Deck 11: Digestion and Nutrition

Question 1

What tissue lines the digestive tract?

A) connective
B) muscular
C) cartilage
D) epithelium
E) neural

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The nerves and blood vessels of a human tooth are located in the

A) dentine.
B) pulp cavity.
C) enamel.
D) caries.
E) periodontal membrane.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Incisors are used to

A) grind food.
B) bite off chunks of food.
C) tear food.
D) mince food.
E) pulverize food.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following organs of the digestive system is different from the other four because it does NOT produce any secretions that aid in the digestive process?

A) stomach
B) liver
C) esophagus
D) pancreas
E) salivary gland

Question 5

The use of fat as an energy storage tissue evolved due to

A) a diet that was high in fat.
B) the frequent inability to obtain food.
C) a diet high in carbohydrates.
D) excess food intake.
E) the need for insulation.

Question 6

Canines (cuspids) are used to

A) grind food.
B) bite off chunks of food.
C) tear food.
D) mince food.
E) pulverize food.

Question 7

Stretched out, an adult's gastrointestinal tract would be

A) 10 - 15 feet.
B) 15 - 20 feet.
C) 21 - 30 feet.
D) 30 - 35 feet.
E) 5 - 10 feet.

Question 8

Which of the following layers forms the outer covering of the gastrointestinal tract?

A) serosa
B) mucosa
C) conjunctiva
D) muscle layer
E) submucosa

Question 9

Chewing

A) chemically breaks up the food.
B) aids in forming the food into a consistency suitable for swallowing.
C) decreases the surface area of food exposed to digestive enzymes.
D) is the first phase of peristalsis.
E) requires teeth.

Question 10

Which of the following layers of the digestive tract is the only one that has direct contact with food before it is digested?

A) serosa
B) longitudinal muscle
C) mucosa
D) submucosa
E) circular muscle

Question 11

Molars and premolars are used to

A) grind food.
B) bite off chunks of food.
C) tear food.
D) mince food.
E) pulverize food.

Question 12

The lumen of the digestive tract describes

A) the movement of food along its length.
B) its outer covering.
C) the space inside.
D) muscular layers.
E) the twisted path it follows through the abdomen.

Question 13

The digestion of which class of foods begins in the mouth?

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) lipids
D) amino acids
E) nucleic acids

Question 14

The enamel in a tooth's crown directly covers the

A) root.
B) pulp cavity.
C) root canal.
D) dentin.
E) gingiva.

Question 15

The process that releases digestive enzymes is

A) absorption.
B) assimilation.
C) secretion.
D) digestion.
E) elimination.

Question 16

The process that moves nutrients into the blood or lymph is

A) absorption.
B) assimilation.
C) digestion.
D) ingestion.
E) elimination.

Question 17

The process that excretes undigested and unabsorbed residues is

A) absorption.
B) assimilation.
C) secretion.
D) digestion.
E) elimination.

Question 18

Sphincters

A) are muscles in longitudinal arrangement.
B) prevent movement of material through the digestive tract.
C) are smooth muscles.
D) are only found at the beginning of the stomach.
E) can contract but not relax.

Question 19

Which process propels the food down the esophagus into the stomach?

A) glycolysis
B) plasmolysis
C) emulsion
D) peristalsis
E) segmentation

Question 20

Which layer of the digestive tract contains blood and lymph vessels and nerve cells?

A) mucosa
B) submucosa
C) serosa
D) smooth muscle
E) endothelium

Question 21

The folds of the stomach are called

A) villi.
B) microvilli.
C) tight junctions.
D) rugae.
E) haustra.

Question 22

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach aids in

A) digestion of fats.
B) digestion of proteins.
C) digestion of carbohydrates.
D) production of leptin.
E) destruction of microbes in food and digestion of proteins.

Question 23

"Heartburn" is caused by

A) HCl sloshing back into the esophagus.
B) pepsin sloshing back into the esophagus.
C) pepsinogen sloshing back into the esophagus.
D) chymotrypsin sloshing back into the esophagus.
E) intrinsic factor sloshing back into the esophagus.

Question 24

Mucins in saliva are used to

A) digest starch.
B) digest fats.
C) digest proteins.
D) bind food together to from a bolus.
E) maintain the pH of the mouth.

Question 25

Which of the following functions does the stomach perform the LEAST?

A) absorption
B) digestion
C) storage
D) mixing
E) movement

Question 26

Digestion of tissues in the stomach wall by gastric juice is usually prevented by

A) only the secretion bicarbonate.
B) a covering of mucus, exclusively.
C) intrinsic factor alone.
D) secretion of bicarbonate and a covering of mucus.
E) secretion of protein-digesting enzymes in inactive form and a covering of mucus plus intrinsic factor.

Question 27

The digestion of proteins begins in the

A) stomach.
B) pancreas.
C) small intestine.
D) large intestine.
E) esophagus.

Question 28

A bolus is formed in the

A) mouth.
B) esophagus.
C) stomach.
D) small intestine.
E) large intestine.

Question 29

The acid released in the stomach is

A) carbonic acid.
B) hydrochloric acid.
C) nitric acid.
D) sulfuric acid.
E) phosphoric acid.

Question 30

Salivary amylase is produced by

A) parotid glands only.
B) sublingual glands only.
C) submandibular glands only.
D) parotid glands and sublingual glands only.
E) parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands.

Question 31

Stomach motility

A) decreases following a heavy meal.
B) controls the amount of material leaving the pyloric sphincter.
C) is unaffected by emotional state or external environmental factors.
D) may be retarded when stretch receptors on the stomach wall are activated.
E) is increased by hormones released in response to high stomach acidity.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an active form of an enzyme?

A) trypsin
B) amylase
C) pepsin
D) pepsinogen
E) chymotrypsin

Question 33

High stomach acidity

A) creates ideal conditions for carbohydrate digestion.
B) promotes emulsification of fats.
C) favors protein digestion.
D) blocks the release of histamine, thereby favoring production of peptic ulcers.
E) converts lipases into their active forms.

Question 34

During swallowing, which structure aids the epiglottis in closing off the trachea?

A) the glottis
B) the esophagus
C) the vocal cords
D) the pharynx
E) the soft palate

Question 35

Intrinsic factor is used to aid in the absorption of

A) vitamin E.
B) vitamin C.
C) vitamin D.
D) vitamin K.
E) vitamin B₁₂.

Question 36

How long can it take for a full stomach to empty?

A) 1 - 2 hours
B) 2 - 4 hours
C) 2 - 6 hours
D) 4 - 8 hours
E) 6 - 8 hours

Question 37

During the process of swallowing, the

A) esophagus is temporarily closed by the glottis.
B) epiglottis closes the trachea leading to the lungs.
C) pharynx restricts food entry to the esophagus.
D) epiglottis seals the esophagus.
E) glottis seals the esophagus.

Question 38

Which of the following helps to determine the time it takes to empty the stomach?

A) fat content
B) acidity of chyme
C) both fat content and acidity of chyme
D) pepsin concentration
E) gastrin concentration

Question 39

Which of the following bacteria is known to cause the formation of peptic ulcers?

A) Helicobacter pylori
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Streptococcus pyogenes
D) Escherichia coli
E) Micrococcus luteus

Question 40

Chyme is first formed in the

A) mouth.
B) esophagus.
C) stomach.
D) small intestine.
E) large intestine.

Question 41

The first part of the small intestine is the

A) duodenum.
B) ileum.
C) colon.
D) cecum.
E) jejunum.

Question 42

Excess glucose taken up by the liver is converted to

A) fat.
B) glycogen.
C) bile salts.
D) fructose.
E) proteins.

Question 43

The pancreas produces enzymes to digest all of the following EXCEPT which nutrients?

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) nucleic acids
E) glucose

Question 44

The liver functions to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) produce bile.
B) remove toxins ingested in food.
C) inactivate hormones.
D) process nutrients into required substances.
E) produce glucagon.

Question 45

Of the following parts of the GI tract, the greatest amount of nutrient absorption takes place in the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) colon.
D) pancreas.
E) esophagus.

Question 46

Gallstones are made of

A) calcium.
B) sodium.
C) iron.
D) cholesterol.
E) oxalates.

Question 47

The digestion of fats mostly occurs in the

A) stomach.
B) pancreas.
C) small intestine.
D) lymph vascular system.
E) liver.

Question 48

Bile is used to aid in the digestion and absorption of

A) fats.
B) proteins.
C) carbohydrates.
D) nucleic acids.
E) fats and proteins.

Question 49

Ammonia is converted to ____ by the liver.

A) amino acids
B) glycogen
C) urea
D) bile
E) digestive enzymes

Question 50

Which blood vessel travels from the small intestine directly to the liver?

A) hepatic portal vein
B) hepatic vein
C) aorta
D) inferior vena cava
E) mesenteric vein

Question 51

Which of the following are tiny projections of the mucosal wall?

A) microvilli
B) mucins
C) villi
D) submucosa
E) jejunum

Question 52

Ammonia is produced when cells break down

A) fats.
B) amino acids.
C) carbohydrates.
D) nucleic acids.
E) vitamins.

Question 53

Bile salts are synthesized from

A) hydrochloric acid.
B) uric acid.
C) cholesterol.
D) mucus.
E) sodium chloride.

Question 54

Microvilli project from the

A) lymph vessels.
B) serosa.
C) rugae.
D) epithelial cell's plasma membrane.
E) longitudinal muscle.

Question 55

Why does the pancreas secrete bicarbonate?

A) to digest proteins
B) to digest carbohydrates
C) to digest lipids
D) to digest nucleic acids
E) to adjust the pH of the duodenum

Question 56

The main function associated with the structure of villi and microvilli is

A) secreting digestive enzymes.
B) increasing surface area.
C) secreting hormones.
D) trapping bacteria.
E) moving food through the intestines.

Question 57

Bilirubin is

A) converted to ammonia by the liver.
B) converted to urea by the liver.
C) a pigment that gives bile its yellow-green color.
D) is formed from recycled hemoglobin.
E) is the same as bile salt.

Question 58

Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest

A) fats.
B) proteins.
C) nucleic acids.
D) carbohydrates.
E) vitamins.

Question 59

Which of the following organs may be removed without harming the body?

A) liver
B) pancreas
C) heart
D) gallbladder
E) brain

Question 60

Brushlike projections from the villi are

A) cilia.
B) flagella.
C) lymph vessels.
D) microvilli.
E) rugae.

Question 61

The typical brown color of feces comes from

A) blood cells.
B) degraded food substances.
C) bile pigments.
D) melanin.
E) digested blood from meats.

Question 62

Which system(s) control digestion?

A) the nervous system
B) the endocrine system
C) both the nervous and endocrine systems
D) the lymphatic system
E) both the nervous and lymphatic systems

Question 63

Triglycerides are eventually broken down into

A) fats.
B) monoglycerides.
C) fatty acids
D) monoglycerides and fatty acids.
E) cholesterol.

Question 64

Clumps of digested lipids, bile salts, and cholesterol are known as

A) chyme.
B) chylomicrons.
C) lacteals.
D) micelles.
E) lecithin.

Question 65

Which of the following are absorbed by the lymphatic system?

A) monosaccharides
B) amino acids
C) monoglycerides
D) fatty acids
E) both monoglycerides and fatty acids

Question 66

Which of the following performs a chemical digestion similar to that done by pepsin?

A) aminopeptidase
B) carboxypeptidase
C) trypsin
D) gastrin
E) lecithin

Question 67

The repeated contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in the intestinal wall creating a back-and-forth movement is called

A) peristalsis.
B) regurgitation.
C) segmentation.
D) motility.
E) emulsification.

Question 68

Which hormone shuts down HCl secretion?

A) gastrin
B) somatostatin
C) leptin
D) ghrelin
E) secretin

Question 69

The function of the appendix is

A) to digest proteins.
B) not clear, but may relate to combating ingested bacteria.
C) to digest fats.
D) to absorb glucose.
E) to absorb amino acids.

Question 70

A deficiency in the supply of pancreatic juice to the small intestine could have what result?

A) lack of insulin
B) duodenal ulcers
C) accumulation of large globs of fat
D) lack of insulin and accumulation of large globs of fat
E) lack of insulin, accumulation of large globs of fat, and duodenal ulcers

Question 71

The function of segmentation is to

A) move the food through the digestive tract.
B) churn the food and mix the contents with the digestive tract.
C) bring the contents to the wall of the tract where they could be absorbed.
D) produce a wavelike push of the gut contents through the system.
E) churn the food and mix the contents with the digestive tract and also bring the contents to the wall of the tract where they could be absorbed.

Question 72

Which of the following does NOT digest proteins?

A) trypsin
B) chymotrypsin
C) aminopeptidase
D) pepsin
E) lipase

Question 73

Vitamin K is produced in the intestine by

A) Escherichia coli .
B) Staphylococcus aureus.
C) Streptococcus pyogenes .
D) Bacillus subtilis .
E) Helicobacter pylori .

Question 74

The primary function of the large intestine is the

A) storage of nutrients.
B) retention of water.
C) manufacture of vitamin D.
D) digestion of fats.
E) removal of water from undigested food.

Question 75

The contribution of the pancreas in the overall digestion and utilization of nutrients includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) as an accessory gland.
B) to secrete bicarbonate, which helps neutralize highly acidic chyme.
C) to release enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids in the small intestine.
D) to produce insulin and glucagon that help regulate the metabolism of sugar.
E) mechanical digestion.

Question 76

Absorbed triglycerides first enter the body through the

A) villi.
B) lacteals.
C) epithelial cells lining the intestine.
D) capillaries.
E) pancreatic duct.

Question 77

Health officials will test water supplies for fecal contamination by looking for which bacteria?

A) Staphylococcus aureus .
B) Streptococcus pyogenes .
C) Escherichia coli .
D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis .
E) Clostridium botulinum .

Question 78

The large intestine begins as the

A) appendix.
B) duodenum.
C) ileum.
D) cecum.
E) jejunum.

Question 79

The breaking up of large units of fat into smaller ones is called

A) digestion.
B) saponification.
C) neutralization.
D) emulsification.
E) denaturation.

Question 80

Which of the following regions connects directly to the rectum?

A) sigmoid colon
B) ascending colon
C) descending colon
D) transverse colon
E) appendix