Deck 14: Science and Technology

Question 1

A society that emphasizes service and information professions shifts toward

A)hand labor.
B)mechanization.
C)automation.
D)cybernation.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A system in which robots are programmed by machines is an example of

A)mechanization.
B)science.
C)automation.
D)cybernation.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Cybernation refers to

A)the use of science to predict social or natural outcomes.
B)the use of computers to obtain knowledge.
C)controlling machines with other machines.
D)mechanization of knowledge production.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following illustrates "research" in contrast to "development?"

A)Knowledge of the Human Genome
B)In vitro fertilization
C)Use of genetically altered foods
D)An organ transplant

Question 5

Which term reflects the percentage of people who have access to and use the Internet in a particular area?​

A)Cyber rate
B)Penetration rate
C)​Technological saturation
D)​Internet infiltration

Question 6

What term applies to the tendency for technology to have both positive and negative consequences?

A)​Technological dualism
B)​Cyber-reality
C)​Technology in the balance
D)​Cultural lag

Question 7

Which of the following is happening as part of the movement toward globalization of technology?

A)Growth of agricultural communes
B)Increased participation in fundamentalist religions
C)Collection of skin and blood samples for genetic research
D)Emphasis on the arts and music

Question 8

The decline of U.S. supremacy in science and technology is likely to be the result of which of the following factors?

A)The federal government is increasing its investment in research and development.
B)Corporations have begun to focus more on long-term benefits.
C)Developing countries have also been decreasing their scientific and technological capabilities.
D)Many of the students pursuing advanced degrees in scientific fields in the U.S. are from foreign countries.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true?​

A)​In recent years, the federal government has increased its investment in research and development.
B)​Funding for research in the United States comes mostly from the federal government.
C)​In comparison with other countries of the world, the United States ranks at the top in iformation and computer technologies according to the Network Readiness Index.
D)​The United States awards the highest number of science and engineering PhD degrees in the world.

Question 10

Most U.S. funding for research and development comes from

A)colleges and universities.
B)the federal government.
C)private industry.
D)nonprofit organization, such as research institutes.

Question 11

A sociologist questions the unlimited use of science to point to "truth." This sociologist is most likely a​

A)​structural-functionalist.
B)​conflict theorist.
C)​postmodernist.
D)​theologist.

Question 12

In the United States,

A)federal funding of scientific projects has been shrinking.
B)a larger proportion of the wealth is spent on science than in any other nation.
C)publication in science and engineering journals exceeds that of western European and Asian scientists combined.
D)the number of patents granted to U.S. companies as a percentage of all patents has increased over the last several decades.

Question 13

The use of scientific principles and technology to solve social problems is a​

A)​technological fix.
B)​postmodern response.
C)​STEM.
D)​cyber solution.

Question 14

Technology differs from science in that technology focuses on

A)applying the principles of science and mechanics to the solutions of a specific problem.
B)how to predict natural or social outcomes.
C)finding relationships between phenomena.
D)discovering patterns in natural and human behavior.

Question 15

Agricultural societies are dominated by which of the following?

A)Automation
B)Cybernation
C)Mechanization
D)Hand labor

Question 16

The most popular use of the Internet in developing nations is

A)social interaction.
B)business contacts.
C)educational uses.
D)official government business.

Question 17

As societies move toward industrialization and become more concerned with mass production of goods, _________ prevails.

A)mechanization
B)automation
C)cybernation
D)hand labor

Question 18

__________ refers to the use of tools to accomplish tasks that people used to do by hand.

A)Cybernation
B)Mechanization
C)Industrialization
D)Automation

Question 19

__________ is an acronym for mathematics, science, engineering, and technology.​

A)​MSET
B)​STEM
C)​E-science
D)​SCIT

Question 20

Research on the scientific knowledge of Americans shows that

A)most Americans have a great deal of scientific knowledge.
B)most Americans agree with scientific findings.
C)there has been increased emphasis on science education in U.S. schools in recent years.
D)most Americans know very little about science.

Question 21

According to symbolic interactionists, scientific "truths" result from

A)factual messages from nature.
B)social interactions between scientists, researchers and the general public.
C)messages disseminated to the general public from granting agencies.
D)scientists' interpretations of data.

Question 22

The typewriter, conveyor belt, and computer have expanded opportunities for women to work outside the home. However, employed women perform significantly more domestic chores and child care than their husbands. This is an example of

A)the function of women's employment.
B)cultural lag.
C)a technological fix.
D)social engineering.

Question 23

Ninety percent of robots work in

A)food service industries.
B)factories.
C)household cleaning services.
D)home and building construction.

Question 24

The technology of biometrics in the workplace involves

A)use of identifying characteristics such as hands, fingers, and eyes.
B)the sale of genetically altered foods in employee cafeterias.
C)providing exercise gyms and low fat snacks for employees.
D)limiting unnecessary human movements to achieve efficient production.

Question 25

According to some conflict theorists, technological advances

A)depend on the meanings people attribute to the technology.
B)eventually benefit the poor and less powerful as much as the dominant groups.
C)extend the patriarchal nature of society.
D)promote the interest of women at least as much if not more than the interests of men.

Question 26

The development of time-saving machines increases production, but it also displaces workers and contributes to high rates of employee alienation. Employee displacement illustrates a

A)dysfunction.
B)functional alternative.
C)technological fix.
D)socially constructed truth.

Question 27

Which theoretical perspective is most concerned with cultural lag?

A)Structural functionalism
B)Conflict theory
C)Symbolic interactionism
D)Feminism

Question 28

Twenty-first Century technology in the workplace

A)makes supervisors more important.
B)changes the location of work.
C)enhances worker's creativity.
D)makes workers less accountable.

Question 29

Postmodernism

A)questions science and points out the unforeseen consequences of advanced technologies.
B)believes that the biggest problem in society is the failure to finance scientific research sufficiently.
C)argues that the main problem with high technology is cultural lag.
D)claims the failures of science are due to failures in education.

Question 30

Millions of dollars were allocated to AIDS research when

A)people first became aware of the devastating effects of the disease.
B)scientists demonstrated an ability to treat the HIV virus.
C)the medical profession discovered that the disease was more common among homosexuals.
D)the virus became a threat to mainstream Americans.

Question 31

How has technology changed worker accountability?

A)It is used to gather information about performance.
B)It allows for greater personal responsibility.
C)It tends to increase worker satisfaction.
D)It prevents workers from making errors.

Question 32

Miranda's work involves entering data into a computer. A monitor records her number of key strokes per minute and the amount of time she is on the computer in a given hour This illustrates

A)biometrics.
B)the postmodern world.
C)systemics.
D)polemics.

Question 33

Which theoretical perspective examines the media's influence on our beliefs about science and technology?

A)Structural functionalism
B)Conflict theory
C)Symbolic interactionism
D)Feminism

Question 34

According to your text, cultural lag occurs when

A)development of the material part of culture lags behind the technology of a culture.
B)the physical aspects of a culture change more quickly than the nonphysical part of culture.
C)communication messages take longer than one minute to transfer from the sender to the recipient.
D)technological production is flawed and costs money and lives.

Question 35

The conflict perspective argues that science and technology benefit

A)a select few in society.
B)all of the people in a society.
C)the majority of people in a society.
D)consumers more than the manufacturers of the goods purchased.

Question 36

Which theoretical perspective is most likely to look at who in society controls access to technology?

A)Structural functionalism
B)Conflict theory
C)Symbolic interactionism
D)Feminist theory

Question 37

Which of the following illustrates a technological fix, in contrast to social engineering, to solve the problem of water shortage?

A)Persuading people to take shorter showers
B)Low-flush toilets
C)Wearing clothes more than once before washing
D)Disseminating public service announcements about the need to conserve water

Question 38

According to conflict theorists, _________ act as gatekeepers to scientific discoveries.

A)innovative ideas
B)agencies supplying the funds
C)scientific innovations
D)technologies

Question 39

RU486, an oral contraceptive widely used in France, Great Britain, and China, is legally available but opposed by many Americans. According to symbolic interactionists, this illustrates

A)gatekeepers to scientific discoveries.
B)the masculinization of technology.
C)cultural lag.
D)the significance of socially constructed beliefs about technology.

Question 40

Increases in telecommuting have

A)decreased working hours.
B)benefited low income workers more than high income workers.
C)blurred the distinction between work and home.
D)decreased productivity.

Question 41

Which of the following illustrates genetic engineering?

A)Using DNA evidence to help determine the guilt or innocence of an alleged criminal offender
B)A genetic test that determines if a pregnant woman is expecting a male or female child
C)Self-insecticiding plants
D)Discovery of the specific strand of DNA that produces Alzheimer's disease

Question 42

Which of the following statements best describes the trends in abortion legislation since Roe v. Wade ?

A)A number of federal initiatives have made it easier for women to get abortions.
B)Many states have offered financial assistance for women seeking an abortion.
C)Abortion rights have been completely overturned in the U.S.
D)Women's legal right to an abortion has been steadily restricted.

Question 43

The most common computer activity around the world is

A)word processing.
B)using social media.
C)working with spreadsheets or databases.
D)accessing or updating calendars or schedules.

Question 44

What is the name for Internet sites where participation requires membership and members regularly communicate with one another?​

A)​Word processing
B)Membership communities
C)​E-families
D)Digital drama

Question 45

Apples that have been genetically modified to avoid bruising are an example of

A)genetic engineering.
B)nanotechnology.
C)e-commerce.
D)learning health systems.

Question 46

Abortion has been legal in the United States since the U.S. Supreme Court's 1973 ruling in

A)Roe v. Wade.
B)Casey v. Johnson.
C)Brown v. Eliot.
D)Waverly v. Harrison.

Question 47

An argument against genetically modified crops is that

A)GM food crops have poorer nutritional value.
B)they will cause an increase in hunger.
C)they will lead to a decrease in the variety of foods available for human consumption.
D)they may contaminate other crops.

Question 48

______ is an international informational network.

A)Information technology
B)A computer
C)A robot
D)The Internet

Question 49

In 2015, the European Union brought charges against Microsoft, alleging

A)antitrust actions.
B)unsafe working conditions.
C)corporate violence.
D)participation in a pyramid scheme.

Question 50

The Supreme Court ruled in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey that

A)states cannot restrict abortions.
B)states can restrict the conditions under which abortion is granted.
C)partial birth abortions are constitutional.
D)abortions cannot legally be performed on an underage female without parental permission.

Question 51

Facebook is an example of a(n)

A)​membership community.
B)​digital drama.
C)​cybertown.
D)​e-relationship.

Question 52

GMO's are​

A)​genetically modified organisms.
B)global manufacturing organizations.​
C)​germ management organizations.
D)​gene management organizations.

Question 53

E-commerce refers to the

A)marketing of electronic equipment.
B)production and sales of computer hardware and software.
C)shopping and banking online.
D)manufacturing of electronic and electrical goods.

Question 54

The pro-choice movement argues that

A)unborn fetuses have the right to live and be protected.
B)procreation choices must be free from government interference.
C)abortion is immoral.
D)alternative means of resolving unwanted pregnancy should be found.

Question 55

Learning health systems allow doctors to​

A)​efficiently instruct patients in self-care.
B)​monitor vital signs of patients through the Internet.
C)identify successful treatments and detect harmful interactions.
D)​provide online classes to health care professionals.

Question 56

The ___________ refers to the ability of most electronic devices to connect to the Internet.

A)Internet of Things
B)the New Frontier
C)technology space
D)virtual life

Question 57

The first successfully cloned animal was a(n)____________ named Dolly.

A)monkey
B)dog
C)elephant
D)sheep

Question 58

_______ involves the transplantation of a healthy gene to replace a defective or missing gene.​

A)​Gene therapy
B)​Genetic healing
C)​Technological healing
D)​DNA replacement

Question 59

A scientist manipulated cells to produce a new animal. This illustrates

A)genetic cloning.
B)reproductive cloning.
C)stemming.
D)technological reproduction.

Question 60

Which Americans are most likely to have a computer at home?

A)Those with lower levels of education
B)Older Americans
C)White, non-Hispanics
D)The more religious

Question 61

According to your text, the techniques of egg retrieval, in vitro fertilization, and gamete intrafallopian transfer

A)make it possible for two different women to each make a biological contribution to the creation of a new life.
B)enable a woman to deliver multiple babies simultaneously.
C)will eventually make abortion obsolete.
D)make it possible for a woman to have a child without fertilization by male sperm.

Question 62

According to your text, technology has

A)created a greater demand for semi-skilled workers.
B)created a greater need for American workers in manufacturing industry.
C)led to outsourcing of jobs in information technology.
D)reduced the split labor market.

Question 63

Genetic exception laws

A)require a separation of genetic information from other medical information.
B)grant the right of death row inmates to demand genetic DNA testing if they think the tests might exonerate them.
C)grant legal custody of a child to the genetic parent in cases of in vitro fertilization or surrogate mothers.
D)allow stem cell treatment of genetic disorders.

Question 64

The social classes are increasingly divided by their access to science and technology. This is the ​

A)​digital divide.
B)​technological gap.
C)​e-gap.
D)​science dividend.

Question 65

Global attitudes about cloning can best be characterized as

A)unanimously in favor of cloning.
B)mixed.
C)unanimously against cloning.
D)completely unconcerned about cloning.

Question 66

Edith must make a special trip to the computer lab on campus to print out a copy of her research paper. She does most of her work on her mobile device and does not have a printer at home. This is an example of the​

A)​socioeconomic computer status.
B)​participation gap.
C)​net neutrality.
D)​Internet injustice.

Question 67

Racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to access the Internet through a mobile device rather than a desk-top computer. This results in the ​

A)​participation gap.
B)​net neutrality.
C)​computer dividend.
D)​computer exemption.

Question 68

If Jill harasses a classmate on Facebook and spreads rumors about her on Twitter, this is known as

A)malware.
B)piracy.
C)cybertheft.
D)cyberbullying.

Question 69

In general, the digital divide is

A)growing across the world.
B)shrinking everywhere.
C)growing in the U.S. but shrinking in the rest of the world.
D)remaining stable.

Question 70

Undifferentiated cells that can produce any type of cell in the human body are called ​

A)​stem cells.
B)​GMOs.
C)​clones.
D)​base cells.

Question 71

Unemployment rates can increase when companies _______, or off-shore, jobs to lower-wage countries.​

A)​outsource
B)​migrate
C)​revitalize
D)​downsize

Question 72

The most common argument against cloning is based on ​

A)​financial considerations.
B)​moral and ethical considerations.
C)​the "unforeseen consequences" argument.
D)​the technological divide argument.

Question 73

Some theorists hypothesize that a "virtual elite" will emerge as

A)technology displaces workers.
B)the younger, computer-savvy generation gains power in society.
C)some individuals become extremely popular through social networking sites while others remain less popular.
D)competition increases between PC and Mac users.

Question 74

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 ​

A)​provides for genetic testing before an abortion.
B)​prevents the use of stem cells for cloning.
C)​limits the use of DNA in criminal trials.
D)​prohibits using genetic information to discriminate in health coverage or employment.

Question 75

Therapeutic cloning entails using stem cells from which of the following?

A)Human cadavers
B)Human embryos
C)Human brains
D)Monkeys

Question 76

Gene monopolies are likely to​

A)​make stem cells more available.
B)​increase patient costs.
C)​have no effect.
D)​eliminate the participation gap.

Question 77

Illegally downloading copyrighted material is called​

A)​Internet piracy.
B)​malware.
C)​technology-induced crime.
D)​a harmless action.

Question 78

The most frequently reported complaint to the Federal Trade Commission in recent years is

A)antitrust violations.
B)false advertising.
C)identity theft.
D)false work visas.

Question 79

Toffler coined the term ______ to describe the confusion resulting from rapid scientific and technological changes that unravel our traditional values and beliefs.

A)anomie
B)future shock
C)cultural lag
D)technophrenia

Question 80

Worms and viruses are examples of

A)malware.
B)piracy.
C)cybertheft.
D)cyberbullying.