Deck 23: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894

Question 1

Compare and contrast political policies pursued in eastern and western Europe in the final quarter of the nineteenth century.

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Guglielmo Marconi

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

How did the steel, electricity, and the internal combustion engine shape economic and social developments in the late nineteenth century?

Question 5

Discuss the growth of political democracy in Great Britain, France, and Italy. How would you account for the differences you note?

Question 6

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Henry Ford

Question 7

Compare and contrast middle-class and working-class families. How do you explain the similarities and the differences?

Question 8

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
internal combustion engine

Question 9

What advantages did the Second Industrial Revolution offer to women? What changed and did not change for women between 1870 and 1894?

Question 10

What policies and practices created mass politics in western European states? Did these changes fulfill the aims of earlier nineteenth-century liberals? Why or why not?

Question 11

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Alexander Graham Bell

Question 12

How did the Second Industrialization Revolution differ from its predecessor? How did it impact various aspects of life for Europeans of all classes?

Question 13

What role did the Reichstag play in German politics in the late nineteenth century?

Question 14

What is meant by the phrase "mass society"? How was the growth of this mass society related to changes in the urban environment?

Question 15

To what extent did the emergence and development of socialist parties and trade unions meet the needs of the working classes between 1871 and the end of the century?

Question 16

Discuss the structure of European society between 1870 and 1894. Why do historians focus so much attention on the middle class during this period?

Question 17

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
mass leisure

Question 18

In the late nineteenth century, what were the most important competing visions of women and their place in society?

Question 19

How were the promises and problems of the new mass society reflected in education and leisure?

Question 20

Why did the old system of autocracy persist in Russia and Eastern Europe in the late nineteenth century?

Question 21

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
the Commune

Question 22

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
plutocrats

Question 23

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Reform Act of 1884

Question 24

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
mass education

Question 25

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Social Democratic Party

Question 26

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
domestic servants

Question 27

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Redistribution Act

Question 28

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Second Industrial Revolution

Question 29

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
cartels

Question 30

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
France's Third Republic

Question 31

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
mass society

Question 32

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
evolutionary socialism

Question 33

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Bismarck's welfare legislation

Question 34

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Wilbur and Orville Wright

Question 35

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
mass politics

Question 36

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Kulturkampf

Question 37

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
"woman question"

Question 38

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Public Health Act of 1875

Question 39

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
The Reichstag

Question 40

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Russification

Question 41

What new energy source powered the second industrial revolution?

A)Coal
B)Hydroelectric
C)Natural gas
D)Electricity
E)Fuel-cells

Question 42

After 1870, industrialization outside of Europe and North America was most notable in

A)North Africa.
B)China.
C)South America.
D)the Middle East.
E)Japan.

Question 43

The trade union movement prior to World War I

A)was strongest in France after the dissolution of the Second International in 1890.
B)occurred despite trade unions being banned by most governments.
C)varied from country to country, but was generally allied with socialist parties.
D)was primarily for unskilled laborers, especially the New Model unions.
E)focused entirely on wages and working conditions negotiated directly with employers without any government involvement in the process.

Question 44

Between 1895 and 1914, Europe as whole experienced

A)mass unemployment.
B)slow and inconsistent economic growth.
C)a deep depression.
D)wild economic instability.
E)an economic boom.

Question 45

What best describes employment opportunities for women during the Second Industrial Revolution?

A)They changed in quality and quantity with the expansion of the service sector.
B)They declined dramatically as prostitution became illegal.
C)They increased greatly with working-class men pushing their wives to work outside the home.
D)They declined when piece-work was abandoned as inefficient and "sweatshops" were outlawed.
E)They declined because labor unions forced governments to restrict most employment opportunities to men only.

Question 46

Which of these nations was the least industrially advanced by 1900?

A)Britain
B)Germany
C)France
D)Belgium
E)Spain

Question 47

In Britain, ____ led the movement to illuminate homes and cities with electric light.

A)Thomas Edison
B)Joseph Swan
C)Michael Faraday
D)Alexander Graham Bell
E)Guglielmo Marconi

Question 48

Which one of the following was NOT a part of the emergence of the late nineteenth-century mass society?

A)the extension of voting rights to the lower classes
B)diminishment of the conditions of the lower classes
C)a better standard of living for the lower classes
D)mass leisure
E)the "weekend" as a time of fun

Question 49

"Sweating" jobs for women involved

A)the subcontracting of piecework, usually in the tailoring trades.
B)working as a domestic servant.
C)hard physical labor on farms in the countryside.
D)competing for sales commissions in new department stores.
E)service as operators in the new telephone exchanges.

Question 50

Working-class men argued that keeping working-class women out of the industrial workforce

A)all but guaranteed their future poverty.
B)was obviously illegal.
C)was part of a larger capitalist plot.
D)ensured the moral and physical well-being of families.
E)simply made it easier to exploit them.

Question 51

Which country replaced Great Britain as the leading industrial power in Europe after 1870?

A)France
B)Germany
C)Italy
D)Holland
E)Russia

Question 52

The state that dominated the market for dyestuffs by 1900, controlling 90 percent of the market, was

A)Britain.
B)India.
C)France.
D)Germany.
E)Belgium.

Question 53

The state with the most successful socialist party in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was

A)Britain.
B)France.
C)Germany.
D)Russia.
E)Italy.

Question 54

Between 1850 and 1900, wages in Germany and Britain

A)decreased.
B)more than tripled.
C)remained stagnant.
D)increased.
E)failed to keep up with inflation.

Question 55

A rise in female prostitution in European cities during the later nineteenth century can best be attributed to

A)heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival.
B)greater public toleration of sex workers and abandonment of all municipal efforts to police the trade.
C)the acceptance by clergymen of the sex trade as an economic necessity for poorer women.
D)the declining interest of men and women to form families.
E)the decline in available husbands due to various STDs.

Question 56

What was one of the new products of the "Second Industrial Revolution"?

A)Cotton textiles
B)Steel
C)Coal
D)Railroads
E)Steam engines

Question 57

What did the increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand lead to in late nineteenth-century Europe?

A)The elimination of trade restrictions like tariffs
B)A strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations
C)Greater economic instability and a sequence of ever deeper economic depressions
D)Closer economic cooperation among the great powers
E)Greater investment by the United States in the European economy

Question 58

In Japan, ____ took the lead in promoting industry.

A)local communities
B)foreign investors
C)private companies
D)the imperial government
E)ambitious former samurai

Question 59

Evolutionary socialism is also known as

A)neo-liberalism.
B)anarchism.
C)revisionism.
D)nihilism.
E)corporatism.

Question 60

What occurred in a cartel?

A)A vertically integrated company worked to monopolize all business in its industry.
B)Independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas.
C)Independent associations of grocers cooperated to artificially drive down prices.
D)Private militias orchestrated intelligence gathering to diminish the police powers of modern nation states.
E)Dependent enterprises worked with an overseeing organization to lower tariffs.

Question 61

What was the chief cause of rising European populations between 1850 and 1880?

A)An increasing rising birthrate
B)A declining mortality rate
C)Better childhood immunization programs
D)Better human diet in a consumer economy
E)Dramatic improvements in urban sanitation

Question 62

The upper classes in the late nineteenth century included all of the following EXCEPT

A)the landed aristocracy.
B)the professional classes, including lawyers, doctors, and engineers.
C)the upper middle classes.
D)wealthy upper middle classes.
E)industrial plutocrats.

Question 63

Which statement is correct regarding European middle-class families during the late nineteenth century?

A)They were more concerned with displaying the work ethic than in displaying wealth and following proper decorum.
B)They stressed functional knowledge for their children to prepare them for their future roles.
C)They prided themselves on doing the housework and cooking for their families.
D)They increasingly became less cohesive as togetherness was no longer an important value.
E)They increased in numbers but were weakened structurally as men abandoned their family focus in order to advance their lives professionally.

Question 64

The largest segment of European society in the nineteenth century was composed of

A)skilled artisans such as cigar makers and cabinet makers.
B)peasant landholders, unskilled day laborers, and domestic servants.
C)semi-skilled laborers such as carpenters and bricklayers.
D)urban workers in eastern Europe and peasants in western Europe.
E)lower middle class urbanites.

Question 65

The "woman question" was the debate over

A)whether or not women were fully human.
B)the role of women in society.
C)the place of women in the coming socialist revolution.
D)population growth and female fertility.
E)the future of traditional marriage.

Question 66

By 1914, what percentage of Britain's population lived in cities?

A)100 percent
B)50 percent
C)10 percent
D)40 percent
E)80 percent

Question 67

What did Eduard Bernstein claim in his book Evolutionary Socialism ?

A)The only hope for the workers was a violent revolution.
B)Socialism could best be achieved through the democratic process.
C)Unions should bargain with employers and avoid politics.
D)The poor were too ignorant to be allowed to vote.
E)True communism would take hundreds of years to evolve.

Question 68

What was Octavia Hill's housing venture designed to achieve?

A)Provide the poor with an environment they could use to improve themselves.
B)Offer charity to the poor since they could never help themselves.
C)Let the wealthy know what it was like to be poor.
D)Break down class barriers in London.
E)Make the upper classes feel better and improve their self-esteem by doing something for the downtrodden of society.

Question 69

Which statement best describes the middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe?

A)They were composed mostly of shopkeepers and manufacturers who barely lived above the poverty line.
B)They offered little opportunity for women in improving their lot.
C)They were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work and Christian morality.
D)They viewed progress with distrust as they did not wish to lose their economic gains.
E)They were sinking in economic and social security because of the increase of plutocrats.

Question 70

In 1914, which country had the largest trade union movement in Europe?

A)France
B)Italy
C)Britain
D)Austria-Hungary
E)Spain

Question 71

In Germany, Britain, and France, ____ by 1910.

A)unemployment rose dramatically
B)opposition political parties had quadrupled in size
C)women had gained the vote
D)universal national healthcare had been put in place
E)adult illiteracy was virtually eliminated

Question 72

Which two issues divided the Second International in the late nineteenth century?

A)Trade unions and liberalism
B)Liberalism and revisionism
C)Revisionism and nationalism
D)Nationalism and trade unions

Question 73

What was true of daughters in European working-class families?

A)They were expected to work until marriage.
B)By long custom, they were kept at home until of age to marry.
C)They were barred from working by state law in many countries.
D)They had traditionally never shown an interest in working either before or after marriage.
E)They enrolled in vocational schools until marriage and then entered the work-place.

Question 74

Elizabeth Poole Sanford would most likely have agreed with which of these statements?

A)Women should avoid being self-sufficient.
B)Women should strive to become equal to men.
C)Women should accept their roles at home until new governmental reforms were instituted.
D)Women should make it known to their husbands that they were dissatisfied.
E)Women should take employment outside the home to become economically self-sufficient.

Question 75

What happened to the European population between 1850 and 1910?

A)It increased from 270 million to 460 million.
B)It actually decreased slightly.
C)It increased from 140 to 190 million.
D)It stagnated, causing severe problems for the development of leisure industries.
E)It declined significantly because of the pollution engendered by increasing urbanization.

Question 76

Between 1890 and 1914, family patterns among the working class

A)emphasized child labor as an important necessity for family survival.
B)required all women to work outside the home.
C)allowed for dependence on the income of husbands and the wages of grown children.
D)experienced almost no change from the earlier industrial period.
E)were shaped by growing rates of infant mortality.

Question 77

Emigration from Europe was spurred by

A)economic opportunities in the Americas.
B)cheap shipping fares.
C)religious persecution.
D)the persecution of ethnic minorities.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 78

The chief motive for mass education was

A)political.
B)social.
C)religious.
D)economic.
E)ideological.

Question 79

Living conditions in cities improved due to all of these reforms EXCEPT

A)the development of pure water and sewerage systems.
B)model homes built for the poor by wealthy philanthropists.
C)the demolition of old, unneeded urban defensive walls, replaced by wide avenues.
D)a successful effort to clean up all polluted rivers and lakes.
E)some increases in governmental regulations.

Question 80

Between 1906 and 1910, ____ left Europe each year looking for a better life overseas.

A)53,000
B)75.4 million
C)525,000
D)1.3 million
E)20.1 million