Deck 4: Youth in Society: Developmental Risks and Protective Factors

Question 1

Research suggests that the most aggressive age in humans is:

A) 2 years old
B) 5 years old
C) 9 years old
D) 13 years old

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Adolescence is often characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) rapid growth and sexual maturity
B) shift of the primary support system from parents to friends
C) distinct subculture often referred to as a "generation gap"
D) developing emotional maturity without a struggle

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The four periods that children pass through that help them make sense of the world are called:

A) cognitive schemes
B) thought processing
C) recognition symbols
D) adolescent schematics

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The development of social cognition was based on the theory of cognitive development by:

A) Freud
B) Sutherland
C) Piaget
D) Kohlberg

Question 5

Lawrence Kohlberg devised a theory of moral development which consists of:

A) three stages of moral development
B) four stages of moral development
C) six stages of moral development
D) eight stages of moral development

Question 6

The most formative period of a child's life is:

A) between birth to age 3
B) between age 6 to age 8
C) age 10 - age 12
D) age 13 - age 17

Question 7

In 2006, the percentage of the U.S. population under age 18 was:

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 38%
D) 25%

Question 8

All of the following issues are serious consequences for children who live in poverty EXCEPT:

A) risk of lead poisoning and homelessness
B) risk of stabbing and homelessness
C) drug abuse and alcoholism
D) access to social media

Question 9

With attentive parents or older siblings during the formative years, children learn the fundamental concept of:

A) aggression
B) fear
C) conscience
D) submission

Question 10

In general, as youths approach adolescence, the:

A) influence of parents and teachers remain consistent
B) influence of physiology increases
C) influence of peers becomes stronger
D) influence of community decreases

Question 11

Within the Radial Concept of influences on growth and development the following is considered the first and most vital influence:

A) family
B) friends
C) schools
D) community

Question 12

The most vital component that influences child growth and development is:

A) family
B) physiology
C) school
D) community

Question 13

In healthy families, the following are true EXCEPT:

A) self-esteem is high
B) communication is direct and honest
C) rules are flexible and reasonable
D) member's attitudes of the outside world are tentative and optimistic

Question 14

Patterns of conflict resolution can be attributed to the formative years when children learn about:

A) pre-reading issues
B) listening issues
C) sharing issues
D) visualization issues

Question 15

"The fourth grade plunge" is apparent when ___________.

A) students become overly influenced by peers
B) students have the most difficulty resolving peer conflicts
C) students begin to be overly-concerned with appearance
D) students begin to be identified with significant academic deficits

Question 16

Early childhood growth and development involves the complex interaction of all EXCEPT:

A) family
B) physiology
C) school
D) community

Question 17

The most significant individual risk factor for predicting later delinquency is:

A) early anti-social behavior
B) abuse
C) fear of abandonment
D) neglect

Question 18

Kohlberg's studies conclude that:

A) morality is intrinsic
B) the process of moral development is primarily concerned with justice
C) memories are critical to moral development
D) educational systems are the building blocks of morality

Question 19

Brain growth begins to taper off near the ages of:

A) 6 or 7
B) 9 or 10
C) 12 or 13
D) 15 or 16

Question 20

Understanding early child development is important in juvenile justice because:

A) 73% of adult criminals victimize young children
B) pre-school education improves youth opportunities
C) numbers of youth gangs are increasing
D) for every child that enters the system, something has "gone wrong" in early    development

Question 21

Force and violence towards children, including physical punishment, has been characterized as:

A) behavioral inhibition
B) parental efficacy
C) adult supremacy
D) deterrence

Question 22

Most youth with conduct disorders should be treated as:

A) mentally ill
B) delinquent
C) unintelligent
D) mentally disabled

Question 23

Child development experts state that the ______________ lay the foundation for all that follows.

Question 24

The four periods theorized by Piaget are:  _________________, ________________, _____________, and _______________.

Question 25

Two serious consequences of poverty for children are ____________ and increased risk of _____________.

Question 26

Conduct Disorder (CD) is a serious childhood psychiatric condition that manifests itself in all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Passivity
B) Aggression
C) Lying
D) Stealing

Question 27

Guidance counselors, teachers, or law enforcement officers agree that the greatest problem they face when it comes to juvenile crime are ____________.

Question 28

The three pathways of disruptive behavior include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Authority conflict pathways
B) Covert behavior pathways
C) Independent behavior pathways
D) Overt behavior pathways

Question 29

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) defines Antisocial Personality Disorder by the following criteria EXCEPT:

A) Exists in individuals 18 and younger
B) Shows evidence of a conduct disorder before age 15
C) Shows a pattern of irresponsible behavior since age 15
D) Exists in individuals age 18 and older

Question 30

A psychopath is regarded as lacking in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

A) Conscience
B) Displaying remarkable emotional blandness
C) Cares about right and wrong
D) Often make glib promises and resolutions

Question 31

Labeling a youth as a psychopath does NOT:

A) reduce the youth's likelihood of receiving treatment
B) increase the chance of youth being transferred to the criminal system
C) require parents to admit the youth to a mental health facility
D) increase the chance of youth being treated as an adult in the criminal system

Question 32

Youth who start to push limits and commit offenses around age ______ turn into the harder-core delinquents.

Question 33

Risk factors have been identified in the following areas EXCEPT:

A) individual: high expectations for self, high IQ, being female
B) family: youth whose parents are incarcerated, separation/poor family bonding
C) school:  negative labeling by teachers, dropping out of school, truancy
D) peers: peer rejection and deviant peers

Question 34

In healthy families, communication is _____________  and  ______________.

Question 35

The first institution to affect children's behavior is the _____________.

Question 36

Schools begin identifying significant academic deficits and failures among students in ______________ grade.

Question 37

During the first three years of life children learn the concept of _______________, or rewards and punishments.

Question 38

Availability of firearms is an example of a ____________ risk factor.

Question 39

Respect for the rights of others should first be introduced to children:

A) in the community
B) at home
C) at school
D) at after school programming

Question 40

The overt behavior pathway includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) Annoying others
B) bullying
C) fighting
D) lying

Question 41

Research indicates that early intervention focusing on the most at-risk youth has not been shown to be a valid prevention tool.

Question 42

Present-day courts give parents limited latitude in disciplining their children.

Question 43

What are the five domains researchers have indicated as risk factors related to delinquency:  __________, ___________, _____________, ______________, and ___________.

Question 44

Using illegal credit cards is an example of overt behavior.

Question 45

Studies have linked violent video game play to serious aggression.

Question 46

Violent video games may actually be less harmful than watching violent television or movies because of the interactive nature of the games.

Question 47

The family is the foundation for the protection, care and training of our children in our American society.

Question 48

A risk factor does not make offending a certainty.

Question 49

Research suggests that the most aggressive age in humans is 4 years old.

Question 50

The most significant individual risk factor for predicting later delinquency is early ________________.

Question 51

Protective factors also relate to individual characteristics, family, school, peers, and community.

Question 52

Research has shown that children of incarcerated parents are five to six times more likely to become involved in criminal activity than the average child.

Question 53

Research has found only negative consequences associated with youth employment.

Question 54

A condition, characteristic or variable that increases the likelihood that a child will become delinquent is known as a _______________.

Question 55

An element linking aggressive or disruptive behavior and peer rejection is a child's degree of self control.

Question 56

_______________ examines how parental support and control of youth are associated with delinquency.

Question 57

The theory of cognitive development was presented by Kohlberg.

Question 58

During their adolescent years youth are expected to assume greater responsibility for their behavior.

Question 59

Force and violence toward children, including physical punishment, has been characterized as _________________.

Question 60

In many American families, the traditional bonds of discipline and respect between parent and child have loosened considerably if not unraveled completely.

Question 61

Discuss the characteristics of a healthy family.

Question 62

Youth who are involved with drugs will likely engage in crime.

Question 63

Discuss a key aspect of each area of adolescent development listed.

Question 64

Most youths with conduct disorder should be treated as mentally ill as opposed to delinquent.

Question 65

Youths who eventually become seriously and chronically delinquent will more than likely miss opportunities to learn one or more key prosocial behaviors during childhood and adolescence.

Question 66

Discuss the two most serious consequences for children who live in poverty.

Question 67

Differentiate between the five risk factors.

Question 68

Labeling a youth as a psychopath increases the youth's likelihood of being transferred to the criminal justice system.

Question 69

As children age, the influence of parents increases while that of peers decreases.

Question 70

Discuss the three developmental pathways to delinquency to include the behaviors associated with each.