Deck 17: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

What was the role of the institutional church in the eighteenth century? What relationship did established churches have with European states, and what roles did they play in European society?

Answer 1

Answers may vary.

Question 2

How did the popularization of science, the impact of travel literature, and the legacy of Locke and Newton influence the Enlightenment?

Answer 2

Answers may vary.

Question 3

Talk about :
cultural relativism

Answer 3

Answers may vary.

Question 4

Talk about :
Pierre Bayle

Question 5

Talk about :
cosmopolitan

Question 6

Compare and contrast deism with strains of popular religiosity in the eighteenth century.

Question 7

What were the major ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? In what ways were Rousseau's ideas unique, differing from those of his predecessors?

Question 8

What role did women play in the development of the Enlightenment?

Question 9

What ideas and values defined the Enlightenment?

Question 10

What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the Enlightenment? Compare and contrast their political ideas with Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli.

Question 11

Talk about :
John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding and tabula rasa

Question 12

What was the relationship between high culture and popular culture during the eighteenth century?

Question 13

Talk about :
Bernard de Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds

Question 14

How do the art and literature of the eighteenth century reflect the political and social life of the period?

Question 15

Talk about :
Enlightenment

Question 16

Talk about :
James Cook's Travels

Question 17

Talk about :
Immanuel Kant

Question 18

Compare and contrast the contributions of the French philosophes and Britain's Enlightenment figures. How do they differ, if they do, and why?

Question 19

Talk about :
skepticism

Question 20

Did the Enlightenment represent a new era for women? Why or why not?

Question 21

Talk about :
economic liberalism

Question 22

Talk about :
Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 23

Talk about :
laissez-faire

Question 24

Talk about :
François Quesnay

Question 25

Talk about :
philosophes

Question 26

Talk about :
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract and the general will

Question 27

Talk about :
Physiocrats

Question 28

Talk about :
Mary Wollstonecraft and feminism

Question 29

Talk about :
Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Question 30

Talk about :
Marie-Jean de Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach

Question 31

Talk about :
Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration

Question 32

Talk about :
the salon and the coffeehouse

Question 33

Talk about :
Émile

Question 34

Talk about :
David Hume and the "science of man"

Question 35

Talk about :
deism

Question 36

Talk about :
Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws and the separation of powers

Question 37

Talk about :
Romanticism

Question 38

Talk about :
Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations

Question 39

Talk about :
Marie-Thérèse de Geoffrin and the marquise du Deffand

Question 40

Talk about :
Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

Question 41

Talk about :
gin

Question 42

Talk about :
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Question 43

Talk about :
Balthasar Neumann

Question 44

Talk about :
Antoine Watteau

Question 45

Talk about :
Rococo

Question 46

Talk about :
newspapers and libraries

Question 47

Talk about :
Samuel Richardson's Pamela

Question 48

Talk about :
Johann Sebastian Bach

Question 49

Talk about :
Franz Joseph Haydn

Question 50

Talk about :
Cesare Beccaria

Question 51

Talk about :
Jacques-Louis David

Question 52

Talk about :
Addison and Steele's Spectator

Question 53

Talk about :
Henry Fielding's History of Tom Jones, A Foundling

Question 54

Talk about :
Carnival

Question 55

Talk about :
Neoclassicism

Question 56

Talk about :
Realschule and Volkschulen

Question 57

Talk about :
high culture and popular culture

Question 58

Talk about :
George Frederick Handel

Question 59

Talk about :
Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Question 60

Talk about :
pogroms

Question 61

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

A)Voltaire.
B)Denis Diderot.
C)David Hume.
D)Cesare Beccaria.
E)Bernard de Fontenelle.

Question 62

The works of Fontenelle

A)popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
B)portray churches as allies of scientific progress.
C)discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters.
D)question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse.
E)advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was more liberal.

Question 63

In The Spirit of the Laws , Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

A)the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power.
B)the king exercises absolute and unlimited power.
C)power is divided between the three branches of government.
D)the nobility is uninvolved.
E)all government resources are focused on military power.

Question 64

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by

A)growing anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities in universities.
B)the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
C)sophism and the mockery of past traditions.
D)a return of monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.
E)an intense pessimism about the possibility of human progress.

Question 65

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

A)Denis Diderot.
B)Adam Smith.
C)François Quesnay.
D)Cesare Beccaria.
E)David Hume.

Question 66

Published travel accounts of different cultures

A)presented an image of "natural man" who was happier than many Europeans.
B)saw the origin of the idea of the "noble savage."
C)led to the development of cultural relativism.
D)resulted in religious skepticism, as Europeans realized the existence of a variety of perceptions of the divine.
E)all of the above.

Question 67

Talk about :
Pietism and the Moravian Brethren

Question 68

Talk about :
Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews

Question 69

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

A)the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
B)the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies.
C)a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice.
D)rigorous state control of all forms of education.
E)the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.

Question 70

Isaac Newton and John Locke

A)created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B)provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C)claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D)said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the Scientific Revolution was justified.
E)had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

Question 71

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

A)Geneva.
B)Berlin.
C)London.
D)Vienna.
E)Paris.

Question 72

John Locke's tabula rasa refers to

A)the temple of reason.
B)a heart of love.
C)the image of God.
D)a blank mind.
E)the table of tradition.

Question 73

Voltaire was the author of

A)Treatise on Toleration .
B)the plays Œdipe and Henriade .
C)Philosophic Letters on the English .
D)all of the above.
E)none of the above.

Question 74

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

A)the German monarchical system.
B)the separation of church and state.
C)religious intolerance.
D)Plato and the Greeks.
E)Chinese civilization.

Question 75

Talk about :
Joseph II's Toleration Patent

Question 76

The French philosophes mostly included people from

A)the nobility and the middle class.
B)the lower class and the lower middle class.
C)aristocracy and nobility.
D)urban artisans and craftsmen.
E)the universities.

Question 77

Talk about :
chapbooks

Question 78

The French philosophes

A)flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B)sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines.
C)were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D)supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E)were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

Question 79

The philosopher who proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment as "Dare to know!" was

A)Immanuel Kant.
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
C)Voltaire.
D)Baron d'Holbach.
E)Denis Diderot.

Question 80

Talk about :
John Wesley and Methodism