Deck 39: Modern Science and Its Implications

Question 1

Sociology is based on the premise that

A)humans are social animals whose behavior can be studied to the point of predicting future behavior.
B)if one studied social behavior sufficiently, one could figure out how to alter behavior in positive ways.
C)all humans are capable of distinguishing between right and wrong, if the right approach is used with each individual.
D)the study of anthropology will help one predict future human social behavior.
E)the best reason for studying humanity en masse is to determine which social groups are most compatible with each other.

Answer 1

if one studied social behavior sufficiently, one could figure out how to alter behavior in positive ways.

Question 2

The un derlying concept behind 20^th century physics is that

A)man can know only what his senses tell him.
B)it is possible to predict the possibility of certain events occurring through the study of physics.
C)the world is a machine that will continue to operate regardless of what humans do.
D)it is impossible to apply philosophical logic to physical matter.
E)by studying matter quantitatively, one should be able to determine what matter is and does.

Answer 2

it is impossible to apply philosophical logic to physical matter.

Question 3

Whose previous work did B. F. Skinner and William James expand and supplement in the 20th Century?

A)Ivan Pavlov.
B)Albert Einstein.
C)Robert Tidwell.
D)Sigmund Freud.
E)Herbert Spencer.

Answer 3

Ivan Pavlov.

Question 4

What is the underlying premise for sociology that was so appealing to the American mind-set?

A)All humans are capable of distinguishing between right and wrong, if the right approach is used with each individual.
B)The study of anthropology will help one predict future human social behavior.
C)If one studied social behavior sufficiently, one could figure out how to alter behavior in positive ways.
D)Humans are social animals whose behavior can be studied to the point of predicting future behavior.
E)By stud ying human behavior sociologists can help the government control the population.

Question 5

In t he encyclical Rerum novarum , the Catholic Church affirmed its support of

A)laissez-faire in thought.
B)creationism in schools.
C)liberalism in politics.
D)social justice for all classes.
E)labor unions for factory workers.

Question 6

What was the philosophy behind the briefly popular Social Darwinism practiced in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

A)Utilitariansim was the best way to approach all problems.
B)Sociology was a pseudo-science when compared to Darwin's theories.
C)Darwin was a social creature and his teachings led to harmony.
D)Only the fittest will survive as a ruthless natural order dictates.
E)Socialist are meant to overcome all resistance in politics.

Question 7

In 1891, what did Pope Leo XIII's major encyclical Rerum novarum affirm for the Catholic church?

A)The need for an armed guard for the Catholic Church.
B)That Catholics and socialists had essentially the same belief pattern.
C)The ideals of social justice and opposition to atheistic socialism.
D)That the priests were infallible and should be followed without fail.
E)That labor unions would solve the problems of modern societies.

Question 8

What was the result of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's attacks on the church in Germany?

A)Civil war erupted between the religious believers and atheists.
B)Some churches closed as Germans preferred to follow their political leaders.
C)The church emerged stronger than ever and founded a political party.
D)The various religious groups banded together in an underground organization.
E)The church asked the Pope to provide protection from Bismarck.

Question 9

One of the most disturbing aspects of modern specialized scientific study is that

A)the ordinary person can never truly comprehend what goes on in a scientist's mind.
B)science has become so specialized that not enough people choose that field, thus eroding the number of discoveries made.
C)students in our public schools and universities find it very difficult to break into the field of science at all.
D)because the field of science is so advanced member of Congress who have the oversight of federal tax dollars might fund something dangerous without knowing what they are doing.
E)None of the options are correct.

Question 10

According to Charles Darwin, how should the concept of God be treated?

A)God should be affirmed.
B)God should be exalted.
C)God should be given some consideration.
D)God should be viewed from afar.
E)God should be ignored.

Question 11

The Theory of Relativity, which announced the birth of 20th century physics and the end of the dominance of the Newtonian model, was developed by which German physicist?

A)Ernst Mach
B)Max Planck
C)Albert Einstein.
D)Wilhelm Roentgen
E)Max Bartolome

Question 12

What is the most significant topic of debate regarding astronomy today?

A)The possibility of life on other planets.
B)How the universe was created.
C)How the universe will end.
D)Whether or not humans should continue space travel.
E)The size of the universe.

Question 13

The British Christians who did not accept the Anglican credo were known as

A)Unitarians.
B)Methodists.
C)Quakers.
D)Nonconformists.
E)Each of these groups rejected Anglicanism.

Question 14

Freud b elieved that he had completed the destruction of the traditional view of mankind begun by

A)Copernicus and Darwin.
B)Aristotle and Comte.
C)Newton and Darwin.
D)Darwin and Marx.
E)Aristotle and Newton.

Question 15

During the 19^th century, both Catholics and Protestants were often viewed as

A)too passionate about spreading their faith.
B)too pessimistic in their views about the future.
C)unpleasant anti-progressives.
D)on the cutting edge of using new technologies.
E)thoughtful ethicists willing to adopt new ideas.

Question 16

Which of these disciplines developed, if indirectly, because of Darwinian biology?

A)Anthropology
B)Sociology
C)Psychology
D)Both A and B are correct.
E)Both B and C are correct.

Question 17

What is the meaning of cultural relativism?

A)A rejection of anything not European.
B)A rejection of the new sciences.
C)A rejection of social reform.
D)A rejection of European ethnocentrism.
E)A rejection of international trade.

Question 18

Which of the following statem ents about 19^th century religion is accurate?

A)The church's most faithful followers were urban conservatives.
B)Intellectuals rejected the claim of the clergy that, because of their religious work, they were closer to a higher being than most people.
C)Marxists believed that religion had a minor role to play while socialism first gained a foothold.
D)Liberals began to assert forcefully that God was dead.
E)The largest group to remain true to the Christian faith was the middle class.

Question 19

What is the central concept of the Darwinian theory of evolution?

A)Natural selection.
B)Atheism.
C)Creationism.
D)The laws of entropy.
E)Racial superiority.

Question 20

What were the subjects of Ivan Pavlov's earliest work in behaviorism?

A)Apes.
B)Mice.
C)Dogs.
D)Cats.
E)Birds.

Question 21

Cultural relativ ism asserts that

A)there is no one correct way to accomplish something; many cultures have succeeded and do succeed in different ways.
B)most cultures believe that their methods are the only correct ones.
C)all cultural traits are inherited.
D)it is not necessary to belong to a culture to be able to understand that culture.
E)most people know relatively little about their ancestors and, furthermore, they don't care to know.

Question 22

__________________ founded the Behaviorist school of psychology.

Question 23

Mendel's work with ____________________ contributed to the development of the study of ____________________.

Question 24

The ____________________ were physicists who carried out pioneering work in radioactivity in France in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Question 25

Auguste Comte believed that

A)sociology was less important than psychology.
B)sociology was the social science that would bring the greatest concrete changes to society.
C)Karl Marx was the greatest 19^th century figure.
D)sociology was the culmination of all the sciences.
E)truth could not be obtained without using the senses.

Question 26

_________________ hold to the Christian belief that an Intelligent Being created the cosmos and all within it.

Question 27

The Unce rtainty Principle refers to modern

A)psychology.
B)physics.
C)history.
D)economics.
E)sociology.

Question 28

A notable f eature of social sciences in the 20^th century has been the spread of ____________________ relativism.

Question 29

Freud's theories of psychology

A)encouraged the belief in rational planning as an answer to misery.
B)were supported most ardently in his home city of Vienna.
C)were thought to be insulting by many of his colleagues.
D)were based on the study of behavior of animals.
E)built on Darwin's theories of evolution.

Question 30

British _________ ___________ were Protestants who did not accept the credo of the Anglican Church.

Question 31

Term for identification: The Origin of Species

Question 32

The eve ntual result of Bismarck's attacks on the Catholic Church was

A)a stronger church.
B)an increase in church membership.
C)the banding together of various religious groups to fight his attacks.
D)a decline in the number on the church rolls, because many Germans no longer felt a need for religion.
E)the establishment of a political party founded by the Church.

Question 33

Einstein a sserted that tim e itself was not an independent concept, but rather a(n)____________________ of space.

Question 34

The philosophy behind the briefly popular Social Darwinism practiced in the late 1800s and early 1900s could best be summed up in which of these s tatements?

A)"If it works to our benefit, we will use it."
B)"He who dies with the most toys wins."
C)"Cast your bread upon the waters."
D)"Don't rock the boat."
E)"Live and let live."

Question 35

Freud's the ory of psychiatric treatment of mental problems is known as ____________________.

Question 36

Term for identification: Gregor Mendel

Question 37

Ivan Pavlov is considered the founder of ____________________, a theory which insists the rewards and punishments are the controlling factor in most behavior.

Question 38

The civi c culture of both America and the European continent underwent a major change by the late 1800s, as many educated people

A)unexpectedly began to join evangelical churches.
B)decided in favor of state-run educational systems rather than religious training for their young.
C)joined political parties that had religious agendas.
D)began to attend church regularly again after years of being in services only sporadically.
E)removed their children from the public schools and enrolled them in schools run by the various religious denominations.

Question 39

Which of t he following was true for most churches in the later years of the 1800s?

A)The Catholic peasants in France, grateful for their improved lifestyle, attended church regularly.
B)One of the few pleasures of the European working class was attending church services on their one day off.
C)Marxists, though they did not see any need for religion, also saw no reason to disrupt church services just to make a point.
D)Because of the various attacks on the churches, many members of the middle classes were no longer tithing and had little respect for the local clergy.
E)Unlike the English, the French urban workers felt that being a part of an organized church was extremely important.

Question 40

The __ __________________ theory proposes that a colossal explosion was involved in creating the universe.

Question 41

Term for identification: Max Planck

Question 42

Term for identification: Ivan Pavlov

Question 43

Term for identification: cultural relativism

Question 44

Discuss the malaise of the 20^th century.

Question 45

Term for identification: Carl Jung

Question 46

For the period from 1860 to 1940, compare and contrast the significant changes in the Physical Sciences such as biology, physics, and astronomy.

Question 47

Term for identification: creationists

Question 48

Term for identification: Sigmund Freud

Question 49

Have the physical or social sciences seen the most change? Which do you consider the most significant?

Question 50

Compare and contrast the contributions of Joseph Lister and Sigmund Freud.

Question 51

Term for identification: Marie Curie

Question 52

Compare and contrast some of the major advances in the social, or soft sciences, such as anthropology, sociology, and psychology.

Question 53

Term for identification: Albert Einstein

Question 54

Analyze the way s in which religion has responded to the challenges of science. How effective has religion been in facing these challenges?