Deck 17: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

define the following term:
Enlightenment

Answer 1

Answers may vary.

Question 2

How do the art and literature of the eighteenth century reflect the political and social life of the period?

Answer 2

Answers may vary.

Question 3

define the following term:
John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding and tabula rasa

Answer 3

Answers may vary.

Question 4

What ideas and values defined the Enlightenment?

Question 5

define the following term:
cultural relativism

Question 6

What was the relationship between high culture and popular culture during the eighteenth century?

Question 7

Did the Enlightenment represent a new era for women? Why or why not?

Question 8

define the following term:
James Cook's Travels

Question 9

define the following term:
Bernard de Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds

Question 10

What was the role of the institutional church in the eighteenth century? What relationship did established churches have with European states, and what roles did they play in European society?

Question 11

define the following term:
Immanuel Kant

Question 12

define the following term:
Pierre Bayle

Question 13

Compare and contrast the contributions of the French philosophes and Britain's Enlightenment figures. How do they differ, if they do, and why?

Question 14

define the following term:
skepticism

Question 15

define the following term:
cosmopolitan

Question 16

What role did women play in the development of the Enlightenment?

Question 17

What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the Enlightenment? Compare and contrast their political ideas with Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli.

Question 18

How did the popularization of science, the impact of travel literature, and the legacy of Locke and Newton influence the Enlightenment?

Question 19

Compare and contrast deism with strains of popular religiosity in the eighteenth century.

Question 20

What were the major ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? In what ways were Rousseau's ideas unique, differing from those of his predecessors?

Question 21

define the following term:
Romanticism

Question 22

define the following term:
economic liberalism

Question 23

define the following term:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract and the general will

Question 24

define the following term:
François Quesnay

Question 25

define the following term:
Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

Question 26

define the following term:
Mary Wollstonecraft and feminism

Question 27

define the following term:
Physiocrats

Question 28

define the following term:
Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws and the separation of powers

Question 29

define the following term:
Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 30

define the following term:
deism

Question 31

define the following term:
Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration

Question 32

define the following term:
David Hume and the "science of man"

Question 33

define the following term:
laissez-faire

Question 34

define the following term:
philosophes

Question 35

define the following term:
Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Question 36

define the following term:
the salon and the coffeehouse

Question 37

define the following term:
Marie-Thérèse de Geoffrin and the marquise du Deffand

Question 38

define the following term:
Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Question 39

define the following term:
Émile

Question 40

define the following term:
Marie-Jean de Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach

Question 41

define the following term:
Franz Joseph Haydn

Question 42

define the following term:
Realschule and Volkschulen

Question 43

define the following term:
Cesare Beccaria

Question 44

define the following term:
George Frederick Handel

Question 45

define the following term:
Henry Fielding's History of Tom Jones, A Foundling

Question 46

define the following term:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Question 47

define the following term:
pogroms

Question 48

define the following term:
Rococo

Question 49

define the following term:
newspapers and libraries

Question 50

define the following term:
Addison and Steele's Spectator

Question 51

define the following term:
Samuel Richardson's Pamela

Question 52

define the following term:
Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Question 53

define the following term:
Carnival

Question 54

define the following term:
high culture and popular culture

Question 55

define the following term:
Balthasar Neumann

Question 56

define the following term:
gin

Question 57

define the following term:
Neoclassicism

Question 58

define the following term:
Antoine Watteau

Question 59

define the following term:
Johann Sebastian Bach

Question 60

define the following term:
Jacques-Louis David

Question 61

Published travel accounts of different cultures

A)presented an image of "natural man" who was happier than many Europeans.
B)saw the origin of the idea of the "noble savage."
C)led to the development of cultural relativism.
D)resulted in religious skepticism, as Europeans realized the existence of a variety of perceptions of the divine.
E)all of the above.

Question 62

define the following term:
Pietism and the Moravian Brethren

Question 63

The philosopher who proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment as "Dare to know!" was

A)Immanuel Kant.
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
C)Voltaire.
D)Baron d'Holbach.
E)Denis Diderot.

Question 64

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

A)Denis Diderot.
B)Adam Smith.
C)François Quesnay.
D)Cesare Beccaria.
E)David Hume.

Question 65

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

A)the German monarchical system.
B)the separation of church and state.
C)religious intolerance.
D)Plato and the Greeks.
E)Chinese civilization.

Question 66

The French philosophes mostly included people from

A)the nobility and the middle class.
B)the lower class and the lower middle class.
C)aristocracy and nobility.
D)urban artisans and craftsmen.
E)the universities.

Question 67

define the following term:
Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews

Question 68

In The Spirit of the Laws , Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

A)the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power.
B)the king exercises absolute and unlimited power.
C)power is divided between the three branches of government.
D)the nobility is uninvolved.
E)all government resources are focused on military power.

Question 69

define the following term:
chapbooks

Question 70

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by

A)growing anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities in universities.
B)the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
C)sophism and the mockery of past traditions.
D)a return of monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.
E)an intense pessimism about the possibility of human progress.

Question 71

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

A)Geneva.
B)Berlin.
C)London.
D)Vienna.
E)Paris.

Question 72

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

A)Voltaire.
B)Denis Diderot.
C)David Hume.
D)Cesare Beccaria.
E)Bernard de Fontenelle.

Question 73

John Locke's tabula rasa refers to

A)the temple of reason.
B)a heart of love.
C)the image of God.
D)a blank mind.
E)the table of tradition.

Question 74

The works of Fontenelle

A)popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
B)portray churches as allies of scientific progress.
C)discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters.
D)question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse.
E)advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was more liberal.

Question 75

The French philosophes

A)flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B)sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines.
C)were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D)supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E)were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

Question 76

Isaac Newton and John Locke

A)created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B)provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C)claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D)said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the Scientific Revolution was justified.
E)had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

Question 77

Voltaire was the author of

A)Treatise on Toleration .
B)the plays Œdipe and Henriade .
C)Philosophic Letters on the English .
D)all of the above.
E)none of the above.

Question 78

define the following term:
John Wesley and Methodism

Question 79

define the following term:
Joseph II's Toleration Patent

Question 80

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

A)the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
B)the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies.
C)a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice.
D)rigorous state control of all forms of education.
E)the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.