Deck 29: The Scientific Revolution and Its Enlightened Aftermath

Question 1

What did the philosophes argue were the ideals of the Enlightenment?

A)reason and education
B)liberty and happiness
C)religious worship
D)freedom and equal rights
E)equal rights and education

Answer 1

liberty and happiness

Question 2

After the Thirty Years' War, to where did people's thoughts and studies begin to turn again?

A)religion
B)government
C)science
D)economics
E)exploration

Answer 2

science

Question 3

Geographically, where did the Enlightenment have the least impact?

A)the Mediterranean
B)Eastern Europe
C)Southern Europe
D)Northern Europe
E)the Americas

Answer 3

Eastern Europe

Question 4

What is considered Newton's greatest contribution to the world?

A)insisting that the physical world had rational, lawful principles
B)discovering and enunciating the law of gravity
C)encouraging young scientists to continue to think and experiment
D)convincing many people to give up their superstitious beliefs
E)describing the way in which governments of the world could function rationally

Question 5

Which concept is defined as leading from a general law to a particular observed example of the law?

A)inductive reasoning
B)laissez-faire
C)deductive reasoning
D)empirical method
E)law of gravity

Question 6

Which mathematician's measurements of the cosmic rotation of the planets was used to develop the three laws of celestial mechanics?

A)Blaise Pascal
B)Tycho Brache
C)René Descartes
D)Benjamin Franklin
E)Nicholas Copernicus

Question 7

Which scientist spent his last years under house arrest because of his publicized discoveries and his unwillingness to retract his findings?

A)Nicholas Copernicus
B)Isaac Newton
C)Tycho Brahe
D)Galileo Galilei
E)René Descartes

Question 8

More than anything else, the faith in which of the following concepts was the distinguishing innovation of the Enlightenment?

A)Divine Providence
B)democracy
C)the aristocracy
D)perfectibility
E)absolutism

Question 9

What was a common trait found among the Enlightenment thinkers?

A)Their belief in democracy.
B)They all embraced atheism.
C)Their commitment to reform.
D)Their desire for empirical research.
E)Their unwillingness to disagree with each other.

Question 10

During the Scientific Revolution, who was the first to advance the concept of heliocentrism?

A)Nicholas Copernicus
B)Tycho Brahe
C)Galileo Galilei
D)Johannes Kepler
E)Isaac Newton

Question 11

Which of the following statements best describes what John Locke believed?

A)He believed that humans can learn from their environment and improve their lives.
B)He believed in the concept of original sin.
C)He believed that checks and balances were important in government.
D)He believed that his destiny was to steer England through the rough waters of the Glorious Revolution.
E)He believed that governmental reform was more important than scientific discovery.

Question 12

Which of the following devices helped advance the analysis of information?

A)sternpost rudder
B)magnetic compass
C)telescope
D)printing press
E)blunderbuss

Question 13

Whose work contributed most to removing Aristotle from his revered position as the master physicist?

A)Copernicus
B)Galileo
C)Newton
D)Descartes
E)Brahe

Question 14

What was the field of study for Isaac Newton's major contributions?

A)astronomy
B)education
C)theology
D)physics
E)geometry

Question 15

How did the Enlightenment reformers view the Catholic church?

A)The Church monetarily profited from unsuspecting people.
B)The Church convinced good people that they were filled with sin because of the original sin of Adam and Eve.
C)The Church prevented people from listening to what reformers had to say.
D)The Church frightened people into following established church laws.
E)The Church was corrupt and a parasite that should be cast off as soon as possible.

Question 16

What were the two most basic characteristics of the Enlightenment?

A)science and religion
B)democracy and freedom
C)optimism and rationality
D)faith and prayer
E)science and pessimism

Question 17

What was the central idea of Adam Smith's writings?

A)Adam Smith thought mercantilism was the key to national wealth.
B)He suggested that absolutely no government interference with business was optimal.
C)Adam Smith advocated for more education for the consumer.
D)He supported as little government intervention in business as possible.
E)He wanted an increase in the variety of goods and services available to the public.

Question 18

Which of the following uses the practice of interpreting the results of experiments based on observation through the five senses?

A)the Socratic method
B)the scientific method
C)deductive reasoning
D)the empirical method
E)inductive reasoning

Question 19

Who is considered one of the founders of the mathematical style of investigation?

A)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
B)Voltaire
C)Isaac Newton
D)Francis Bacon
E)René Descartes

Question 20

Which of the following statements describes the inductive reasoning process?

A)Gather data and then make generalizations.
B)Observe phenomena before developing any generalizations or preconceived ideas.
C)Observe with one's senses and then develop one or more hypotheses.
D)Make some basic assumptions and then perform experiments to see if they are valid.
E)Observe, experiment, test, and then present newly verified information to the world.

Question 21

____________________ became associated with inductive reasoning and the empirical method.

Question 22

Most of the Enlightenment thinkers and activity are associated with which of the following countries?

A)the United States
B)England
C)Spain
D)France
E)Italy

Question 23

The Science of Man, well developed by the 18th century, has now become known as ____________________.

Question 24

The ____________________ was a style of examining phenomena that used careful observation and systematic experimentation.

Question 25

Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert accomplished the editing of the ____________________.

Question 26

Who is considered the founder of modern pedagogical theory?

A)Rousseau
B)Voltaire
C)Condorcet
D)Descartes
E)Diderot

Question 27

Which of the following statements is closest to the philosophes' beliefs?

A)Sin is the leading cause of human misery.
B)Government should have a strong executive power.
C)All humans are equal in social and political rights.
D)Ignorance is the major cause of inhumanity.
E)Most people are capable of ruling if taught the way.

Question 28

Most philosophes believed that state supported churches should be ____________________.

Question 29

____________________ was a significant book on government that argued for a careful division of powers to prevent any one government branch from becoming too powerful.

Question 30

In The  Spirit of the Laws , which country's government came closest to perfect?

A)France
B)Britian
C)Italy
D)Germanic States
E)the United States

Question 31

____________________ argued that the mind is a blank page until experience and environment write on it.

Question 32

____________________ was responsible for influencing the field of pedagogy and educational philosophy.

Question 33

The book ____________________ promoted free trade and minimal governmental interference in business.

Question 34

The agnostic Dutch Jew  ____________________  left Judaism and rejected the idea of a personal deity, but perceived God in all creation.

Question 35

In an effort to make science comprehensible and accessible to the masses, the French produced the most comprehensive literary work of the Enlightenment period. What was that immensely successful literary work called?

A)The Spirit of the Laws
B)Essay Concerning Human Understanding
C)The Social Contract
D)The Encyclopédie
E)The Wealth of Nations

Question 36

On which of the following issues did the Enlightenment political thinkers NOT agree?

A)state supervised, mandatory education
B)equality before the law
C)abolition of most forms of censorship
D)religious beliefs
E)limited monarchical power

Question 37

In the Enlightenment reformers' view, what would be the salvation of humankind?

A)the Catholic Church
B)the Protestant church
C)a fully educated people
D)a strong monarch
E)a free market economy

Question 38

What form of government did most of the Enlightenment philosophes believe would be best for the majority of the people?

A)a republic
B)true democracy
C)an economic oligarchy
D)a constitutional monarchy
E)a theocracy

Question 39

Who is considered the most significant 18^th century economic thinker?

A)Locke
B)Hume
C)Adams
D)Rousseau
E)Smith

Question 40

The majority of the audience for the Enlightenment was which of the following groups?

A)urban poor
B)educated upper class
C)peasants
D)parish priests
E)slaves

Question 41

Term for identification: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 42

Term for identification: deductive reasoning

Question 43

Term for identification: Galileo Galilei

Question 44

Term for identification: The  Wealth of Nations

Question 45

Term for identification: Enlightenment

Question 46

How did the Church respond to the Scientific Revolution and the individual scientists' theories? What factors explain the Church's response?

Question 47

Term for identification: scientific method

Question 48

Which of the scientists was the most significant during the Scientific Revolution? Why? Defend your answer using examples.

Question 49

Term for identification: Nicholas Copernicus

Question 50

Explain how the Enlightenment impacted European nations and their colonies, economies, and governments. Support your answer with examples.

Question 51

How did the European view of science change from the medieval period to the Scientific Revolution? Support your answer with examples.

Question 52

Discuss the overall philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers including examples in the fields of economics, education, the sciences, and government, as well as the idea of progress. What impact did these thinkers have on society?

Question 53

Term for identification: Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question 54

Describe the new methods of observation and data interpretation that had their roots in the 17th century and enabled the Scientific Revolution.

Question 55

Term for identification: philosophes

Question 56

Term for identification: Principia Mathematica