Deck 14: Science and Technology

Question 1

Which of the following illustrates "research" in contrast to "development?"

A)knowledge of the Human Genome
B)in vitro fertilization
C)use of genetically altered foods
D)an organ transplant

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The use of scientific principles and technology to solve social problems is a​

A)​technological fix.
B)​postmodern response.
C)​STEM
D)​cyber solution.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Technology differs from science in that technology focuses on

A)applying the principles of science and mechanics to the solutions of a specific problem.
B)how to predict natural or social outcomes.
C)finding relationships between phenomena.
D)discovering patterns in natural and human behavior.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Internet had 2.1 billion users in _____ countries in 2012.

A)50
B)75
C)100
D)more than 200

Question 5

The decline of U.S.supremacy in science and technology is likely to be the result of which of the following factors?

A)The federal government is scaling back its investment in research and development.
B)Corporations have begun to focus on short-term products and higher profits.
C)Developing countries have been expanding their scientific and technological capabilities at a faster rate.
D)All of these

Question 6

Which of the following is involved in the movement toward globalization of technology?

A)use of the Internet
B)the robot market
C)collection of skin and blood samples for genetic research
D)all of these

Question 7

In the United States,

A)federal funding of scientific projects has been shrinking.
B)a larger proportion of the wealth is spent on science than in any other nation.
C)publication in science and engineering journals exceeds that of western European and Asian scientists combined.
D)the number of patents granted to U.S.companies as a percentage of all patents has increased over the last several decades.

Question 8

Most U.S.funding for research and development comes from

A)colleges and universities.
B)the federal government.
C)private industry.
D)nonprofit organization, such as research institutes.

Question 9

Which term reflects the percentage of people who have access to and use the Internet in a particular area?​

A)​cyber rate
B)​penetration rate
C)​technological saturation
D)​Internet infiltration

Question 10

A system in which robots are programmed by machines is an example of

A)mechanization.
B)science.
C)automation.
D)cybernation.

Question 11

Agricultural societies are dominated by which of the following?

A)automation
B)cybernation
C)mechanization
D)hand labor

Question 12

According to your text, cultural lag occurs when

A)development of the material part of culture lags behind the technology of a culture.
B)the material part of culture changes at a faster pace than the nonmaterial part of culture.
C)communication messages take longer than one minute to transfer from the sender to the recipient.
D)technological production is flawed and costs money and lives.

Question 13

Mechanization refers to the

A)use of self-operating machines.
B)use of tools to accomplish tasks that people used to do by hand.
C)process of discovering, explaining, and predicting phenomena.
D)application of science to solve problems.

Question 14

As societies move toward industrialization and become more concerned with mass production of goods, _________ prevails.

A)mechanization
B)automation
C)cybernation
D)hand labor

Question 15

Which of the following illustrates a technological fix, in contrast to social engineering, to solve the problem of water shortage?

A)persuading people to take shorter showers
B)low-flush toilets
C)wearing clothes more than once before washing
D)disseminating public service announcements about the need to conserve water

Question 16

Cybernation refers to

A)the use of science to predict social or natural outcomes.
B)the use of computers to obtain knowledge.
C)the use of machines to control machines.
D)mechanization of knowledge production.

Question 17

A society that emphasizes service and information professions shifts toward

A)hand labor.
B)mechanization.
C)automation.
D)cybernation.

Question 18

Postmodernism

A)questions the validity of the scientific enterprise, pointing to the unforeseen consequences of advanced technologies.
B)believes that the biggest problem in society is the failure to finance scientific research sufficiently.
C)argues that the main problem with high technology is cultural lag.
D)claims the failures of science are due to failures in education.

Question 19

_________ is the tendency for technology to have both positive and negative consequences.​

A)​Technological dualism
B)​Cyber-reality
C)​Technology in the balance
D)​Cultural lag

Question 20

Research on the scientific knowledge of Americans shows that

A)most Americans have a great deal of scientific knowledge.
B)most Americans agree with scientific findings.
C)there has been increased emphasis on science education in U.S.schools in recent years.
D)most Americans know very little about science.

Question 21

According to some conflict theorists, technological advances

A)depend on the meanings people attribute to the technology.
B)eventually benefit the poor and less powerful as much as the dominant groups.
C)are an extension of the patriarchal nature of society.
D)promote the interest of women at least as much if not more than the interests of men.

Question 22

The study of computer hacking in Social Problems Research Close Up found all of the following to be acceptable motivations in hacking communities EXCEPT

A)revenge.
B)addiction to computers.
C)curiosity.
D)excitement.

Question 23

All of the following are elements of the hacking community EXCEPT

A)male dominance.
B)anonymity.
C)secrecy.
D)static membership.

Question 24

RU486, an oral contraceptive widely used in France, Great Britain, and China, is legally available but opposed by many Americans.According to symbolic interactionists, this illustrates

A)gatekeepers to scientific discoveries.
B)the masculinization of technology.
C)cultural lag.
D)the significance of socially constructed beliefs about technology.

Question 25

The typewriter, conveyor belt, and computer have expanded opportunities for women to work outside the home.However, employed women perform significantly more domestic chores and child care than their husbands.This is an example of

A)the function of women's employment.
B)cultural lag.
C)a technological fix.
D)social engineering.

Question 26

Which of the following is true about hackers?

A)The hacking community has no social norms or values.
B)Hacking is an increasingly serious problem.
C)Hackers are pathological, obsessed computer "geeks."
D)Hackers generally work as double-agents from within the computer security industry.

Question 27

Telepresencing refers to

A)work done over a telephone, such as telephone marketing.
B)the use of people's photos on a phone to indicate who the caller is through a virtual presence.
C)construction and maintenance of telephone and power lines.
D)a technologically sophisticated version of teleconferencing that places life-sized participants in the virtual presence of others.

Question 28

Ninety percent of robots work in

A)food service industries.
B)factories.
C)household cleaning services.
D)home and building construction.

Question 29

Americans with ____ are most likely to use a computer at home or work.

A)lower levels of education
B)older ages
C)higher incomes
D)higher levels of religiosity

Question 30

Technology in the workplace is doing all of the following EXCEPT

A)making supervisors more important.
B)changing the location of work.
C)enhancing worker's efficiency.
D)making workers more accountable.

Question 31

How has technology changed the practice of selling cars?

A)Consumers are less likely to get loans as vehicles have become more expensive due to technology.
B)Vehicles with a lot of technology are more likely to wear out sooner.
C)Customers with low-credit scores are more likely to get loans as the technology has made it less likely they will default on their loans.
D)The cost of vehicles has risen out of the reach of most American families.

Question 32

The conflict perspective argues that science and technology benefit

A)a select few in society.
B)all of the people in a society.
C)the majority of people in a society.
D)consumers more than the manufacturers of the goods purchased.

Question 33

The technology of biometrics in the workplace involves

A)use of identifying characteristics such as hands, fingers, and eyes.
B)the sale of genetically altered foods in employee cafeterias.
C)providing exercise gyms and low fat snacks for employees.
D)limiting unnecessary human movements to achieve efficient production.

Question 34

Increases in telecommuting have

A)decreased working hours.
B)benefited low income workers more than high income workers.
C)resulted in higher retention and lower absentee rates.
D)decreased productivity.

Question 35

The most common computer activity is

A)word processing.
B)accessing the Internet.
C)working with spreadsheets or databases.
D)accessing or updating calendars or schedules.

Question 36

According to conflict theorists, _________ act as gatekeepers to scientific discoveries.

A)innovative ideas
B)granting agencies
C)scientific innovations
D)technologies

Question 37

Millions of dollars were allocated to AIDS research when

A)people first became aware of the devastating effects of the disease.
B)scientists demonstrated an ability to treat the HIV virus.
C)the medical profession discovered that the disease was more common among homosexuals.
D)the virus became a threat to mainstream Americans.

Question 38

The development of time-saving machines increases production, but it also displaces workers and contributes to high rates of employee alienation.Employee displacement illustrates a

A)dysfunction.
B)functional alternative.
C)technological fix.
D)socially constructed truth.

Question 39

The country that ranks first in computer ownership is ________.

A)Greece
B)America
C)Israel
D)Brazil

Question 40

According to symbolic interactionists, scientific "truths" result from

A)factual messages from nature.
B)social interactions between scientists, researchers and the general public.
C)messages disseminated to the general public from granting agencies.
D)scientists' interpretations of data.

Question 41

Which of the following illustrates genetic engineering?

A)using DNA evidence to help determine the guilt or innocence of an alleged criminal offender
B)a genetic test that determines if a pregnant woman is expecting a male or female child
C)self-insecticiding plants
D)discovery of the specific strand of DNA that produces Alzheimer's disease

Question 42

About ______ percent of all U.S.households have a dedicated home game console.​

A)​10
B)​26
C)​51
D)​72

Question 43

______ is/are an international informational infrastructure available through universities, research institutes, government agencies, libraries and businesses.

A)Information technology
B)A computer
C)Robots
D)The Internet

Question 44

In 1999, a federal judge found that the computer software of ________ was in violation of antitrust laws, which prohibit unreasonable restraint of trade.

A)AT&T
B)Apple Computer
C)Dell Computer
D)Microsoft Corporation

Question 45

Web 2.0 is

A)Internet service, such as email, available to only one particular business or agency.
B)a type of wireless connection that allows people to connect indirectly to the Internet from throughout their home, business office complex, or college campus.
C)a platform for millions of users to express themselves online in common areas of cyberspace.
D)a broadband Internet service provider that allows cable and DSL access rather than dial-up connections.

Question 46

The rates of abortions worldwide are

A)decreasing in the developing world.
B)increasing in the developing world.
C)staying the same.
D)virtually eliminated.

Question 47

Technology and the Internet can

A)provide useful medical information to individuals that affects their health care choices.
B)improve medical care by providing doctors with more information about their patients.
C)reduce the cost of health care.
D)all of these

Question 48

_______ involves the transplantation of a healthy gene to replace a defective or missing gene.​

A)​Gene therapy
B)​Genetic healing
C)​Technological healing
D)​DNA replacement

Question 49

GMO's are​

A)​genetically modified organisms.
B)global manufacturing organizations.​
C)​germ management organizations.
D)​gene management organizations.

Question 50

Internet users are more likely to be all of the following EXCEPT

A)male rather than female.
B)between the ages of 18 and 34.
C)college graduates.
D)have an annual household income of $150,000 or more.

Question 51

In 2011, about _____ percent of all Americans used the Internet.

A)20
B)35
C)50
D)70

Question 52

Abortion has been legal in the United States since the U.S.Supreme Court's 1973 ruling in

A)Roe v.Wade.
B)Casey v.Johnson.
C)Brown v.Eliot.
D)Waverly v.Harrison.

Question 53

What is the name for Internet sites where participation requires membership and members regularly communicate with one another?​

A)​word processing
B)​membership communities
C)​e-families
D)​digital drama

Question 54

An argument against genetically modified (GM)crops is that

A)GM food crops have poorer nutritional value.
B)they will cause an increase in hunger.
C)they will lead to a decrease in the variety of foods available for human consumption.
D)they may contaminate non-FM crops and possibly result in plant sterility.

Question 55

The Biosafety Protocol is an international agreement that

A)forbids the production of genetically modified (GM)foods in member nations.
B)requires producers of a GM food to demonstrate that it is safe before it is widely used.
C)forbids the transportation of GM foods across international boundaries.
D)allows GM foods to be used only to alleviate hunger in starving populations.

Question 56

All of the following are examples of Web 2.0 EXCEPT

A)Wikipedia.
B)an online college class.
C)MySpace.
D)YouTube.

Question 57

Facebook is an example of a/an​

A)​membership community.
B)​digital drama.
C)​cybertown.
D)​e-relationship.

Question 58

_________  serves as a platform for millions of users to express themselves in the common areas of cyberspace.

A)Web 2.0
B)The New Frontier
C)Technology Space
D)Virtual Life

Question 59

Learning health systems allow doctors to​

A)​efficiently instruct patients in self-care.
B)​monitor vital signs of patients through the Internet.
C)​look across patient populations and identify successful treatments and detect harmful interactions.
D)​provide online classes to health care professionals.

Question 60

E-commerce refers to the

A)marketing of electronic equipment.
B)production and sales of computer hardware and software.
C)buying and selling of goods over the internet.
D)manufacturing of electronic and electrical goods.

Question 61

In 1996, scientist Ian Wilmut of Scotland successfully cloned an adult ______ named Dolly.

A)monkey
B)dog
C)elephant
D)sheep

Question 62

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 ​

A)​provides for genetic testing before an abortion.
B)​prevents the use of stem cells for cloning.
C)​limits the use of DNA in criminal trials.
D)​prohibits discrimination in health coverage or employment based on genetic information.

Question 63

Partial birth abortions are performed for which of the following reasons?

A)the fetus has a serious defect
B)the woman was raped
C)the woman was underage
D)the woman cannot financially support a child

Question 64

Through computers, individuals can obtain access to someone else's

A)phone bills.
B)tax returns.
C)bank account balances.
D)All of these

Question 65

Therapeutic cloning entails using stem cells from which of the following?

A)human cadavers
B)human embryos
C)human brains
D)monkeys

Question 66

Which of the following supported the federal ban on partial birth abortions?

A)the American Medical Association
B)the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
C)the American Public Health Association
D)the U.S.federal government

Question 67

Which of the following statements best describes the trends in abortion legislation since Roe v.Wade ?

A)A number of federal initiatives have made it easier for women to get abortions.
B)Many states have offered financial assistance for women seeking an abortion.
C)Abortion rights have been completely overturned in the U.S.
D)Women's legal right to an abortion has been steadily restricted.

Question 68

Technology makes it easier for individuals to be self-sufficient in terms of

A)finances.
B)entertainment.
C)work.
D)all of these

Question 69

According to your text, technology has

A)created a greater demand for semi-skilled workers.
B)created a greater need for American workers in manufacturing industry.
C)led to outsourcing of jobs in information technology.
D)reduced the split labor market.

Question 70

In general, the digital divide is

A)growing across the world.
B)shrinking everywhere.
C)growing in the U.S.but shrinking in the rest of the world.
D)remaining stable.

Question 71

In 2012, ______ represented the most frequent complaint to the Federal Trade Commission for the thirteenth year in a row.

A)anti-trust violations
B)false advertising
C)identity thefts
D)false work visas

Question 72

The Supreme Court ruled in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v.Casey that

A)states cannot restrict abortions.
B)states can restrict the conditions under which abortion is granted.
C)partial birth abortions are constitutional.
D)abortions cannot legally be performed on an underage female without parental permission.

Question 73

The pro-choice movement argues that

A)unborn fetuses have the right to live and be protected.
B)procreation choices must be free from government interference.
C)abortion is immoral.
D)alternative means of resolving unwanted pregnancy should be found.

Question 74

Unemployment rates can increase when companies _______, or off-shore, jobs to lower-wage countries.​

A)​outsource
B)​migrate
C)​revitalize
D)​downsize

Question 75

Opponents refer to ___________ as partial-birth abortions.​

A)​dilation and extraction abortions
B)​RU486 abortions
C)​any abortion after the second month
D)​any therapeutic abortion

Question 76

Undifferentiated cells that can produce any type of cell in the human body are called ​

A)​stem cells.
B)​GMO's.
C)​clones.
D)​base cells.

Question 77

In which of the following aspects has technology affected human social interaction?

A)It has changed the nature of dating.
B)It replaces social roles.
C)It can isolate people from one another.
D)all of these

Question 78

Some theorists hypothesize that a "virtual elite" will emerge as a result of

A)irreparable disadvantages to the poor, minorities and women as technology displaces workers.
B)the younger, computer-savvy generation gaining power in society.
C)some individuals becoming extremely popular through social networking sites while other remain less popular.
D)rising competition between PC and Mac users.

Question 79

Global attitudes about cloning can best be characterized as

A)unanimously in favor of cloning.
B)mixed.
C)unanimously against cloning.
D)completely unconcerned about cloning.

Question 80

The most common argument against cloning is based on ​

A)​financial considerations.
B)​moral and ethical considerations.
C)​the "unforeseen consequences" argument.
D)​the technological divide argument.