Deck 25: The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis: War and Revolution

Question 1

Is it accurate to consider World War I as primarily a European civil war? Why or why not?

Answer 1

Answers may vary.

Question 2

define the following term:
General Paul von Hindenburg

Answer 2

Answers may vary.

Question 3

Can the Treaty of Versailles be viewed as a successful settlement of the war? Why or why not?

Answer 3

Answers may vary.

Question 4

Why can 1917 be viewed as the year that witnessed the decisive turning point of World War I?

Question 5

define the following term:
First Battle of the Marne

Question 6

How did the Russian Revolution alter the dynamics of European statecraft and policy during the waning months of the war and into the time of the Paris Peace Conference?

Question 7

define the following term:
Black Hand

Question 8

define the following term:
militarism

Question 9

How did wartime governments maintain public order and mobilize public opinion during the course of the war? Compare these actions with those taken by governments in nineteenth-century wars.

Question 10

define the following term:
mobilization

Question 11

define the following term:
No Man's Land

Question 12

Discuss the course of the first two years of World War I: Why did many people expect a short war? Why was it not a short war? Why did World War I become a "war of attrition"? Why did the warring nations, worn out by the end of 1916, not make peace?

Question 13

define the following term:
conscription

Question 14

What caused the Russian Revolution? How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks manage to seize and hold power despite their small numbers? How did the Bolsheviks secure their power during the civil war?

Question 15

Why did the nations of Europe go to war in 1914? What did they hope to gain from the conflict, and how did their goals change during the course of the war?

Question 16

define the following term:
the Schlieffen Plan

Question 17

In what ways did the ideologies of the nineteenth century fuel the antagonisms that led to the outbreak of World War I?

Question 18

Were there any realistic alternatives to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, given the causes and the consequences of the war and its impact upon Western civilization?

Question 19

What is meant by the concept of total war, and how applicable is that concept to World War I?

Question 20

define the following term:
"blank check"

Question 21

define the following term:
Germany's War Raw Materials Board

Question 22

define the following term:
nationalization

Question 23

define the following term:
Petrograd

Question 24

define the following term:
Defence of the Realm Act

Question 25

define the following term:
the Lusitania

Question 26

define the following term:
Ireland's Easter Rebellion

Question 27

define the following term:
the machine gun and poison gas

Question 28

define the following term:
Nicholas II and Alexandra

Question 29

define the following term:
unrestricted submarine warfare

Question 30

define the following term:
Lawrence of Arabia

Question 31

define the following term:
Britain's Ministry of Munitions

Question 32

define the following term:
trench warfare

Question 33

define the following term:
tanks

Question 34

define the following term:
total war

Question 35

define the following term:
Verdun and the Somme

Question 36

define the following term:
Rasputin

Question 37

define the following term:
"Peace, land, and bread"

Question 38

define the following term:
Central Powers

Question 39

define the following term:
the Nineteenth Amendment

Question 40

define the following term:
Georges Clemenceau

Question 41

define the following term:
soviets

Question 42

define the following term:
genocide

Question 43

define the following term:
War Guilt Clause

Question 44

define the following term:
League of Nations

Question 45

define the following term:
armistice on November 11, 1918

Question 46

define the following term:
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Question 47

define the following term:
war communism

Question 48

define the following term:
Treaty of Versailles

Question 49

define the following term:
the Cheka

Question 50

define the following term:
Reds and Whites

Question 51

define the following term:
Bolsheviks

Question 52

define the following term:
V.I. Lenin

Question 53

define the following term:
Second Battle of the Marne

Question 54

define the following term:
Alexandra Kollontai and the Zhenotdel

Question 55

define the following term:
the "April Theses"

Question 56

define the following term:
Alexander Kerensky

Question 57

define the following term:
self-determination

Question 58

define the following term:
Leon Trotsky

Question 59

define the following term:
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and the Free Corp

Question 60

define the following term:
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

Question 61

define the following term:
Yugoslavia

Question 62

Most Europeans believed that the Great War would

A)be much like the American Civil War in length.
B)be an exciting, emotional release from the otherwise dull and boring existence of mass society.
C)last for years and create a rousing state of perpetual heroics as proclaimed by Nietzsche in his writings on the "superman."
D)ultimately bring about the unification of Europe in one centralized and highly militarized government.
E)result in a new balance of power throughout all of Western civilization.

Question 63

Which pair of nations had not practiced conscription prior to World War I?

A)Germany and Austria-Hungary.
B)Great Britain and the United States.
C)France and Great Britain.
D)Italy and Germany.
E)Russia and France.

Question 64

The rivalry between Russia and Austria-Hungary for domination of the new states in southeastern Europe played out largely through a conflict involving

A)Slovenia.
B)Bulgaria.
C)Greece.
D)Italy.
E)Serbia.

Question 65

The Schlieffen Plan was designed to prevent

A)America's entry into the war.
B)war.
C)a prolonged two-front war.
D)a war of attrition.
E)a European-wide war.

Question 66

The Great War annihilated which of the following basic precepts on which Western civilization seemed to have been founded?

A)The belief in democracy.
B)The belief in progress.
C)The belief in equality.
D)The belief in the benevolence of the Christian God.
E)All of the above.

Question 67

During 1914, in contrast to events in Western Europe, the war in the east

A)was marked by immobility.
B)was marked by mobility.
C)developed methodically and took months to get heated.
D)was marked by careful diplomacy.
E)involved smaller numbers of troops.

Question 68

The most important consequence of the first year of World War I was

A)a deadly stalemate on the western front as a result of the failure of German war plans.
B)Italy's decision to switch sides to the German-Austrian alliance.
C)the collapse of German armies on the Russian front.
D)Serbia's rapid advance into Austria-Hungary.
E)the Ottoman Empire's decision to join the Triple Entente.

Question 69

The underlying motive that led Great Britain to declare war on Germany was

A)the German invasion of Belgium.
B)a desire to plunder on the continent.
C)the desire to maintain world power.
D)fear of German intentions in France.
E)anxiety concerning a possible German invasion of Britain.

Question 70

define the following term:
"dictated peace"

Question 71

On the eve of the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, William II of Germany

A)was plotting the overthrow of Nicholas II in Russia.
B)was intentionally provoking the Russians to attack Austria and set off a world war.
C)attempted to engage Nicholas II in a diplomatic dialogue to possibly avoid war.
D)sent ultimatums to England and France that were so clumsy and insulting as to make war inevitable.
E)abdicated in favor of his son, the Crown Prince, and sought exile in Belgium.

Question 72

Among nineteenth-century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War I was

A)nationalism.
B)liberalism.
C)conservatism.
D)socialism.
E)modernism.

Question 73

The leader who remarked, "In questions of honor and vital interests, you don't consult others" was

A)Empire William II of Germany.
B)Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
C)Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
D)General Paul von Hindenburg.
E)Queen Victoria of Great Britain.

Question 74

The "blank check" had the effect of

A)assuring Russia a sufficient supply of guns.
B)making the war vastly more expensive than it had to have been.
C)making it impossible for England to enter the war.
D)encouraging Austria to attack Serbia.
E)demonstrating Germany's desire for peace.

Question 75

define the following term:
reparations

Question 76

Which of the following trends helped lead to the outbreak of the Great War?

A)The hopes of conservative leaders to crush internal democratic movements through war.
B)The adoption by European generals of new military policies.
C)The belief of European states that they had to uphold the power of their allies for their own internal security.
D)The downward spiral of European economies.
E)The dismantling of Europe's overseas empires.

Question 77

As early as July 28, 1914, European diplomats were becoming incapable of slowing a rush toward war mainly because

A)European kings, tsars, and emperors were too bent on war to heed their advice.
B)the complex, rigid, and demanding mobilization plans devised by European army generals made immediate military action essential.
C)ordinary people everywhere went to the polls and voted for immediate opening of the war on all fronts.
D)European industrialists, seeking to profit from mass destruction, induced the politicians they owned through bribery to push declarations of war through all European legislatures.
E)the slowness of communications in a pre-computer era.

Question 78

define the following term:
League of Nations' mandates

Question 79

In August 1914, the general perception of the upcoming war among Europeans was that

A)it would be the dawn of a new socialist Europe.
B)the war would be very short, possibly only weeks in duration.
C)it would mark the end of European civilization.
D)its long-term nature would revive Europe's suffering economy.
E)it would be avoided at the last minute, once the diplomats finally met together.

Question 80

The immediate cause of World War I was

A)an uprising of Catholic peasants in Bavaria.
B)the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
C)the German invasion of Poland.
D)the German naval blockage of Britain.
E)the French occupation of the Ruhr.