Deck 2: The History and Philosophy Behind the Juvenile Justice System

Question 1

The child savers were:

A) foster parents
B) parishioners
C) juvenile justice attorneys
D) wealthy, civic-minded citizens

Answer 1

D

Question 2

"The Four Ds of juvenile justice" are:

A) decriminalization, discussion, due process, deinstitutionalization
B) democracy, due process, diversion, deinstitutionalization
C) discussion, due process, diversion, decriminalization
D) deinstitutionalization, diversion, due process, decriminalization

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The Uniform Juvenile Court Act provided for:

A) appropriate medical and psychological labels for juveniles
B) procedures for fingerprinting and photographing children
C) complex interstate juvenile justice procedures
D) decreased rehabilitation in the family environment

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The act that funded federal programs to aid children and families was the:

A) Standard Juvenile Court Act in 1925
B) Family Court Act in 1935
C) Juvenile Crime Prevention Act in 1925
D) Social Security Act in 1935

Question 5

The first juvenile courts served _____.

A) as administrative agencies of federal courts
B) as authorities who punished rather than rehabilitated
C) as representatives of the wealthy
D) a social welfare function

Question 6

Ancient Roman culture ________.

A) allowed the father to exercise limited authority over the family, but punishment could be severe
B) contributed to the doctrine of parens patriae in our juvenile justice system
C) gave adult sons equal rights as head of families
D) allowed fathers to inflict corporal punishment upon children

Question 7

The 1909 White House Conference on Youth established the:

A) U.S.  Social Services Bureau in 1909
B) U.S. Juvenile Justice Center in 1912
C) U.S. Children's Bureau in 1912
D) U.S. Children's Bureau in 1909

Question 8

The Puritan Period in the development of Juvenile Justice in the United States:

A) was during the years of 1646-1824
B) was during the years of 1824-1960
C) was during the years of 1899-1960
D) was during the years of 1960-1980

Question 9

Schall v. Martin (1984) the Supreme Court upheld:

A) the state's right to place juveniles in preventive detention
B) the state's right to probationary hearings
C) the state's right to transfer juvenile's to adult courts
D) the state's right to allow double jeopardy in certain situation

Question 10

In Breed v. Jones (1975), the Supreme Court held that:

A) a jury trial is not required in California juvenile courts
B) a juvenile in the state of California could be tried twice for the same offense
C) a juvenile cannot be adjudicated in juvenile court and tried again in adult criminal court for the same offense
D) double jeopardy does not apply except in adult criminal court proceedings

Question 11

According to the American Bar Association, juvenile delinquency liability:

A) should include only conduct that was a felony
B) should include only conduct that involved the use of a weapon
C) should only include such conduct as would be designated a crime by an adult
D) should only include such conduct that showed malicious intent

Question 12

The primary function of probation within the juvenile court system was to:

A) investigate and rehabilitate
B) represent the interest of custodians in court
C) find employment for children who were expelled from school
D) provide evidence to indict adults rather than children in criminal court

Question 13

The procedural requirements for waiver to criminal court were addressed in:

A) Kent v. United States
B) Morris v. Kent
C) the Supreme Court because a juvenile's hearing was made public
D) Morris v. Kent because a juvenile's hearing was made public

Question 14

Progressive Era proponents refined the _______.

A) medical model
B) economic model
C) educational model
D) anti-social model

Question 15

The first juvenile court was established in:

A) Massachusetts
B) Pennsylvania
C) Illinois
D) New York

Question 16

The first U.S. reformatory opened in:

A) 1842
B) 1824
C) 1838
D) 1899

Question 17

The first house of refuge was located in:

A) New York
B) Pennsylvania
C) Massachusetts
D) Illinois

Question 18

In re Winship established _______.

A) proof beyond reasonable doubt as the standard for juvenile adjudication proceedings
B) the Gault decision was null and void
C) law enforcement must treat juveniles as adults when women are assaulted
D) the Supreme Court could not hear juvenile cases unless a felony was in question

Question 19

James Q. Wilson theorized that socially isolating juvenile offenders:

A) might further the development of delinquent behavior
B) could be critical to the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders
C) should provide institutionalized job training
D) would assist in steering juveniles away from a lifetime of delinquent behavior

Question 20

The child savers were reformers whose philosophy was:

A) that children should be held accountable like adults
B) that the juvenile justice system should provide swift punishment
C) that children were good and should be viewed as youth with problems
D) that consideration of special circumstances should not be a primary concern

Question 21

In Nelson v. Heyne (1974), the Seventh Court of Appeals confirmed that when a state assumes the place of a juvenile's parents:

A) it assumes the parental duties, treatment, and care of the child
B) it is a temporary placement, not to extend to a term longer than three years
C) it is not required to provide individual treatment
D) the juvenile must be under the age of 12

Question 22

In the 1500s, London's ______________ became the first institution to control youthful beggars and vagrants.

Question 23

The London Philanthropic Society of 1817:

A) attempted to reform adult offenders
B) closed English houses of refugees for children
C) provided cultural experiences for the poor
D) reformed juvenile offenders through institutional treatment

Question 24

Probation, according to the 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act, was to have both a(n) ___________ and a(n) ______________ function.

Question 25

Elizabeth I's reign in England (1558-1603) passed:

A) poor laws that appointed overseers to indenture poor and neglected into servitude
B) indenture laws that required medical care for the masses
C) royalty laws that allowed selected children to live as part of the royal family
D) endangerment laws that committed fathers to prison who used corporal punishment

Question 26

The concept of Foster Homes in New York in 1853 failed because of the following issues EXCEPT:

A) personality conflicts between foster parents and juvenile clients
B) biological parents interfering with the placement
C) accrediting licenses inadequate
D) monitoring foster home was inadequate

Question 27

A juvenile cannot be adjudicated in juvenile court and then tried for the same offense in an adult criminal court was the holding in _______________.

Question 28

Many youth who earlier would have been released were instead referred to the new diversionary programs, this phenomenon is called ______________.

Question 29

The states' authority to send children to houses of refuge under the doctrine of parens patriae was upheld in 1838 in _________________.

Question 30

The Medical Model noted that the cause of crime was because of the following:

A) form of rational adaptation to societal conditions
B) disease of society or of the individual
C) lack of doctors in society
D) lack of hospitals in society

Question 31

Fathers having absolute control over their children is referred to as ________________.  .

Question 32

One of the guiding philosophies of the __________________ was that children were to be led back to conformity, not harshly punished.

Question 33

The Puritan Period believed that children:

A) were inherently sinful and in need of strict control and/or punishment
B) allowed children older than 4 years old to receive public punishment
C) did not allow for punishment for disobedience, rebelliousness, and sledding on the Sabbath
D) were inherently good and needed safety and security above all else

Question 34

The 1899 Juvenile Court Act public policy was based on the ___________.

Question 35

The Gilbert Act of 1782 decreed all of the following criteria regarding infants and children being placed in poorhouses EXCEPT:

A) all poor
B) aged
C) sick and infirmed
D) healthy

Question 36

The Uniform Juvenile Court provided for the following EXCEPT:

A) care of youth
B) protection of youth
C) development of youth
D) criminal labeling of youth

Question 37

The child savers believed that children's environments could make them bad; consequently, these individuals attempted to save unfortunate children by placing them in ____________and _______________.

Question 38

In 1899 the Illinois legislature passed a law establishing a juvenile court that became the cornerstone for juvenile justice throughout the United States.  Key features of this act include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) defining a delinquent as any detainee younger than 18 years old
B) separating children from adults in institutions
C) setting special, informal procedural rules for juvenile court
D) providing for use of probation officers

Question 39

The Juvenile Rights Period:

A) was concerned with significant changes in the American family
B) saw a reduction in divorce rates
C) saw an increase in marriages among youth between the ages of 15 and 17
D) was a time when women stayed at home rather than were actively involved in the labor force

Question 40

The Stubborn Child Law of 1646 created the first _______________.

Question 41

The House of Refuge was the predecessor of today's training schools.

Question 42

The first probation system applicable to juveniles was instituted in 1900.

Question 43

A jury trial is a required part of due process in adjudicating a youth as delinquent by a juvenile court.

Question 44

The Juvenile Court Act differentiated between poor and abused children and delinquent and criminal children.

Question 45

The American colonists brought with them much of the English criminal justice system, including forced apprenticeship system for poor and neglected children.

Question 46

In 1899 the Illinois legislature passed a law establishing a juvenile court that became the cornerstone for juvenile justice throughout the United States.

Question 47

Some child savers viewed poor children as a threat to society.

Question 48

In 1914 diversion from juvenile court began in the _______________ to process and treat young offenders without labeling them as criminals

Question 49

The court held in __________________ that juveniles do not have the right to a jury trial.

Question 50

The progressives further developed the medical model, viewing crime as a disease to treat and cure by _________________.

Question 51

The Uniform Juvenile Court Act provided for the care, protection and development of youths, without the stigma of a criminal label.

Question 52

Parens patriae was used to justify the state's intervention in the lives of its feudal lords and their children.

Question 53

The Juvenile Court Period began during the 1950s.

Question 54

Since its inception, the juvenile court was guided by a __________.

Question 55

During the refuge period reformers created separate institutions for youths such as houses of refuge, reform schools and foster homes.

Question 56

Isolating offenders has been noted to decrease delinquent behavior.

Question 57

The holding in Gault is thought to be the single most important event in the history of juvenile justice.

Question 58

System modification included offering leadership at the neighborhood level to provide and develop a variety of youth assistance programs.

Question 59

The first quarter of the 20^th century is often referred to as the ____________.

Question 60

Illinois Juvenile Court Act marked the first time that probation and probation officers were formally made specifically applicable to juveniles.

Question 61

Schall v. Martin established a due process standard for detention hearings.

Question 62

Discuss the provisions of the Uniform Juvenile Court Act.

Question 63

Compare and contrast the juvenile rights period with the juvenile court period.

Question 64

Discuss the importance of the Refuge Period.

Question 65

Discuss the child savers - who were they and what was their philosophy?

Question 66

The first juvenile courts were administrative agencies of circuit or district courts.

Question 67

The adversary function of the criminal court was deemed to be incompatible with the procedural safeguards of the juvenile court.

Question 68

Discuss the Gault decision and the ramifications of the decision on the juvenile justice system.

Question 69

Congress passed the first child labor laws in 1912

Question 70

The first federal subsidy program, providing child welfare grants to states for the care of dependent, neglected, exploited, abused and delinquent youths began in 1963.