Deck 7: Gene Expression and Control

Question 1

In protein synthesis, RNA synthesis is also called

A) transcription
B) translation
C) transformation
D) transmutation
E) transsubstantiation

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Many ribosome-inactivating proteins are not a problem for humans because

A) we have enzymes to detoxify them.
B) they are very rare in nature.
C) they are sequestered by white blood cells.
D) they are rapidly metabolized.
E) they do not cross cell membranes very well.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following processes is (are) part of gene expression?
I. Transduction
II. transcription
III. translation

A) I and II
B) I and III
C) II and III
D) I, II, and III
E) III only

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Ricin would affect a human cell by

A) inactivating synthesis of carbohydrates.
B) inhibiting hydrolysis of carbohydrates.
C) preventing protein synthesis.
D) interfering with hydrolysis of lipids.
E) overactivating nucleic acid metabolism.

Question 5

Which of the following processes is responsible for the conversion of DNA information into messenger RNA?

A) replication
B) transcription
C) duplication
D) translation
E) any of these

Question 6

Which RNA is the first to be activated in the process of protein synthesis?

A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) dRNA
E) sRNA

Question 7

What kind of a biomolecule is ricin?

A) protein
B) lipid
C) nucleic acid
D) carbohydrate
E) none of these - it is an inorganic mineral

Question 8

The information from messenger RNA is used to create polypeptide sequences during the process of

A) transduction.
B) transcription.
C) transformation.
D) translation.
E) transreification.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is (are) INCORRECT about ricin?

A) Ricin is a naturally occurring toxic protein.
B) The use of ricin as a weapon is banned by the Geneva Convention.
C) Ricin does not have an antidote.
D) Ricin is obtained from the castor-oil plant.
E) Ricin stops protein synthesis by blocking the activity of DNA.

Question 10

DNA molecules contain protein coding sequences called

A) genotypes.
B) genomes.
C) nucleotides.
D) genes.
E) ribonucleic acids.

Question 11

Of the nucleic acids listed below, which is most like a cookbook in its function?

A) DNA
B) messenger RNA
C) ribosomal RNA
D) transfer RNA
E) NADH

Question 12

Which of the following is an action of ricin?

A) binding to carbohydrates on the plasma membrane
B) removal of an adenine base from rRNA
C) ribosome inactivation
D) none of these are actions of ricin
E) all of these (except d) are actions of ricin

Question 13

Which of the following are inactivated by ricin?

A) proteins
B) ribosomes
C) DNA
D) transcription factors
E) mRNA

Question 14

The type of RNA that carries protein-building information is called

A) ribosomal RNA.
B) transfer RNA.
C) messenger RNA.
D) reader RNA.
E) translator RNA.

Question 15

Which of the following functions do enzymes perform?

A) assemble lipids
B) assemble carbohydrates
C) replicate DNA
D) make RNA
E) enzymes perform all of these functions

Question 16

How many nucleotide bases compose one "genetic word"?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 17

Ricin is internationally considered as a weapon. Its use is now banned in most countries according to the ____.

A) Madrid protocol.
B) Paris protocol.
C) Kyoto protocol.
D) Geneva protocol.
E) Vienna protocol.

Question 18

What happens to ricin in the plant in which it is found?

A) it is hydrolyzed and the amino acids that result are used to make new proteins
B) it is complexed with carbohydrates to make a cell wall component
C) it is broken down into monosaccharides that are then used to generate ATP
D) it is hydrolyzed into fatty acids which are further hydrolyzed to make steroids
E) it is hydrolyzed and the nucleotides that result are used to make DNA and RNA

Question 19

A gene is a DNA sequence that codes for a protein or

A) RNA.
B) DNA.
C) ribosomes.
D) a lipid.
E) more than one of these.

Question 20

To which of the following books does DNA compare?

A) a novel
B) a mathematics textbook
C) a cookbook
D) a travel guide
E) a biography

Question 21

Examine the figure above and answer the following question(s). In this representation of transcription, strand # 2 represents

A) the coding DNA strand.
B) the transcript.
C) the template for the coding DNA strand.
D) the coded RNA strand.
E) both the transcript and the coded RNA strand.

Question 22

When you miss a class and copy a fellow student's class notes, it is analogous to

A) mutation of a gene.
B) translation of mRNA.
C) transcription of DNA.
D) protein modification.
E) replication of DNA.

Question 23

During transcription,

A) non-coding sequences are removed from the RNA transcript.
B) regulatory proteins attach to the DNA at the promotor site.
C) DNA polymerase assembles RNA nucleotides.
D) the entire DNA strand opens up for complete gene transcription.
E) tRNA brings nucleotides to the DNA strand.

Question 24

Examine the figure above and answer the following question(s). In this representation of transcription, strand # 1 represents

A) the coding DNA strand.
B) the transcript.
C) the template for the coding DNA strand.
D) the coded RNA strand.
E) both the transcript and the coded RNA strand.

Question 25

____ molecules carry amino acids to ribosomes.

A) Template RNA
B) Messenger RNA
C) Transfer RNA
D) Ribosomal RNA
E) All of these

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RNA?

A) single stranded
B) ribose sugar
C) nucleic acid
D) bases are A, T, C, G
E) phosphates attached to sugars

Question 27

Examine the figure above and answer the following question(s). In this representation of transcription, strand # ____ is ____ because it ____.

A) 2; RNA; is double-stranded
B) 3; RNA; contains uracil
C) 2; RNA; contains thymine
D) 2; RNA; has no uracil
E) 3; DNA; contains adenine

Question 28

In transcription,

A) several proteins can made from the same DNA molecule.
B) promoters are at the beginning of a gene.
C) messenger RNA is produced.
D) a specific enzyme called RNA polymerase is required.
E) all of these are true.

Question 29

In RNA synthesis, thymine is complementary to

A) guanine
B) adenine
C) cytosine
D) uracil
E) more than one of these

Question 30

Which of the following adds RNA nucleotides, one at a time, during transcription?

A) RNA polymerase
B) DNA polymerase
C) RNA nuclease
D) transfer RNA
E) ribosomal RNA

Question 31

Transcription starts at a region of DNA called a(n)

A) sequencer.
B) promoter.
C) activator.
D) terminator.
E) transcriber.

Question 32

In transcription of protein synthesis, adenine pairs with

A) thymine
B) uracil
C) guanine
D) adenine
E) cytosine

Question 33

In a eukarytote, DNA is transcribed in the

A) mitochondria.
B) cytoplasm.
C) ribosomes.
D) nucleus.
E) endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 34

Which of the following could NOT be an RNA transcript?

A) GGCUAG
B) CCGATC
C) UUAACC
D) ACGGAU
E) GAGCAU

Question 35

Transcription

A) involves both strands of DNA as templates.
B) uses the enzyme DNA polymerase.
C) results in a double-stranded end product.
D) produces three different types of RNA molecules.
E) is true of all of these.

Question 36

If the DNA coding sequence was CGA - ATC, the mRNA would be

A) GCU - UAG.
B) AUC - CGA.
C) UAG - GCU.
D) UAG - CGU.
E) none of these.

Question 37

If an mRNA carries CUCGAU as a sequence, what would be the complementary sequence on the DNA?

A) CTCGAT
B) GUGCUA
C) GTGCAT
D) GAGCTA
E) ACATGC

Question 38

If an mRNA carries AUCGUG as a sequence, what would be the sequence of the DNA complement to the sequence of DNA that is the complement to the mRNA?

A) ATCGTG
B) TCGCAC
C) CGATCT
D) GCTACA
E) UAGCAC

Question 39

Examine the figure above and answer the following question(s). In this representation of transcription, the first genetic word of RNA is

A) ATG.
B) ATA.
C) UAU.
D) GUG.
E) AUG.

Question 40

In eukaryotes, what modification occurs to the mRNA transcript?

A) the non-coding segments are removed
B) the thymines are removed and replaced with uracils
C) cytosines are added to the ends of the transcripts
D) coding segments are methylated
E) more than one of these modifications occur

Question 41

Which of the letters in the genetic code are most important for the translation of many amino acids?

A) the first one
B) the first two
C) the last two
D) the last one
E) all three are equally important for all amino acids

Question 42

What does it mean that the genetic code is "highly conserved"?

A) it is almost universal and has not changed in millions of years
B) it resists modification from environmental mutagens
C) organisms can only use it a certain number of times
D) all organisms and organelles - without exception - have the exact same genetic code
E) the products of the genetic code - proteins - are almost the same in all organisms

Question 43

Of all the different codons that exist, three of them

A) are not used in any organisms.
B) do not code for an amino acid.
C) code for non-functional amino acids.
D) signify 'start here'.
E) do more than one of these things.

Question 44

tRNA differs from other types of RNA because it

A) acts as an enzyme.
B) is only involved in transcription.
C) carries amino acids.
D) codes for multiple amino acids.
E) is complexed with a protein.

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT true of the genetic code?

A) It is the same for almost all organisms.
B) There are 64 codons.
C) It has within it 5 stop codons.
D) Most amino acids have more than one codon that codes for it.
E) Each codon is made up of three nucleotides.

Question 46

What, specifically , determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide of eukaryotes?

A) the DNA gene
B) the introns
C) the exons
D) the initial mRNA transcript
E) the tRNA anticodons

Question 47

What is the genetic code?

A) all of our genes collectively
B) all of our base-pairs collectively
C) the genetic "words" that code for amino acids
D) the genes on DNA that code for proteins
E) more than one of these describes the genetic code

Question 48

In most species, all mRNA transcripts begin with

A) methionine.
B) a ribosome.
C) AUG.
D) the P site.
E) an anticodon.

Question 49

Which nucleotide forms the tail of a completed messenger RNA transcript?

A) adenine
B) thymine
C) cytosine
D) guanine
E) a combination of more than one of these

Question 50

How many nucleotides compose one codon?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6
E) 16

Question 51

A ribosome contains

A) RNA.
B) DNA.
C) proteins.
D) RNA and proteins.
E) RNA, DNA, and proteins.

Question 52

Which of the RNAs act as an enzyme?

A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) tRNA
D) mRNA and rRNA
E) none of the RNAs act as an enzyme

Question 53

What are the non-coding segments of DNA called?

A) introns
B) exons
C) inseqs
D) excisors
E) incisors

Question 54

What is the advantage of having introns in our genes?

A) multiple proteins can be formed in protein synthesis
B) protection from viruses
C) they can be modified into new proteins
D) protection from thymine dimer formation
E) there is no known advantage to having introns in our genes

Question 55

How many different codons are there?

A) 4
B) 16
C) 32
D) 64
E) 128

Question 56

How many different amino acids make up proteins?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 12
D) 16
E) 20

Question 57

How many coding codons are there?

A) 4
B) 20
C) 30
D) 60
E) 64

Question 58

Which of the following carries amino acids to ribosomes?

A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) hnRNA
D) rRNA
E) all of these

Question 59

If there were only 2 RNA nucleotides and each codon was 4 letters long, how many amino acids could be coded for?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 32

Question 60

If the codon consisted of only 2 nucleotides there would be how many possible codons?

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64

Question 61

In prokaryotes, translation takes place in the

A) cytoplasm.
B) nucleus.
C) plasma membrane.
D) endoplasmic reticulum.
E) Golgi bodies.

Question 62

As the polypeptide is elongating in translation, what is the ribosome doing?

A) removing incorrectly added amino acids.
B) moving along the mRNA transcript bonding amino acids to each other.
C) travelling back and forth between the nucleus and the growing polypeptide with information on which amino acids to add.
D) removing the non-coding introns.
E) doing more than one of these functions.

Question 63

Frameshift mutations may involve

A) substitution of nucleotides.
B) substitution of codons.
C) substitution of amino acids.
D) insertion of one to several base pairs.
E) all of these.

Question 64

Which of the following mutations always lead(s) to a shift of the mRNA's reading frame?

A) deletion and insertion
B) deletion and substitution
C) insertion and substitution
D) substitution
E) insertion

Question 65

For eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the

A) nucleus.
B) nucleolus.
C) cytoplasm.
D) plasma membrane.
E) nucleus and cytoplasm.

Question 66

A gene mutation

A) is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
B) may be harmful.
C) may arise spontaneously.
D) may have no effect.
E) is true of all of these.

Question 67

Translation stops when

A) enzymes attach to the mRNA at the end of the mRNA transcript.
B) a certain number of codons have been read specified by the DNA gene.
C) one of the three stop codons is encountered.
D) the cell runs out of tRNA.
E) more than one of these things happens.

Question 68

The activity of the ribosome in translation is like a(n)

A) assembly line.
B) dance.
C) planet racing around the sun.
D) foot race.
E) chess game.

Question 69

Mutations can be

A) neutral.
B) beneficial.
C) lethal.
D) heritable.
E) all of these.

Question 70

In a prokaryotic cell,

A) transcription and translation occur simultaneously.
B) transcription occurs in the nucleus while translation takes place in the cytoplasm.
C) translation occurs before transcription.
D) transcription and translation are separated in time and place.
E) transcription and translation are considerably slower than in eukaryotic cells.

Question 71

In eukaryotes, most translation takes place in or on the

A) nucleus.
B) rough endoplasmic reticulum.
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D) cytoplasm.
E) Golgi bodies.

Question 72

If an anticodon was AUG, what would the corresponding nucleotides on DNA be?

A) TAC
B) ATG
C) UAC
D) AUG
E) CGT

Question 73

tRNA is most like

A) a delivery truck
B) a garbage truck
C) a messenger
D) a carpenter
E) a physical therapist

Question 74

During elongation, ribosomes catalyze formation of ____ between the amino acid and the growing polypeptide.

A) a hydrogen bond
B) a peptide bond
C) a polar covalent bond
D) a non-polar covalent bond
E) a sulfur bond

Question 75

How many bases change during DNA replication?

A) 17.5
B) 175
C) 1750
D) 17500
E) 175000

Question 76

Once the amino acid on the second tRNA bonds with the amino acid of the first tRNA, what happens to that first tRNA?

A) it remains attached to the rRNA.
B) it moves into the nucleus to get more instructions from mRNA.
C) it breaks down into its component nucleotides.
D) it leaves the ribosome and may pick up another amino acid.
E) it transforms into a mRNA.

Question 77

What percent of our DNA actually codes for protein products?

A) 3
B) 26
C) 48
D) 71
E) 100

Question 78

The first amino acid that is assembled in translation is

A) methionine
B) valine
C) lysine
D) phenylalanine
E) glycine

Question 79

rRNA differs from other types of RNA in what way or ways?

A) it acts as an enzyme.
B) it carries amino acids.
C) it is complexed with a protein.
D) it carries the complete instructions for making a protein.
E) it is different in more than one of these ways.

Question 80

For eukaryotes, translation takes place in the

A) nucleus.
B) nucleolus.
C) cytoplasm.
D) plasma membrane.
E) nucleus and cytoplasm.