dialysis.His initial laboratory work came back and he has low Na, Cl, and Ca levels as well as high K and P levels.The physician has put him on a fluid restriction, a potassium restriction, and a phosphorus restriction.
Why are Mr M's Na and Cl low?

A)because he has not consumed enough foods that are rich in Na and Cl
B)because of the effect of the P and K on these electrolytes
C)because he is excreting too much fluid
D)because he is retaining too much fluid