Deck 3: Culture

Question 1

Love would be a Western example of:

A) material aspects of culture.
B) technological measurement.
C) a universal shared by all cultures.
D) a nonmaterial aspect of culture.
E) an innate aspect of culture.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Cell phones and computers are examples of:

A) psychological culture.
B) material culture.
C) cognitive culture.
D) ideal culture.
E) techno-culture.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Folkways:

A) are small, marginal political groups to which people belong.
B) are large societies that show regional variations in culture.
C) vary from one culture to another.
D) are almost always a component of material culture.
E) are stories told by folks in different cultures with universal patterns.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Social scientists do not judge King Mswati III of Swaziland for having 14 wives because an objective research process is guided by ______________.

A) realism.
B) idealism.
C) relativism.
D) universalism.
E) non-ethnocentrism.

Question 5

The prohibition of specific actions is known as:

A) mores.
B) folkways.
C) laws.
D) ideal norms.
E) taboos.

Question 6

How people behave toward a child s cry would be:

A) instinctual.
B) universal.
C) fixed within a group but variable between groups.
D) variable within a group and variable between groups.
E) naturally related to the gender of the parent.

Question 7

The movement of cultural traits from one culture to another is called:

A) cultural lag.
B) culture shock.
C) ethnocentrism.
D) diffusion.
E) jetlag.

Question 8

Anna travelled to another country to visit relatives, who offered her live sea urchin at their first meal together. Watching the urchin moving across her plate made her feel anxious and queasy; she didn t want to eat it, but felt rude refusing. Anna s experience is an example of:

A) ethnocentrism.
B) culture shock.
C) cultural relativism.
D) ethnomethodology.
E) cultural newness.

Question 9

Cultural relativism means that:

A) absolutes, such as right or wrong, do not exist with regard to cultural practices.
B) some cultures are clearly superior in relation to others.
C) cultures must be studied on their own terms before being compared or judged.
D) all cultures must be understood as consisting of many subcultures.
E) cultures which are inferior can learn relatively little from superior cultures.

Question 10

Ideas, norms, values, mathematical formulas, and love are all:

A) material objects of culture.
B) intellectual norms.
C) relative values.
D) non-material culture.
E) ideals of culture

Question 11

_____ almost inevitably results when people from one group or society come in contact with people from another.

A) Cultural lag
B) Culture shock
C) Ethnocentrism
D) Diffusion
E) Jetlag

Question 12

Which of the following would not be considered an example of material culture?

A) elevators
B) jewelry
C) marriage vows
D) sunglasses
E) charity pledge cards

Question 13

Norms:

A) are shared rules of conduct.
B) prescribe limits of acceptable behavior.
C) help provide predictability in social life.
D) are shaped by shared social expectations.
E) all of the above

Question 14

When immigrants encounter hostility because their manners are different, they are experiencing:

A) ethnocentrism.
B) ethnomethodology.
C) cultural relativity.
D) culture shock.
E) cultural evaluation.

Question 15

Which of the following is true ?

A) Culture is rooted in our genetic need for patterned behavior.
B) Culture depends on the money a group has to share it.
C) Not all human groups have culture.
D) All human groups have a culture.
E) The human groups that have culture are better off than those who do not have culture.

Question 16

_____ is defined as all that human beings learn to do, to use, to produce, and to know, and to believe as they grow to maturity and live out their lives in the social groups to which they belong.

A) Culture
B) Society
C) Culture shock
D) Ethnocentrism
E) Cultural relativity

Question 17

The concept of cultural relativism advises us to practice which of the following?

A) Rarely change so we can better see cultural differences.
B) Understand ourselves in relationship to others.
C) Conduct objective cross-cultural research.
D) Avoid sanctions in a society.
E) Judge others suitability for our views in the research process.

Question 18

Which theory claims that language shapes what its speaker can perceive or understand?

A) functional values theory
B) material culture
C) cultural diffusion
D) cultural relativism
E) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 19

Culture is transmitted through:

A) social isolation.
B) social interaction.
C) DNA.
D) dietary habits.
E) sociological experiments.

Question 20

Out in the countryside, there were no street signs on the farm roads. Sally and Bob kept getting lost and frustrated. This is an example of:

A) a universal need for symbols.
B) ethnocentrism
C) natural revulsion.
D) material culture.
E) culture shock.

Question 21

People sometimes disobey the DON T WALK sign at street intersections because they see that there are no cars coming. This behavior reflects:

A) real norms.
B) customs.
C) ideal norms.
D) folkways.
E) pedestrian norms.

Question 22

Symbols stand for things simply because:

A) there is written law that mandates their meanings.
B) religious practices are built around them.
C) they represent a sound educational practice.
D) people agree that they do.
E) they make common sense.

Question 23

When two or more individuals agree about the things a particular object represents:

A) that object becomes a symbol after a decade of tradition.
B) that object becomes a symbol only if laws can be passed in support of its meaning.
C) that object becomes a symbol if they can get others to agree with them.
D) that object becomes a symbol by virtue of its shared meaning for those individuals.
E) that object takes on a sacred intimate status between the two people.

Question 24

Which of the following is a cultural universal?

A) rites of passage
B) religion
C) division of labor
D) incest taboo, marriage, and the family
E) all of the above

Question 25

The child who learns to cross the street only when the light is green has been taught a(n):

A) real norm.
B) ideal norm.
C) qualified norm.
D) custom.
E) situational norm

Question 26

How human groups allocate responsibility for completing necessary tasks among their members is called:

A) the division of labor.
B) the assignment of tasks.
C) the creation of subcultures.
D) subcultural diffusion.
E) stratification.

Question 27

Direct translation of one language into another:

A) is fairly easy if the translator is highly competent.
B) depends on social context because words may have a variety of meanings.
C) is often impossible because many words and ideas are culture-bound.
D) depends on the existence of a dictionary to create a standard.
E) can be achieved using universal concepts as comparisons like the Rosetta Stone.

Question 28

The term for the basic family unit consisting of husband, wife, and children is:

A) cultural lag.
B) nuclear family.
C) society.
D) culture.
E) extended family.

Question 29

Which of the following is a type of subculture?

A) political
B) social class
C) geographic
D) occupational
E) all of the above

Question 30

Cultural relativism is an approach to doing objective cross-cultural research.

Question 31

Police officers, lawyers, baseball players, and jazz musicians would all be examples of:

A) occupational subcultures.
B) countercultures.
C) marginal groups.
D) deviant cultures.
E) elite group cultures.

Question 32

The incest taboo ensures that:

A) religion is passed down from generation to generation.
B) families remain healthy.
C) family offspring will marry into other families.
D) parents maintain control over their children.
E) wives maintain control over their husbands.

Question 33

New patterns of behavior connected with the Internet often conflict with traditional values. Conflicts such as these are thought by sociologists to be the result of:

A) cultural lag.
B) innovation.
C) generalized adaptability.
D) diffused adaptability.
E) environmental determinism.

Question 34

_____ is any new practice or tool that becomes widely accepted in a society.

A) Innovation
B) Culture shock
C) Ethnocentrism
D) Diffusion
E) Jetlag

Question 35

The term for anything that represents something else and carries a particular meaning recognized by members of a culture is:

A) ethnocentrism
B) symbol
C) cultural relativism
D) ideal norm
E) folkway

Question 36

According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, there is an interrelationship between:

A) human brain size and control over the environment.
B) values and health.
C) norms and ambitions.
D) controls and culture lag.
E) language and perceptions of the world.

Question 37

In Kazakhstan, bribing is frowned upon; however, most professors supplement their salaries by exchanging grades for money. This behavior reflects a(n):

A) folkway.
B) ideal norm.
C) real norm.
D) parental right.
E) inconsistent age-graded norm.

Question 38

_____ occurs when a cultural trait is modified in some way so that it fits better into a new context.

A) A counter-culture
B) Cultural lag
C) Cultural evolution
D) Reformulation
E) A subculture

Question 39

Innovation and diffusion are responsible for:

A) counter-cultures.
B) cultural lag.
C) cultural evolution.
D) deviant cultures.
E) subcultures.

Question 40

Through _______, new patterns of behavior emerge, even though they conflict with traditional values.

A) counter culture
B) deviant culture
C) cultural lag
D) cultural universal
E) subculture

Question 41

Culture is a blueprint for living in a particular society.

Question 42

Folkways vary from one culture to another.

Question 43

Folkways, like norms, are highly variable from situation to situation.

Question 44

Ethnocentrism often results in the repression or domination of one group by another.

Question 45

Values can be understood by observing patterns of behavior.

Question 46

The transformation of black folk blues into rhythm and blues and rock n roll occurred through cultural reformulation rather than diffusion.

Question 47

Although the diverse elements of a culture are interrelated, some may change rapidly while others lag behind.

Question 48

Social scientists have identified some societies that apparently do not have a culture.

Question 49

Because they are so basic to human social life, concepts like time are understood in the same way in all human cultures.

Question 50

Material culture has made humans the dominant life-form on earth.

Question 51

Folkways are norms that do not change over time.

Question 52

Cultural relativism requires that behaviors be viewed and analyzed within the context they occur.

Question 53

The practice of cultural relativism prohibits social scientists from judging the relative merits of any group or culture.

Question 54

Culture is a complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by members of their society.

Question 55

Cultural relativism requires that researchers abdicate their personal standards.

Question 56

We can experience culture shock within our own culture as well as when we encounter other cultures.

Question 57

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one s own culture is inferior to that of others.

Question 58

Unlike the material aspects of culture, nonmaterial aspects of culture take on the same meanings from one society to another.

Question 59

People rely on material culture to modify and adapt to the environment.

Question 60

Animals may have traits that can be socially transmitted.

Question 61

Cultural lag can best be defined as the difficulty individuals have adjusting to a new culture.

Question 62

The concept of subculture originated in studies of juvenile delinquency and criminality.

Question 63

Nonmaterial culture usually changes more rapidly than material culture, resulting in cultural lag.

Question 64

Social structure is supported by ideologies.

Question 65

Sexual relations among family members are almost universally taboo.

Question 66

The concept of a cultural universal means that certain cultural content is found in all societies.

Question 67

Because of global diversity, there are no longer any patterns we can call cultural universals.

Question 68

Because an individual s values are personal judgments of what is good or bad, we can say values are purely a matter of individual choice.

Question 69

Cultural universals are models or patterns that have been developed by all cultures in order to resolve basic problems.

Question 70

Violations of mores are more socially significant than violations of folkways.

Question 71

Conducting social research in a military war zone may violate professional ethics to the point where normal ethics cease to guide the process.

Question 72

Humans are the most cooperative of al1 primates.

Question 73

If you discovered a new tribe, looking at the organization of marriage rites would give you information about the social organization of the entire society.

Question 74

Subcultures are defined as eccentric groups of people living in conflict with the larger culture.

Question 75

Culture replaced human genetic programming over the course of evolution

Question 76

What produces cultural change? Define and discuss the processes of change and the challenges to rapid change in society.

Question 77

Genetics, not culture, directs human beings to have sexual relationships outside of the family.

Question 78

One problem with rites of passage is that they seldom provide people with a context in which to share common emotions.

Question 79

Although subcultures have their own norms and values, they manage to coexist within the confines of a larger culture.

Question 80

Humans exhibit greater group cooperation compared to other primates, dividing responsibility for necessary tasks among members of the group.