Deck 15: The Endocrine System

Question 1

The most common control mechanism to prevent overproduction or underproduction of hormones is

A) positive feedback.
B) opposing interaction.
C) negative feedback.
D) synergistic interaction.
E) permissive interaction.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The word hormone comes from the Greek word meaning

A) target.
B) response.
C) secretion.
D) set in motion.
E) internal gland.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Estrogen and progesterone exhibit which type of hormone interaction?

A) synergistic
B) permissive
C) opposing
D) unrelating
E) mutual

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Target cells

A) are found only in specific endocrine glands.
B) are equipped with specific receptor molecules.
C) are muscle cells.
D) may occur in any part of the body.
E) are equipped with specific receptor molecules and may occur in any part of the body.

Question 5

The relationship between two hormones where one can only work on a target cell after the second has "primed" it is referred to as

A) opposing interaction.
B) synergistic interaction.
C) permissive interaction.
D) mutualistic interaction.
E) commensal interaction.

Question 6

Steroid hormones are derived from

A) free fatty acids.
B) cortisol.
C) tyrosine.
D) cholesterol.
E) alanine.

Question 7

Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes thyroxine and calcitonin?

A) pituitary gland
B) pancreas
C) hypothalamus
D) adrenal glands
E) thyroid gland

Question 8

Most hormones are distributed throughout the body by the

A) exocrine system.
B) lymphatic system.
C) nervous system.
D) blood system.
E) integumentary system.

Question 9

Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes cortisol and aldosterone?

A) pituitary gland
B) pancreas
C) pineal gland
D) adrenal glands
E) thyroid gland

Question 10

Diabetes mellitus is

A) a(n) endocrine disorder in which too much insulin is taken in by cells.
B) a(n) endocrine disorder in which too little insulin is taken in by cells.
C) the same as Type II diabetes.
D) the results of obesity.
E) a disease of the liver.

Question 11

The important feature of all cells that react to a specific hormone is (are) the

A) type of blood supply they receive.
B) proximity of the endocrine gland.
C) presence of an appropriate receptor molecule.
D) characteristics of their plasma membranes.
E) presence of specific genes responsive to the hormone.

Question 12

Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes several hormones and stores two hormones produced by the hypothalamus?

A) pituitary gland
B) pancreas
C) pineal gland
D) adrenal glands
E) thyroid gland

Question 13

Although most hormones work at sites distant from where they are secreted, some work locally, such as

A) follicle stimulating hormone.
B) prostaglandin.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) thyroid stimulating hormone.
E) adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Question 14

Insulin and glucagon exhibit which type of hormone interaction?

A) synergistic
B) permissive
C) opposing
D) unrelating
E) mutual

Question 15

Prolactin, oxytocin, and estrogen exhibit which type of hormone interaction?

A) synergistic
B) permissive
C) opposing
D) unrelating
E) mutual

Question 16

Amine hormones are modified

A) amino acids.
B) free fatty acids.
C) cholesterol.
D) sugars.
E) starches.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Although hormones are carried to all parts of the body, they produce effects only in cells with proper receptors.
B) Hormones are limited to steroid compounds.
C) Hormones are secreted by specialized exocrine glands.
D) Most hormones are controlled by positive feedback mechanisms involving the pituitary gland.
E) Hormones are supplied to the body in the diet.

Question 18

Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A) pituitary gland
B) pancreas
C) hypothalamus
D) adrenal glands
E) thyroid gland

Question 19

Which of the following organs of the endocrine system secretes melatonin?

A) pituitary gland
B) pancreas
C) pineal gland
D) adrenal glands
E) thyroid gland

Question 20

The relationship between two hormones that work together is referred to as

A) opposing interaction.
B) synergistic interaction.
C) permissive interaction.
D) mutualistic interaction.
E) commensal interaction.

Question 21

Steroid hormones do not require membrane receptors because they

A) are small enough to pass directly through the membrane.
B) are lipid-soluble like the bilayer.
C) pass through special channels.
D) are water-soluble.
E) dissolve in the cholesterol of the membranes.

Question 22

The reason that some individual hormones have so many different effects is that

A) they influence gene transcription.
B) they trigger a second messenger system that produces a cascade of effects.
C) there are a great many different cells in different tissues that have specific receptors for the hormone.
D) the hormone is carried throughout the body and only a small amount is needed to produce its effect.
E) they are realeased in different concentrations.

Question 23

Which enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP?

A) lactic dehydrogenase
B) creatine phosphokinase
C) pancreatic nucleotidase
D) adenylate cyclase
E) monoamine oxidase

Question 24

The hypothalamus and pituitary link the activities of the endocrine system and nervous system by

A) neurohormones being secreted in response to the summation of neural messages that enter the hypothalamus.
B) shifts in hormonal concentrations being detected by the anterior pituitary.
C) pheromones being secreted as a response to photoperiodic stimuli.
D) the nervous tissue of the anterior lobe of the pituitary sending stimuli to the glandular tissue of the posterior pituitary to produce hormones that will be secreted by the hypothalamus.
E) direct neural connections.

Question 25

Peptide hormones include

A) estrogens.
B) growth hormone.
C) melatonin.
D) thyroid hormone.
E) oxytocin.

Question 26

Second messengers are molecules of

A) steroid compounds.
B) cyclic AMP.
C) ADP.
D) prostaglandin.
E) intermedin.

Question 27

Water-soluble hormones

A) have to be transported by specific protein carrier molecules in the blood.
B) have no trouble entering the target cells.
C) find and react with the cell lipid bilayer.
D) always elicit the production of a second messenger.
E) are the same as lipid soluble.

Question 28

Which hormone allows muscle cells to store glucose?

A) growth hormone
B) estrogen
C) insulin
D) glucagon
E) testosterone

Question 29

Steroid hormones act by

A) interacting with a target cell's DNA.
B) activating mitochondria in target cells.
C) acting on ribosomes for protein synthesis.
D) stimulating mitosis.
E) helping glucose into the target cell.

Question 30

Protein hormones include

A) estrogens.
B) growth hormone.
C) melatonin.
D) thyroid hormone.
E) oxytocin.

Question 31

Oxytocin has specific effects on the

A) uterine musculature.
B) voluntary muscles throughout the body.
C) nervous tissue.
D) target cells in the brain.
E) target cells in the digestive tract.

Question 32

Which is an example of an organ that is nervous in origin, structure, and function but secretes substances into the bloodstream?

A) anterior pituitary
B) posterior pituitary
C) pancreas
D) adrenal cortex
E) testis

Question 33

The pituitary gland is controlled by the

A) pons.
B) corpus callosum.
C) medulla.
D) thalamus.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 34

Which statement is true?

A) The anterior pituitary gland is essentially nervous tissue.
B) The anterior pituitary gland secretes only two hormones.
C) Only the posterior part of the pituitary gland could be called the "master gland."
D) The posterior pituitary gland only stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
E) The anterior pituitary gland is conencted to the hpothalamus via the infindibulum.

Question 35

Which is the predominant second messenger involved in regulating glucose metabolism?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) adenyl cyclase
D) cyclic AMP
E) G protein

Question 36

If you were cast upon a desert island with no fresh water to drink, which of the following would increase in your bloodstream in an effort to conserve water?

A) erythropoietin
B) oxytocin
C) insulin
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) glucose

Question 37

The antidiuretic hormone

A) controls water balance in the kidneys only.
B) controls the concentration of ammonia in the urine.
C) decreases blood pressure.
D) changes the permeability of the urine-conducting tubules so that the interstitial fluid increases.
E) controls water balance in the interstitium only.

Question 38

Which gland produces/releases hormones that have the widest range of effects on the body?

A) pineal
B) pituitary
C) thyroid
D) adrenal
E) pancreas

Question 39

Amine hormones include

A) estrogens.
B) growth hormone.
C) melatonin.
D) cortisol.
E) oxytocin.

Question 40

Steroid hormones include

A) estrogens.
B) growth hormone.
C) melatonin.
D) thyroid hormone.
E) oxytocin.

Question 41

A drop in blood volume would trigger the body to secrete

A) parathyroid hormones.
B) somatotropin.
C) antidiuretic hormones.
D) insulin.
E) glucocorticoids.

Question 42

The posterior pituitary secretions produce their effects

A) on the gonads.
B) in the thyroid glands.
C) on adrenal glands.
D) on mammary glands.
E) on thirst mechanism.

Question 43

Undersecretion of growth hormone in childhood results in

A) pituitary gigantism.
B) acromegaly.
C) pituitary dwarfism.
D) diabetes insipidus.
E) cretinism.

Question 44

The luteinizing hormone

A) influences ovulation.
B) has no function in males.
C) is produced by the corpus luteum.
D) stimulates milk production.
E) promotes sperm formation.

Question 45

Oversecretion of growth hormone in adulthood results in

A) pituitary gigantism.
B) acromegaly.
C) pituitary dwarfism.
D) diabetes insipidus.
E) cretinism.

Question 46

Triiodothyronine (T₃) is secreted by

A) pancreatic islet cells.
B) the thyroid gland.
C) the pituitary gland.
D) the adrenal medulla.
E) the adrenal cortex.

Question 47

Somatostatin is secreted by

A) pancreatic islet cells.
B) the thyroid gland.
C) the pituitary gland.
D) the adrenal medulla.
E) the adrenal cortex.

Question 48

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are products of

A) endocrine glands.
B) neurosecretory cells.
C) blood capillaries.
D) the anterior pituitary.
E) kidney and uterine wall cells, respectively.

Question 49

Oversecretion of growth hormone in childhood results in

A) pituitary gigantism.
B) acromegaly.
C) pituitary dwarfism.
D) diabetes insipidus.
E) cretinism.

Question 50

Athletes and bodybuilders who use growth hormone to improve athletic performance and muscle mass risk the development of

A) hair loss.
B) gigantism.
C) low blood pressure.
D) diabetes.
E) hypothyroidism.

Question 51

A serious decrease in production of ADH will lead to

A) pituitary gigantism.
B) acromegaly.
C) diabetes mellitus.
D) severe water loss.
E) cretinism.

Question 52

The control over milk "let down," labor in childbirth, and water balance are mediated by the ____ gland.

A) pineal
B) anterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary
D) parathyroid
E) thyroid

Question 53

Growth hormone brings about all of the following EXCEPT

A) growth of cartilage.
B) growth of bone.
C) increased muscle mass.
D) adjusts the rate of glucose uptake by cells.
E) growth of breast tissue.

Question 54

The "cuddle hormone," secreted in greater quantities following sexual contact, is

A) testosterone.
B) estrogen.
C) follicle stimulating hormone.
D) melatonin.
E) oxytocin.

Question 55

The secretion of each of the hormones from the anterior pituitary requires

A) stimulation from the posterior pituitary.
B) that they first be secreted from the neurons of the hypothalamus.
C) two capillary beds.
D) the action of minute amounts of releasing hormones.
E) two capillary beds and the action of minute amounts of releasing hormones.

Question 56

Epinephrine is secreted by

A) pancreatic islet cells.
B) the thyroid gland.
C) the pituitary gland.
D) the adrenal medulla.
E) the adrenal cortex.

Question 57

Which of the following hormones is different from the others based upon the extent of its target cells?

A) corticotropin
B) luteinizing hormone
C) somatotropin
D) thyrotropin
E) follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 58

The growth hormone is called

A) prolactin.
B) adrenalin.
C) thyroxine.
D) ACTH.
E) somatotropin.

Question 59

Prolactin

A) stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
B) causes the development of breasts and other secondary sexual characteristics in the male.
C) acts in concert with FSH to produce milk.
D) has secondary effects on reducing the size of the uterus after birth.
E) is secreted only after the flow of milk has begun after delivery of the child.

Question 60

The most general of the pituitary hormones, in that it may affect almost any cell in the body, is

A) the adrenocorticotropic hormone.
B) the thyroid-stimulating hormone.
C) gonadotropin.
D) somatotropin.
E) prolactin.

Question 61

Which mineral is essential to the production of thyroid hormone?

A) iron
B) calcium
C) sodium
D) potassium
E) iodine

Question 62

The main regulator of the calcium level in the blood is

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) thyroid hormone.
C) thymosin.
D) growth hormone.
E) insulin.

Question 63

Autoimmune disorders or a tumor of the thyroid can lead to

A) diabetes insipidus.
B) diabetes mellitus.
C) a simple goiter.
D) acromegaly.
E) Graves disease.

Question 64

The pituitary hormone associated most directly with metabolic rate plus growth and development is

A) ACTH.
B) TSH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) ADH.

Question 65

You have just moved from Norfolk, Virginia (sea level), to Taos, New Mexico (high in the mountains), and you find yourself out of breath climbing a small hill. Three months later, climbing the same hill, you have no difficulty. In the interim you have not altered your level of activity or diet. Which hormone has been at work?

A) angiotensin
B) erythropoietin
C) aldosterone
D) estrogen
E) anti-diuretic hormone

Question 66

Increased heart rate and blood pressure and unusually heavy sweating are symptoms of

A) hyperthyroidism.
B) Grave's disease.
C) acromegaly.
D) hypothyroidism.
E) Wilson's disease.

Question 67

The source of norepinephrine is the

A) pituitary gland.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) adrenal medulla.
D) thymus gland.
E) thyroid gland.

Question 68

A deficiency of vitamin D causes

A) scurvy.
B) rickets.
C) kidney stones.
D) a goiter.
E) dwarfism.

Question 69

Calcitonin acts in opposition to

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) thyroxine.
C) glucagon.
D) the adrenal medulla.
E) osteoblast activity.

Question 70

ACTH

A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary.
B) has target cells in the autonomic nervous system.
C) has target cells in the adrenal cortex.
D) has target cells in the adrenal medulla.
E) initiates the autoimmune response.

Question 71

Melatonin is secreted by

A) pancreatic islet cells.
B) the thyroid gland.
C) the pituitary gland.
D) the pineal gland.
E) the kidneys.

Question 72

Atrial Naturiuretic Peptide is produced in the

A) bloodstream.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) adrenal medulla.
D) kidneys.
E) heart.

Question 73

The source of calcitonin is the

A) pituitary gland.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) adrenal medulla.
D) thymus gland.
E) thyroid gland.

Question 74

The source of glucocorticoids is the

A) pituitary gland.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) adrenal medulla.
D) thymus gland.
E) thyroid gland.

Question 75

Being overweight, sluggish, intolerant of cold, confused, and depressed are symptoms of

A) hyperthyroidism.
B) Grave's disease.
C) acromegaly.
D) hypothyroidism.
E) Wilson's disease.

Question 76

Erythropoietin is secreted by

A) pancreatic islet cells.
B) the thyroid gland.
C) the pituitary gland.
D) the pineal gland.
E) the kidneys.

Question 77

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A) stimulates osteoblasts to digest bone.
B) stimulates the absorption of calcium in the kidneys.
C) helps to inactivate vitamin D.
D) is secreted from the thyroid gland.
E) stimulates the release of intrinsic factor from the digestive tract.

Question 78

Lack of iodine will lead to the development of

A) diabetes insipidus.
B) diabetes mellitus.
C) a simple goiter.
D) acromegaly.
E) Graves disease.

Question 79

Weakened bones, kidney stones, and malfunctioning muscles are symptoms of

A) hyperthyroidism.
B) Grave's disease.
C) acromegaly.
D) hyperparathyroidism.
E) Wilson's disease.

Question 80

If you eliminated all sources of calcium (dairy products, some vegetables) from your diet, the level of which of the following would rise in an attempt to supply calcium stored in your body to the tissues that need it?

A) aldosterone
B) calcitonin
C) mineralocorticoids
D) parathyroid hormone
E) angiotensin