Deck 4: Crime and Social Control

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of a transnational crime?

A)A father who lost custody of his child abducts the child and takes him or her to another country.
B)A citizen of Mexico illegally crosses the U.S. border in search of employment.
C)An international child pornography ring offers online videos of children being sexually abused.
D)A U.S. criminal flees to South America to avoid arrest and criminal prosecution.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

According to Robert Merton, most people react to inconsistencies between culturally defined goals and the means to achieve them by

A)innovation.
B)retreatism.
C)rebellion.
D)conformity.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which area of the world has the highest homicide rate?

A)Oceania
B)Europe
C)Central America
D)Southeast Asia

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The most common crime in all countries is

A)homicide.
B)rape.
C)theft.
D)arson.

Question 5

Clearance rates reflect

A)cases in which an arrest and official charge have been made and turned over to the courts.
B)cases in which an arrest has been made but the prosecutor decided not to officially charge the suspect.
C)when an offender has been found guilty by a jury verdict.
D)percentages of cases in which the individual officially charged with a crime has been found not guilty by a judge or jury.

Question 6

The National Crime Victimization Survey includes information on

A)the motivation of the offender.
B)the motivation of the victim.
C)the extent to which the victim was harmed.
D)the truthfulness of the report.

Question 7

Self-report surveys reveal that

A)most adults have never engaged in any type of criminal activity.
B)most adults don't remember what they have done.
C)most adults have been convicted of a crime.
D)virtually every adult has engaged in some type of criminal activity.

Question 8

Self-report offender surveys compensate for some shortcomings of official statistics because self-report offender surveys

A)include crimes that were committed but may not have resulted in arrest or conviction.
B)provide detailed information about crime victims.
C)focus only on prisoners.
D)may reflect what police are doing rather than what criminals are doing.

Question 9

According to _______ theory, crime is likely to occur when legitimate means of acquiring culturally defined goals are limited by the structure of society.

A)differential association
B)labeling
C)conflict
D)strain

Question 10

Victimization surveys ask

A)criminal offenders how many people they have victimized.
B)individuals about their experiences as crime victims.
C)criminal offenders how they selected their victims.
D)criminal offenders their motivations for committing violent personal crimes.

Question 11

A young woman paid to be guided across the border into the U.S. She was then told she owed more money and must work in a food processing plant to pay off the debt. This is an example of

A)cybercrime.
B)human trafficking.
C)international crime.
D)violent crime.

Question 12

A criminal offender is "funneled" out of the criminal justice system if he or she

A)evades arrest.
B)escapes from prison.
C)gets out of prison on parole.
D)receives probation instead of a prison sentence.

Question 13

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), published annually by the FBI, contain crime data from

A)victimization surveys.
B)sheriff and police departments.
C)self-report offender surveys.
D)U.S. Census household surveys.

Question 14

A violation of a federal, state, or local criminal law is a(n)

A)​crime.
B)​deviant.
C)sanction.
D)victimization.

Question 15

The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for commercial sex or labor service is called​

A)​human trafficking.
B)​chattel slavery.
C)​indenture.
D)​vice crime.

Question 16

A shortcoming of the statistics in the Uniform Crime Reports is that

A)many incidents of crime are not reported to police.
B)they provide more information about crime victims than offenders.
C)individuals may exaggerate the number of crimes they have committed.
D)it is difficult to distinguish criminals from non-criminals because virtually every adult has engaged in some type of criminal activity.

Question 17

According to Merton, ________ explains the high rate of crime by uneducated and poor Americans.

A)conformity
B)innovation
C)retreatism
D)rebellion

Question 18

Which of these statements is true?

A)There is no country where crime does not exist.
B)Only a few countries have police, courts, and prisons.
C)Worldwide, adult females make up the largest category of crime suspects.
D)Violent crime is the most common type of crime in all countries.

Question 19

According to the structural-functional theorist Emile Durkheim, crime

A)can strengthen group cohesion.
B)usually leads to negative social change.
C)reflects the social inequalities in society.
D)is dysfunctional to all members of society.

Question 20

Due to shortcomings of the UCR data, ________ may be a better indicator of what police are doing than what criminals are doing.

A)self-report offender surveys
B)self-report arrest and release surveys
C)official crime statistics
D)victimization surveys

Question 21

The FBI identifies eight ______________ as the most serious crimes in the United States. These are also called street crimes.

A)vice crimes
B)status offenses
C)index offenses
D)misdemeanors

Question 22

According to conflict theory, rape myths originated to serve the interests of

A)children.
B)single women.
C)men.
D)married women.

Question 23

"Secondary deviance" refers to deviant behavior that

A)is committed by adults, rather than by juveniles.
B)most members of society do not view as wrong or harmful.
C)occurs after being caught and identified as an offender.
D)occurs only in industrialized societies.

Question 24

Robert was convicted of committing one of the index offenses. Which crime did he commit?

A)Soliciation of prostitution
B)Illegal drug possession
C)Gambling
D)Burglary

Question 25

A minority female suffered so much discrimination in her struggle to achieve her goals, she gave up her goals for personal wealth and became a social activist opposing the materialism of American society. According to strain theory, her actions illustrate

A)conformity.
B)innovation.
C)retreatism.
D)rebellion.

Question 26

Which of the following refers to the crime of attacking a person with the intent to cause serious bodily injury?

A)Aggravated assault
B)Vice crime
C)Acquaintance injury
D)Frustration aggression

Question 27

According to labeling theory, one way the label of deviant causes further deviance is the labeled person

A)is often denied opportunities for engaging in nondeviant behavior.
B)adopts the crime-promoting attitudes and values of the society.
C)rejects society's cultural goals of material achievement.
D)rejects a deviant self-concept.

Question 28

The Sandy Hook Elementary School killings in which 20 first grade students and six staff members were killed was an example of

A)serial murder.
B)mass murder.
C)aggravated assault.
D)acquaintance murder.

Question 29

The research finding that retaliatory homicide is a response to group norms of violence in some neighborhoods supports __________ theory.

A)strain
B)control
C)subcultural
D)labeling

Question 30

Victims of homicide are more likely to be

A)female.
B)elderly.
C)young.
D)non-Hispanic white.

Question 31

Subcultural theories explain criminal behavior by

A)the promotion of attitudes conducive to crime.
B)blocked opportunities.
C)family disruption.
D)low educational attainment.

Question 32

An American who accepts a lifestyle of hard work but rejects the cultural goal of monetary rewards is engaged in

A)conformity.
B)innovation.
C)retreatism.
D)ritualism.

Question 33

In Hirschi's control theory, _______________ constrain individuals from committing crimes.

A)fear of punishment
B)social bonds
C)effective laws
D)economic inequality

Question 34

According to strain theory, the mode of adaptation most associated with criminal behavior is

A)innovation.
B)retreatism.
C)rebellion.
D)ritualism.

Question 35

Which of the following is one of the eight "index offenses" the FBI identifies as the most serious U.S. crimes?

A)Burglary
B)Illegal drug use
C)Gambling
D)Prostitution

Question 36

According to conflict theory, what is criminal and what is not reflects

A)moral standards of society.
B)interests of the ruling class.
C)interests of future generations.
D)what is harmful and not harmful to members of society.

Question 37

According to conflict theory, the more _______ in a society, the greater the crime rate in that society.

A)wealth
B)industrialization
C)social change
D)inequality

Question 38

Arthur began to abuse alcohol after his business went bankrupt. Strain theory would explain his alcohol abuse as

A)conformity.
B)innovation.
C)retreatism.
D)rebellion.

Question 39

Josh was arrested for shoplifting. His mother was very angry and screamed at him that he would turn out just like his criminal father. If Josh does engage in further stealing, which theory does this fit?​

A)​Conflict
B)​Labeling
C)​Strain
D)​Conflict

Question 40

According to differential association theory, individuals

A)internalize the criminal label when others believe they are criminal.
B)become criminal when they are blocked from achieving their goals legitimately.
C)learn the techniques and motivations for criminal behavior from others.
D)who have internalized society's moral standards are unlikely to be criminal.

Question 41

Compared to traditional crime organizations, transnational crime organizations

A)are more hierarchically arranged.
B)are more likely to operate through legitimate businesses.
C)tend to concentrate on only one type of crime, narcotics.
D)pose a threat to national security.

Question 42

Which of the following is a vice crime?

A)Prostitution
B)Arson
C)Robbery
D)Rape

Question 43

Which kind of rape occurs most often?

A)Stranger rape
B)Rape by a family member, friend, or acquaintance
C)Rape involving a weapon
D)Rape that also includes robbery

Question 44

The term "classic rape" includes which of the following characteristics?

A)More than one rapist
B)A boyfriend as the rapist
C)A rapist who is a stranger
D)Force but no physical injury

Question 45

Which of the following is classified as a violent crime?

A)Arson
B)Larceny
C)Robbery
D)Burglary

Question 46

Vice crimes are illegal activities that

A)most of the public do not believe are morally wrong.
B)include the legal requirement of malicious intent.
C)are victimless in that they have no complaining party.
D)people engage in for recreation or sex, not profit.

Question 47

Which of the following characterize organized crime in the U.S.?

A)It is conducted by members of a hierarchically arranged structure.
B)It is devoted primarily to making money through illegal means.
C)It is conducted by officially organized corporations.
D)It often uses coercive techniques.

Question 48

Conflict theorists point out that the difference between gambling, which is frequently illegal, and investing in the stock market is

A)the amount of money involved.
B)who places the bet.
C)how many people are involved.
D)the motivation of the participant.

Question 49

Acquaintance rape

A)includes being forced by a boyfriend.
B)involves use of a weapon and results in serious bodily injury.
C)is the kind of rape most likely to be reported by the victim.
D)is the easiest kind of rape to prosecute.

Question 50

Crimes committed by individuals in the course of their employment are referred to as

A)vice crimes.
B)occupational crimes.
C)employee crimes.
D)status crimes.

Question 51

___________ accounts for more than two-thirds of all property arrests.

A)Burglary
B)Arson
C)Larceny
D)Robbery

Question 52

An example of corporate violence is

A)an employee who murders another employee.
B)an employee who embezzles at least $100,000 from a corporation.
C)the unlawful exchange of corporate stock information.
D)intentional violations of health, safety, and environmental regulations.

Question 53

Which is an example of corporate crime?

A)Mob hit
B)Security fraud
C)Embezzlement
D)Gang activity

Question 54

Which of the following is classified as larceny?

A)Shoplifting
B)Arson
C)Rape
D)Gambling

Question 55

Aggravated assault is more likely to

A)involve offenders and victims of the same race.
B)occur in winter months.
C)be committed by someone who is a stranger to the victim.
D)occur less frequently than homicide.

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of occupational crime?

A)Price fixing
B)Antitrust violations
C)Pilferage
D)Security fraud

Question 57

Many white-collar crimes go unpunished because

A)the 2002 Sabanes-Oxley Act decreased penalties for white collar offenders.
B)less than 10% of the U.S. population are victimized by white-collar crime.
C)government priorities and resources have shifted to homeland security.
D)white-collar crime results in a much smaller cost to society than street crime.

Question 58

If a company produces toys for children that knowingly contain lead paint, it is an example of

A)organized crime.
B)corporate violence.
C)occupational crime.
D)vice crime.

Question 59

It is difficult to estimate the frequency and nature of arson because of the legal requirement of

A)premeditation.
B)total damage to a property structure.
C)nonmovable property.
D)maliciousness.

Question 60

The Yakuza of Japan

A)is an organized crime syndicate.
B)is one of the largest gun manufacturers in the world.
C)is a large banking organization that loans money worldwide.
D)has been accused of providing campaign contributions to American politicians.

Question 61

Some argue that changes in female criminality over the last decade are a result of

A)increased gender profiling.
B)increased economic marginalization.
C)get-tough policies that target women.
D)increased economic equality.

Question 62

What is the main focus of feminist criminology?

A)Crimes that women commit against other women
B)How the lower position of women in society affects their relationship to crime
C)Drug and alcohol rehabilitation for women
D)Women's involvement in prostitution

Question 63

High crime rates in large urban areas are

A)linked to large concentrations of poor, unemployed, and minority individuals.
B)a new phenomenon.
C)a myth.
D)explained by the higher number of women in cities.

Question 64

The term "racial profiling" refers to the practice of

A)rapists targeting victims on the basis of race.
B)law enforcement investigating suspects on the basis of their race.
C)targeting minorities for violent crimes to instill fear in minority populations.
D)sentencing criminals based on race.

Question 65

Strain theory suggests that criminal activity is more prevalent among individuals in their teens and early 20s because younger individuals

A)have fewer attachments to others.
B)are influenced by the deviant youth subculture.
C)have less access to legitimate means for acquiring material goods.
D)are unaware of the law.

Question 66

According to conflict theorists, criminal activity may be more prevalent among younger rather than older people because

A)younger people have less power in society.
B)younger people have less mobility than older people, which increases opportunity for criminal behavior.
C)juveniles are insulated from many legal penalties of criminal behavior.
D)juveniles today are exposed to crime on television.

Question 67

Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

A)Truancy
B)Shoplifting
C)Computer hacking
D)Credit card fraud

Question 68

Victims of crime are disproportionately

A)young white females.
B)older white females.
C)young minority males.
D)older white males.

Question 69

Feminist sociologists suggest that a cause of the higher arrest rates of female than male runaways is

A)females are more likely than males to be emotionally affected by dysfunctional family environments.
B)police with paternalistic attitudes are more likely to arrest female runaways than male runaways.
C)male runaways are better able to conceal the fact that they have run away from their parents.
D)male runaways are less likely than female runaways to travel outside of the community in which they live.

Question 70

Over the last decade, rates of female criminality have

A)overtaken the rates of male criminality.
B)increased.
C)stayed the same.
D)decreased slightly.

Question 71

Fourteen-year-old Alicia ran away from home to escape her abusive father. Which of the following types of crime has she committed?

A)Larceny
B)Status offense
C)White-collar crime
D)Intimidation

Question 72

Which of the following terms applies to obtaining someone's Social Security Number and birth date in order to use their credit card?

A)Identity theft
B)Insider trading
C)​Recidivism
D)​Status offense

Question 73

A status offense is a criminal violation that

A)is committed by someone in organized crime.
B)is committed by a government official.
C)can only be committed by a person younger than age 18.
D)carries no legal penalty.

Question 74

In recent decades, gangs and gang membership have

A)increased due to increased tje expanding drug trade and the increased availability of guns.
B)increased due to increased urbanization.
C)decreased due to stricter gun control laws.
D)decreased due to successful outcomes of the war on drugs.

Question 75

In 2009 a Chinese court sentenced two men to death and one to life in prison for knowingly endangering public safety by producing and selling contaminated dairy products. The actions of these men is considered

A)a vice crime.
B)a status crime.
C)an occupational crime.
D)corporate violence.

Question 76

Sociologists believe that the relationship between race and crime may be due to

A)racial justice programs.
B)the fact that nonwhites are overrepresented in the lower classes.
C)later and more lenient contact with the criminal justice system.
D)the proportion of whites to nonwhites in a community.

Question 77

Identity theft, internet fraud, and hacking are examples of

A)corporate violence.
B)computer crime.
C)technology crime.
D)status crime.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Men are more likely to commit crimes than women.
B)Women are more likely to commit crimes than men.
C)Men and women commit crimes at about the same rate.
D)At younger ages, women commit more crimes and at older ages, men commit more crimes.

Question 79

Violent and property crimes are highest in the ___________, said to have subculture of violence.

A)Northeast
B)South
C)Mid-West
D)West

Question 80

_____________ theory suggests age and criminality are related because of interaction with peers.

A)Labeling
B)Differential association
C)Conflict
D)Strain