Deck 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

Question 1

How and why did the nobility play a dominant role in the European society of the eighteenth century?

Answer 1

Answers may vary.

Question 2

define the following term:
Cardinal Fleury

Answer 2

Answers may vary.

Question 3

define the following term:
natural laws and natural rights

Answer 3

Answers may vary.

Question 4

Was there an agricultural revolution in the eighteenth century? Why or why not?

Question 5

What were the characteristics of enlightened absolutism, and to what extent did the monarchies of eighteenth-century Prussia, Austria, and Russia meet the aims of enlightened absolutism? How did they fall short of employing enlightened ideals?

Question 6

define the following term:
the United Kingdom of Great Britain

Question 7

define the following term:
Madame de Pompadour

Question 8

Did family life experience significant change during the eighteenth century? Why or why not?

Question 9

define the following term:
Louis XVI

Question 10

What "advantages" did Britain have over the continental nations in the eighteenth century , politically and economically?

Question 11

What grievances prompted the Seven Years' War? Which powers gained the most from the conflict, and which powers emerged weakened?

Question 12

define the following term:
Louis XV

Question 13

Compare and contrast the development of the two Atlantic seaboard states of France and Great Britain during the eighteenth-century. How were they alike? How were they different?

Question 14

define the following term:
Marie Antoinette

Question 15

Given the numerous social and economic changes of the eighteenth century, those at the bottom of society often found themselves much worse off than in earlier centuries. Why?

Question 16

What is meant by the phrases "balance of power" and "reason of state"? How did those concepts influence international relations in the eighteenth century?

Question 17

Why did the governments of Europe develop in such radically different ways during the eighteenth century, particularly when comparing east to west?

Question 18

define the following term:
enlightened absolutism

Question 19

What was the nature of war and diplomacy in the eighteenth century? How would you compare the nature of war and diplomacy in the eighteenth century with that of the seventeenth century?

Question 20

Did the social order in Europe genuinely change during the eighteenth century, or were there simply alterations made to an ongoing system?

Question 21

define the following term:
the Hanoverian dynasty, George I, George II, and George III

Question 22

define the following term:
partitions of Poland

Question 23

define the following term:
Junkers

Question 24

define the following term:
Frederick William I

Question 25

define the following term:
Silesia

Question 26

define the following term:
Patriots v. the Orangists

Question 27

define the following term:
diplomatic revolution

Question 28

define the following term:
Joseph II

Question 29

define the following term:
William Pitt the Elder

Question 30

define the following term:
Robert Walpole

Question 31

define the following term:
Maria Theresa

Question 32

define the following term:
Frederick II the Great

Question 33

define the following term:
patronage

Question 34

define the following term:
Catherine II the Great

Question 35

define the following term:
"pocket boroughs"

Question 36

define the following term:
War of the Austrian Succession

Question 37

define the following term:
Emelyan Pugachev

Question 38

define the following term:
Prussian militarism

Question 39

define the following term:
serfs

Question 40

define the following term:
Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji

Question 41

define the following term:
Treaty of Paris

Question 42

define the following term:
scurvy and yellow fever

Question 43

define the following term:
Bank of England

Question 44

define the following term:
primogeniture

Question 45

define the following term:
Robert Clive

Question 46

define the following term:
the "putting-out" or "domestic system"/cottage industry

Question 47

define the following term:
the country house

Question 48

define the following term:
Seven Years' War

Question 49

define the following term:
"banknotes"

Question 50

define the following term:
John Law's "bubble"

Question 51

define the following term:
agricultural enclosures and enclosure acts

Question 52

define the following term:
coitus interruptus and infanticide

Question 53

define the following term:
French-Indian War

Question 54

define the following term:
Richard Arkwright's "water frame"

Question 55

define the following term:
tithes

Question 56

define the following term:
Montcalm and Wolfe

Question 57

define the following term:
Herculaneum and Pompeii

Question 58

define the following term:
Thomas Gainsborough

Question 59

define the following term:
Grand Tour

Question 60

define the following term:
potatoes and maize

Question 61

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland?

A)Austria
B)Prussia
C)England
D)Russia
E)a and c

Question 62

In the 1700s members of the British Parliament were

A)appointed by the King.
B)usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting.
C)chosen in different ways in different districts.
D)elected by a vote of all adult males.
E)elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female.

Question 63

During the eighteenth century, the idea of divine right

A)remained a strong basis for government.
B)was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government.
C)was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.
D)was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria.
E)disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715.

Question 64

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed

A)the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes.
B)the waning of monarchical power.
C)the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
D)"enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France.
E)a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez-faire types of government.

Question 65

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic

A)established a system of male democracy.
B)saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced.
C)continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century.
D)suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
E)permanently expelled the House of Orange.

Question 66

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued

A)three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy.
B)6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
C)150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats.
D)at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary.
E)an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church.

Question 67

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after

A)a bad harvest caused massive starvation in Poland.
B)Prussia successfully invaded Russia and seized half of the Ukraine.
C)Catherine the Great's policies worsened conditions for the peasantry.
D)Catherine the Great reduced the power of the landed nobility.
E)Russia's defeat to the Ottoman Empire.

Question 68

France in the eighteenth century

A)thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
B)suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
C)was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
D)lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
E)brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.

Question 69

define the following term:
beggars and prostitutes

Question 70

A continuing trend in eighteenth-century Prussia was

A)the uncontrollable growth of the royal state bureaucracy.
B)the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility.
C)an avoidance of military entanglements, especially under Frederick the Great.
D)social mobility for the peasants through the civil service.
E)the emergence of the bourgeoisie as the dominant class of society.

Question 71

The Austrian emperor Joseph II

A)reversed the enlightened reforms of his mother, Maria Theresa.
B)rescinded all of Hungary's privileges.
C)permanently stripped the nobility of its power.
D)provoked general discontent due to his enlightened but radical reforms.
E)created a constitutional monarchy reliant on his representative assembly.

Question 72

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia

A)saw the size of its army diminish.
B)reduced the size and scope of government.
C)developed a civil service staffed by middle-class officials.
D)failed to establish an efficient civil bureaucracy.
E)remained a decentralized European state.

Question 73

Under Frederick II of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to

A)high-ranking Lutheran churchmen.
B)members of the nobility.
C)university-educated bureaucrats.
D)French philosophes.
E)commoners who showed outstanding ability.

Question 74

define the following term:
reason of state

Question 75

Catherine the Great of Russia

A)followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
B)instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev.
C)weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms.
D)successfully eliminated the power of the Russian representative assembly.
E)established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.

Question 76

define the following term:
balance of power

Question 77

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction

A)succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia.
B)succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens.
C)instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility.
D)accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
E)abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.

Question 78

Louis XV's most famous mistress was

A)Marie Antoinette.
B)Madame de Pompadour.
C)Mary Wollstonecraft.
D)the marquise du Deffand.
E)Madame Geoffrin.

Question 79

The prime minister who furthered British imperial ambitions by acquiring Canada and India was

A)Robert Walpole.
B)William Pitt the Elder.
C)Lord Bute.
D)William Pitt the Younger.
E)Robert Clive.

Question 80

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a

A)heritable living.
B)pocket borough.
C)sinecure.
D)tenured seat.
E)entail.