Deck 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

Question 1

Compare and contrast the development of the two Atlantic seaboard states of France and Great Britain during the eighteenth-century. How were they alike? How were they different?

Answer 1

Answers may vary.

Question 2

What were the characteristics of enlightened absolutism, and to what extent did the monarchies of eighteenth-century Prussia, Austria, and Russia meet the aims of enlightened absolutism? How did they fall short of employing enlightened ideals?

Answer 2

Answers may vary.

Question 3

What "advantages" did Britain have over the continental nations in the eighteenth century , politically and economically?

Answer 3

Answers may vary.

Question 4

Talk about :
Marie Antoinette

Question 5

Did the social order in Europe genuinely change during the eighteenth century, or were there simply alterations made to an ongoing system?

Question 6

Why did the governments of Europe develop in such radically different ways during the eighteenth century, particularly when comparing east to west?

Question 7

How and why did the nobility play a dominant role in the European society of the eighteenth century?

Question 8

Did family life experience significant change during the eighteenth century? Why or why not?

Question 9

What is meant by the phrases "balance of power" and "reason of state"? How did those concepts influence international relations in the eighteenth century?

Question 10

Talk about :
Cardinal Fleury

Question 11

Talk about :
natural laws and natural rights

Question 12

Talk about :
Louis XV

Question 13

Talk about :
enlightened absolutism

Question 14

What grievances prompted the Seven Years' War? Which powers gained the most from the conflict, and which powers emerged weakened?

Question 15

Talk about :
Madame de Pompadour

Question 16

What was the nature of war and diplomacy in the eighteenth century? How would you compare the nature of war and diplomacy in the eighteenth century with that of the seventeenth century?

Question 17

Given the numerous social and economic changes of the eighteenth century, those at the bottom of society often found themselves much worse off than in earlier centuries. Why?

Question 18

Talk about :
the United Kingdom of Great Britain

Question 19

Talk about :
Louis XVI

Question 20

Was there an agricultural revolution in the eighteenth century? Why or why not?

Question 21

Talk about :
Silesia

Question 22

Talk about :
partitions of Poland

Question 23

Talk about :
Junkers

Question 24

Talk about :
"pocket boroughs"

Question 25

Talk about :
Joseph II

Question 26

Talk about :
William Pitt the Elder

Question 27

Talk about :
Maria Theresa

Question 28

Talk about :
diplomatic revolution

Question 29

Talk about :
Emelyan Pugachev

Question 30

Talk about :
Patriots v. the Orangists

Question 31

Talk about :
the Hanoverian dynasty, George I, George II, and George III

Question 32

Talk about :
Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji

Question 33

Talk about :
patronage

Question 34

Talk about :
Catherine II the Great

Question 35

Talk about :
Prussian militarism

Question 36

Talk about :
Frederick William I

Question 37

Talk about :
serfs

Question 38

Talk about :
Robert Walpole

Question 39

Talk about :
War of the Austrian Succession

Question 40

Talk about :
Frederick II the Great

Question 41

Talk about :
French-Indian War

Question 42

Talk about :
agricultural enclosures and enclosure acts

Question 43

Talk about :
Herculaneum and Pompeii

Question 44

Talk about :
"banknotes"

Question 45

Talk about :
Treaty of Paris

Question 46

Talk about :
Seven Years' War

Question 47

Talk about :
Bank of England

Question 48

Talk about :
the country house

Question 49

Talk about :
scurvy and yellow fever

Question 50

Talk about :
Richard Arkwright's "water frame"

Question 51

Talk about :
Grand Tour

Question 52

Talk about :
Montcalm and Wolfe

Question 53

Talk about :
the "putting-out" or "domestic system"/cottage industry

Question 54

Talk about :
Thomas Gainsborough

Question 55

Talk about :
primogeniture

Question 56

Talk about :
Robert Clive

Question 57

Talk about :
John Law's "bubble"

Question 58

Talk about :
potatoes and maize

Question 59

Talk about :
coitus interruptus and infanticide

Question 60

Talk about :
tithes

Question 61

Louis XV's most famous mistress was

A)Marie Antoinette.
B)Madame de Pompadour.
C)Mary Wollstonecraft.
D)the marquise du Deffand.
E)Madame Geoffrin.

Question 62

Talk about :
balance of power

Question 63

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed

A)the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes.
B)the waning of monarchical power.
C)the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
D)"enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France.
E)a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez-faire types of government.

Question 64

Talk about :
reason of state

Question 65

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland?

A)Austria
B)Prussia
C)England
D)Russia
E)a and c

Question 66

Talk about :
beggars and prostitutes

Question 67

Catherine the Great of Russia

A)followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
B)instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev.
C)weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms.
D)successfully eliminated the power of the Russian representative assembly.
E)established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.

Question 68

During the eighteenth century, the idea of divine right

A)remained a strong basis for government.
B)was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government.
C)was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.
D)was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria.
E)disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715.

Question 69

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a

A)heritable living.
B)pocket borough.
C)sinecure.
D)tenured seat.
E)entail.

Question 70

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after

A)a bad harvest caused massive starvation in Poland.
B)Prussia successfully invaded Russia and seized half of the Ukraine.
C)Catherine the Great's policies worsened conditions for the peasantry.
D)Catherine the Great reduced the power of the landed nobility.
E)Russia's defeat to the Ottoman Empire.

Question 71

Under Frederick II of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to

A)high-ranking Lutheran churchmen.
B)members of the nobility.
C)university-educated bureaucrats.
D)French philosophes.
E)commoners who showed outstanding ability.

Question 72

In the 1700s members of the British Parliament were

A)appointed by the King.
B)usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting.
C)chosen in different ways in different districts.
D)elected by a vote of all adult males.
E)elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female.

Question 73

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic

A)established a system of male democracy.
B)saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced.
C)continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century.
D)suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
E)permanently expelled the House of Orange.

Question 74

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued

A)three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy.
B)6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.
C)150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats.
D)at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary.
E)an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church.

Question 75

A continuing trend in eighteenth-century Prussia was

A)the uncontrollable growth of the royal state bureaucracy.
B)the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility.
C)an avoidance of military entanglements, especially under Frederick the Great.
D)social mobility for the peasants through the civil service.
E)the emergence of the bourgeoisie as the dominant class of society.

Question 76

The Austrian emperor Joseph II

A)reversed the enlightened reforms of his mother, Maria Theresa.
B)rescinded all of Hungary's privileges.
C)permanently stripped the nobility of its power.
D)provoked general discontent due to his enlightened but radical reforms.
E)created a constitutional monarchy reliant on his representative assembly.

Question 77

The prime minister who furthered British imperial ambitions by acquiring Canada and India was

A)Robert Walpole.
B)William Pitt the Elder.
C)Lord Bute.
D)William Pitt the Younger.
E)Robert Clive.

Question 78

France in the eighteenth century

A)thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
B)suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
C)was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
D)lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
E)brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.

Question 79

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia

A)saw the size of its army diminish.
B)reduced the size and scope of government.
C)developed a civil service staffed by middle-class officials.
D)failed to establish an efficient civil bureaucracy.
E)remained a decentralized European state.

Question 80

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction

A)succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia.
B)succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens.
C)instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility.
D)accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
E)abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.