Deck 7: Animal Growth and Development

Question 1

A __________ is a chemical messenger that binds to receptors on a cell and brings about metabolic, physiological, or behavioral responses in the organism.

A) hormone
B) enzyme
C) nucleus
D) growth factor

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Tom recently started going to the gym, where he has taken up weight lifting. Increases in his muscle mass are due to __________.

A) cell enlargement
B) cell division
C) an increase in the number of cells
D) all of these

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The cell stage that occurs immediately after (A) is the __________.

A) zygote
B) mitosis
C) morula
D) meiosis

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The changes in body shape associated with this figure are an example of __________.

A) development
B) growth
C) cell division
D) transcription

Question 5

The process of cell division associated with growth is called __________.

A) mitosis
B) transcription
C) development
D) zygote

Question 6

How many checkpoints occur during interphase prior to a cell entering mitosis?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 7

During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A) S phase
B) G₁ phase
C) G₂ phase
D) G₀ phase

Question 8

All of the following are germ layers EXCEPT

A) ectoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) epiderm.
D) endoderm.

Question 9

Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

A) mesoderm-muscle
B) endoderm-skin
C) ectoderm-feathers
D) mesoderm-circulatory system

Question 10

Which of the following lists the stages of embryonic development in the correct order following fertilization?

A) zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula, embryo
B) morula, blastula, gastrula, zygote, embryo
C) gastrula, blastula, morula, embryo, zygote
D) embryo, blastula, gastrula, morula, zygote

Question 11

Many tomato plants continue to grow throughout the summer growing season. This is an example of __________.

A) determinate growth
B) indeterminate growth
C) development
D) differentiation

Question 12

Which stage of the cell cycle covers most of the life span of a cell?

A) interphase
B) mitosis
C) meiosis
D) cytokinesis

Question 13

Which of the following types of cells might have the longest/slowest cell cycle?

A) nerve cell
B) skin cell
C) cell lining the gut
D) hair cell

Question 14

Which of the following organisms could result from a developing embryo where the mouth develops second?

A) earthworm
B) clam
C) beetle
D) starfish

Question 15

A pesticide targets the endodermal layer in developing mosquitoes. Based on this, which of the following will likely not develop correctly?

A) muscles
B) gut
C) outer exoskeleton
D) reproductive system

Question 16

Changes in shape as an animal grows from egg to adult are called __________.

A) growth
B) development
C) cell division
D) maturity

Question 17

A chicken cell, which has 78 chromosomes, undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes does each sister chromosome contain at the end of this process?

A) 78
B) 39
C) 156
D) cannot be determined

Question 18

Based on this graph, does this organism exhibit determinate or indeterminate growth?

A) determinate growth
B) indeterminate growth

Question 19

A developing embryo has a deformity in the development of its muscles. What germ layer might have carried a mutation that led to this deformity?

A) mesoderm
B) endoderm
C) ectoderm
D) protoderm

Question 20

In this figure, what process occurs at step A?

A) fertilization
B) meiosis
C) mitosis
D) development

Question 21

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. During which stage of the cell cycle are chromosomes duplicated?

A) mitosis
B) S phase
C) interphase
D) cytokinesis

Question 22

Which of the following molecules is made up of codons?

A) mRNA
B) DNA
C) tRNA
D) ribosome

Question 23

The following represents a portion of one half of a DNA strand: ATTCG. What would be the complementary sequence to this?

A) ATTCG
B) TAAGC
C) AUUCG
D) UAAGC

Question 24

Which of the following would not be found in a vial containing DNA?

A) nucleotides
B) phosphate
C) adenine
D) uracil

Question 25

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. The molecule produced by the daf-2 gene is likely a(n) __________.

A) amino acid
B) nucleotide
C) protein
D) lipid

Question 26

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. If one strand of a sister chromatid from C. elegans has nine different genes, which of the following is true about the second strand of the sister chromatid?

A) It will have the exact same genes.
B) It will have the same number of genes, but this may be a different gene set.
C) It may have a different number of genes.
D) There is no correlation between the number of genes on either sister chromatid.

Question 27

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. If a cell of C. elegans is preparing for division but fails the G₂ checkpoint, which of the following is likely to occur?

A) It will enter the mitotic phase.
B) It will undergo cytokinesis.
C) It will undergo apoptosis.
D) DNA replication will occur.

Question 28

Which of the following must be present for a cell to enter mitosis?

A) favorable environment
B) high enough cell mass
C) growth factor
D) all of these

Question 29

During transcription, ____________________.

A) a strand of mRNA is produced
B) tRNA picks up amino acids
C) amino acids form a protein at the ribosome
D) mRNA travels to the ribosome

Question 30

The following is a portion of a DNA strand: TACGATTAA. Which of the following strands represents a mutation in this DNA that would lead to the production of a different protein?

A) TACGACTAA
B) TACGAATAA
C) TACGATTAG
D) TACGATTGA

Question 31

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. A mutation in the DNA of C. elegans will automatically lead to the production of a nonfunctioning protein.

A) True
B) False

Question 32

The following is a portion of one half of a DNA strand: CGGATAACGT. If this strand undergoes transcription and translation, the end result is

A) a protein.
B) GCCTATTGCA.
C) GCCUAUUGCA.
D) CGGAUAACGU.

Question 33

All of the following are involved with gene expression EXCEPT

A) DNA replication.
B) transcription.
C) translation.
D) protein formation.

Question 34

The following represents a portion of one half of a DNA strand: TCGAAGTC. Which of the following represents a single mutation in this portion of DNA?

A) AGCTTCAG
B) TCGTAGTC
C) UCGAAGUC
D) ACGUUCAC

Question 35

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. A mutation in the DNA of C. elegans means ____________________.

A) there may be a change in a single nitrogenous base
B) there may be a change in the type of sugar in the backbone of DNA
C) it will code for a different lipid molecule
D) it will have a different start codon

Question 36

Which of the following are found exclusively in the nucleus of a cell?

A) DNA
B) mRNA
C) proteins
D) tRNA

Question 37

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. How many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell of C. elegans after it undergoes mitosis?

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) impossible to tell

Question 38

A nucleotide is the building block of what macromolecule?

A) DNA
B) protein
C) lipid
D) carbohydrate

Question 39

All of the following occur in both DNA and RNA EXCEPT

A) four nitrogenous bases.
B) a phosphate-sugar backbone.
C) a double-stranded molecule.
D) All of these are found in both DNA and RNA.

Question 40

Portuguese water dogs have evolved to spend a lot of time in water and thus have webbed feet. What process does not occur in these dogs but does occur in other dogs that do not have webbed feet?

A) apoptosis
B) mitosis
C) cell differentiation
D) signaling pathways

Question 41

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. Assume a portion of the daf-2 gene has the following DNA sequence: TACCCGAAGTTC. Which of the following mutations will likely have the greatest impact on the longevity of C. elegans?

A) TACCCAAAGTTC
B) TACCCGAAATTC
C) TACGCGAAGTTC
D) TACCCGAAGAAA

Question 42

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. Which of the following is not true about nematodes such as C. elegans ?

A) The mouth develops after the anus.
B) It has three germ layers.
C) It undergoes cell differentiation.
D) All of the following are true.

Question 43

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. Nematodes have an outer nonliving layer called a cuticle that must shed as the animal passes from one juvenile stage to the next. This cuticle is produced by the epidermal cells that originate from which germ layer?

A) endoderm
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) epiderm

Question 44

Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode with an adult body length of approximately 1 mm. It is a free-living organism that lives in temperate soil environments. It has played a major role as a model organism for research into molecular and developmental biology. This nematode lives for about 2-3 weeks and passes through four juvenile stages before reaching sexual maturity. It has six chromosomes and a transparent body that facilitates the study of cell differentiation and development. C. elegans has been used extensively in the study of aging. In these studies, scientists have discovered a gene called daf-2, which plays a significant role in controlling the aging process and longevity. In fertile nematodes where there is a mutation in the daf-2 gene, animals lived for almost twice as long as animals with the normal gene. The daf-2 gene produces molecules that play an important role in cell signaling pathways associated with growth and aging of individual cells. Reducing the activity of these molecules extends the life span of the whole animal. A cell-signaling molecule that is fat-soluble __________.

A) must bind to a receptor on the cell membrane before entering the cell
B) can pass through the cell membrane of a cell
C) is unable to pass through the cell membrane of a cell
D) is not as effective as a water-soluble signaling molecule