Deck 2: Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building

Question 1

The most influential Christian humanist, who popularized the reform program of Christian humanism, was

A)John of Ockham.
B)Martin Luther.
C)John Calvin.
D)Desiderius Erasmus.
E)Ulrich Zwingli.

Answer 1

Desiderius Erasmus.

Question 2

In the fifteenth century, the Italians-especially the Venetians-in their commercial empires were only rivaled by

A)England.
B)the Hanseatic League
C)the Holy Roman Empire
D)the Byzantine Empire.
E)Spain.

Answer 2

the Hanseatic League

Question 3

The Institutes of the Christian Religion , a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought, was written by

A)Martin Luther.
B)Ignatius Loyola.
C)Desiderius Erasmus.
D)Albrecht Durer.
E)John Calvin.

Answer 3

John Calvin.

Question 4

John Calvin

A)advanced the doctrine of predestination.
B)was murdered by Lutheran police in Paris.
C)had to leave Germany, for protection, after he accepted Protestantism.
D)believed in free will.
E)left Geneva for Paris.

Question 5

Although world-wide trade increased in seventeenth century, local, regional, and intra-European trade still predominated.

Question 6

The artistic movement that dominated the Western artistic world during the seventeenth century was known as Neo-classical, inspired by the legacy of Greece and Rome.

Question 7

As a result of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg,

A)Calvinism became the dominant faith in northern Germany.
B)Germany became highly centralized.
C)Charles V reinforced his control over the German princes.
D)Lutheranism became established as an alternative to Roman Catholicism in the Germanies.
E)France was able to become independent of the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 8

The issue that drove Luther to writing his Ninety-Five Theses was the selling of indulgences.

Question 9

Peasants made up the overwhelming mass of the third estate except in

A)England and Scotland.
B)Aragon and Castille.
C)Normandy and Aquitaine.
D)Bavaria and the Balkans.
E)Flanders and northern Italy.

Question 10

The Edict of Nantes recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but granted Huguenots rights as well.

Question 11

The first true book produced from movable type was Marco Polo's Travels .

Question 12

Luther's reforms included all of the following except

A)clerical celibacy.
B)a national church in Germany.
C)new religious services, including Bible reading and preaching.
D)a married Protestant clergy.
E)salvation by faith.

Question 13

Which of the following was not a result of the development of printing in Europe?

A)Research and learning increased.
B)Standard textbooks were developed.
C)More people began to read.
D)Chinese influence over European affairs rose sharply because of their invention of paper.
E)It played a major role in the Protestant Reformation.

Question 14

The Peace of Augsburg settled the political dispute between Charles V and the surrounding territories of the Holy Roman Empire. ​

Question 15

During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the landholding nobles faced declining real incomes.

Question 16

During England's Commonwealth era of the 1650s, Oliver Cromwell ruled as a military dictator.

Question 17

After the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church had a clear body of doctrine under the supremacy of the pope.

Question 18

Among the complaints of religious Europeans around 1500 was

A)the belief that Catholic Christianity was being infiltrated by Eastern Orthodox and even Islamic doctrines.
B)the belief that the clergy were too interested in financial matters and uninterested in religion.
C)dissatisfaction with the orthodox beliefs and practices of the church.
D)the charge that Pope Erasmus wanted to divide the church.
E)fear that Manichaeism was corrupting the clergy.

Question 19

Which of the following was not a position taken by Martin Luther?

A)Salvation would be achieved through faith.
B)The purchase of indulgences would not lead to salvation.
C)The German princes should establish a reformed German church.
D)Acts of good work are the sole source of salvation.
E)Reading the Bible is important.

Question 20

More than 75% of those accused of witchcraft in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were unmarried women. ​

Question 21

All of the following were policies of Peter the Great except

A)the majority of governmental expenditures were for military purposes.
B)state domination of the Russian Orthodox church.
C)isolating Russia from the ways and customs of western Europe.
D)an effort to modernize Russia.
E)strengthening of the power of the tsar.

Question 22

All of the following statements are correct except

A)in Europe, as in China, most marriages were arranged by the parents.
B)love was the major reason for marriage.
C)the husband was to be the ruler and the wife was to obey.
D)in the early modern period, the family was the heart of the social order.
E)in addition to obeying her husband, the wife's other role was to bear children.

Question 23

All of the following were true about the witchcraft craze in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries except

A)it was exclusively a big-city phenomenon.
B)most of those accused of being witches were female.
C)the hysteria surrounding the accusations of witchcraft led to many witch trials.
D)the unsettling nature of the times served to feed the frenzy over witchcraft allegations.
E)the witchcraft hysteria was declining by the mid-1600s.

Question 24

The first Russian ruler who took the title of tsar , who expanded the territories of Russia to the east, and who crushed the power of the nobility was

A)Peter the Great.
B)Michael Romanov.
C)Alexander II.
D)Ivan IV.
E)Vlad the Impaler.

Question 25

The Council of Trent took the position that

A)confession was now optional for women and ended for men.
B)the interpretation of Scripture was an open question to be individually determined.
C)faith and good works were required for salvation.
D)there was no longer any validity for indulgences.
E)the Bible should be made available in the vernacular.

Question 26

Queen Elizabeth I

A)was the first female ruler of France.
B)became hated because of her attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England.
C)slapped Paul III in the face after a lengthy, and heated, theological debate.
D)successfully survived the Spanish armada.
E)engineered the brilliant English-Swedish naval success at the Battle of Lepanto.

Question 27

Among the major elements underlying the social crises of the 1600s was

A)that the Mediterranean area entered a steep economic decline as silver imports from Spanish colonies declined.
B)a "little ice age" occurred in the latter half of the 1200s, cutting food production and leading to famine.
C)a sharp European population increase after 1635 cut per-capita food availability by one-half.
D)increased gold imports from Africa, which led to serious economic inflation.
E)the onset of the White Death, a variant of the bubonic plague.

Question 28

Advocates of "mercantilism" argued for all of the following except

A)governments should abstain from any involvement in the economy.
B)a nation prosperity depended upon a plentiful supply of bullion (gold and silver).
C)exports must exceed imports.
D)tariffs should be placed on foreign goods.
E)governments should improve transportation facilities and grant trade monopolies to businesses.

Question 29

The traditional example of seventeenth-century absolutism has been the rule of

A)Louis XVI.
B)James III.
C)Louis XIV.
D)Charles II.
E)Ivan IV.

Question 30

An important reason why Henry VIII broke with the Roman church was because

A)he became a Lutheran.
B)he wanted to develop a distinct English Christianity for nationalistic reasons.
C)the Archbishop of Canterbury had a direct confrontation with the Patriarch of Constantinople.
D)he could not get Rome's permission to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon.
E)his dislike of women caused him to become an Anglican priest.

Question 31

After Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was annulled by the Archbishop of Canterbury,

A)the English clergy forced him to take her back.
B)Pope Clement VII reinstated the marriage.
C)Charles V attacked England.
D)Parliament finalized England's religious break with Rome by passing the Act of Supremacy, making Henry the head of the Anglican Church.
E)English monasteries remained intact, in spite of their defiance of Cranmer's actions.

Question 32

Which of the following would not characterize the Jesuit order?

A)It was first led by a Spanish nobleman.
B)It owed absolute obedience to the pope.
C)It was committed to using education to restore Catholicism in Europe.
D)It was responsible for the restoration of Catholicism in areas of Germany and eastern Europe.
E)It arranged a theological compromise with the Protestants.

Question 33

The European ruler who developed the first standing army of conscripts, notable for the flexibility of its tactics, was

A)Louis XIV of France.
B)Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
C)Philip II of Spain.
D)Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.
E)James I of England.

Question 34

Which of the following are correct statements about life in Protestant Europe in the 1500s and 1600s?

A)Clergy were required to remain celibate.
B)Ministers were allowed to get married and have families.
C)England's Henry VIII established the Lutheran Church in his kingdom.
D)Differences with Catholics were always resolved peacefully.
E)Women were given equal political rights with men.

Question 35

After the Turks were defeated in 1687, all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia came under Habsburg rule, thus establishing in southeastern Europe the

A)German Empire.
B)Holy Roman Empire.
C)Austrian Empire.
D)Bohemian Empire.
E)Ottoman Empire.

Question 36

The Thirty Years' War

A)was, fortunately, limited to a small area in southeastern Bohemia.
B)was the first major war of the Renaissance Era.
C)ultimately insured that the Holy Roman Emperor would determine the Empire's religious policies and that there would be just one, all-German church.
D)was ended by the signing of the Peace of Westphalia.
E)was fought between France and the Ottoman Empire.

Question 37

All of the following aided in the development of French absolutism except

A)the concentration of central policy-making at Versailles.
B)royal policies effectively weakening the Huguenots and the French nobles.
C)putting down rebellious challenges to royal rule.
D)Louis XIV's removal of the royal princes from the royal council.
E)the king's ability to rule directly over the internal administration of the kingdom.

Question 38

The Edict of Nantes

A)destroyed Calvinism in France.
B)legitimized Calvinist worship and permitted Calvinists to engage in politics in France.
C)outlawed Calvinism in France.
D)permitted Henry IV to continue the French wars of religion.
E)declared Lutheranism and Anglicanism to be heresies.

Question 39

James I alienated England's Parliament because of his advocacy of

A)Catholicism.
B)religious toleration.
C)Puritanism.
D)divine right of kings.
E)Scottish independence.

Question 40

The "most Catholic king" and the ruler who sparked a civil war in the Netherlands was

A)Charles V.
B)Ferdinand.
C)Philip II
D)Francis I.
E)Henry IV.

Question 41

Puritans were all of the following except that

A)they were Protestant Christians.
B)they wanted to reform the Anglican church.
C)they admired the Catholic elements in the Church of England
D)Many played an important role in the lower House of Commons.
E)much of England's gentry were Puritans.

Question 42

The greatest figure of the Baroque was the architect and sculptor

A)El Greco.
B)Rubens.
C)Bernini.
D)Poussin.
E)Rembrandt.

Question 43

As a result of the Glorious Revolution, England became a

A)republic.
B)divine right monarchy.
C)federated commonwealth.
D)democracy.
E)constitutional monarchy.

Question 44

As a result of the Glorious Revolution in England,

A)the Irish gained a number of rights (petition, jury trial, etc.).
B)William and Mary were deposed, and James II became the English ruler.
C)Parliament enshrined divine-right absolutism in England.
D)Parliament became a major participant in the running of the English government.
E)Oliver Cromwell was driven into exile.

Question 45

One of the leading objections against Pope Julius II was

A)his plethora of illegitimate children.
B)his demand for tithes from the nobility in exchange for leniancy.
C)his personally leading his own army against his enemies.
D)his refusal to obey the Benedictine rules.
E)his use of church funds to decorate the Vatican palace.

Question 46

What philosophy distinguished Anabaptists from other forms of Protestantism?

A)Their belief in the complete separation of church and state.
B)Insistence on immediate infant baptism in case the child died.
C)Devotion to predestination.
D)All members were required to be literate and read the Bible daily.
E)Complete rejection of meat and alcohol.

Question 47

The Baroque painting style was especially evident in the works of

A)El Greco.
B)Peter Paul Rubens.
C)Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
D)Nicholas Poussin.
E)Nicholas van Zandt.

Question 48

Northern Renaissance humanism referred to​

A)the reforms of Desiderius Erasmus
B)the spread of classical learning to European countries north of the Alps.
C)a goal of reforming Christianity.
D)a belief in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves.
E)all of these.

Question 49

In England, during the period of the 1640s to 1660, all of the following occurred except

A)Charles I was executed.
B)Charles I antagonized the Puritans in Parliament.
C)Oliver Cromwell led his New Model Army to victory over the forces of the king.
D)Charles II replaced his executed father on the English throne.
E)after the death of Charles I, Cromwell became the new king of England.

Question 50

A significant characteristic of the commercialism in the seventeenth century was

A)English imports came almost exclusively from the East Indies.
B)the shift to a global economy.
C)the prosperity of a nation depended on the amount of colonies it held.
D)the development of a  ​laissez-faire  ​philosophy.
E)imported products were beginning to filter down to merchants and artisans.

Question 51

Peter the Great's attempts to modernize Russia included all of the following EXCEPT​

A)building a European-style navy.
B)reorganizing the Russian army.
C)importing European technical advisors.
D)building a new capital on the Black Sea.
E)obtaining a warm-water port by going to war with Sweden.

Question 52

The primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation was​

A)justification by faith.
B)the illegality of indulgence.
C)Predestination
D)sovereignty of God.
E)salvation through all seven sacraments.

Question 53

What was the reason for the Diet of Worms in 1521?​

A)To debate and affirm the practices of the Catholic Church.
B)Charles V formally repudiated Catholicism for the Holy Roman Empire.
C)The German Electorate declared war of France.
D)Martin Luther was tried for heresy.
E)To showcase the widespread influence of witchcraft by trying over 75 accused women at once.

Question 54

Which two denominations of Protestantism were found in Switzerland ?

A)Lutheranism and Calvinism.
B)Presbyterianism and Zwinglism.
C)Anglicanism and Lutheranism.
D)Zwinglianism and Calvinism.
E)Anabaptism and Calvinism.

Question 55

The largest call for religious reforms came from ​

A)more austere monastic orders like the Franciscans.
B)peasants from Germany.
C)patricians seeking greater control of finances.
D)the first estate.
E)artisans and guild members in urban areas who formed confraternities.

Question 56

Among the reasons for success of commercial expansion was the development of ​

A)industrialized production.
B)joint-stock companies.
C)double-entry bookkeeping.
D)royal monopolies.
E)conversion to the Euro.

Question 57

Which statement about the peasantry in Europe at the start of the sixteenth century is NOT true?​

A)They represented about 85-90% of the total population.
B)Serfdom in the manorial system had been eliminated.
C)Most peasants paid rent in cash instead of labor.
D)An increasing number of peasants in Europe were legally free by 1500.
E)Many peasants were resentful and sought to keep a greater share of benefits from their labor.

Question 58

The golden age of English literature is represented by

A)Milton.
B)Donne
C)Marlowe.
D)Shakespeare.
E)Rowling.

Question 59

At the end of the Thirty Years' War, the most powerful nation in Europe was ​

A)England
B)France
C)Holy Roman Empire
D)Sweden
E)the Netherlands

Question 60

What was an indulgence?

A)A luxury tax on goods exceeding the Sumptuary Law.
B)An exemption to fasting on holy days.
C)a remission, after death, of all or part of the punishment due to sin.
D)Having an extra glass of wine with dinner.
E)The pope would grant special favors to people who paid him bribes.

Question 61

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
"new monarchies"

Question 62

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
John Calvin and Geneva

Question 63

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Hanseatic League

Question 64

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Desiderius Erasmus

Question 65

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Pope Julius II

Question 66

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Johannes Gutenberg

Question 67

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
indulgences and relics

Question 68

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V

Question 69

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
"justification by faith"

Question 70

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Christian/northern Renaissance humanism

Question 71

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Machiavelli's The Prince

Question 72

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Peace of Augsburg

Question 73

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Anabaptists

Question 74

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
the three estates

Question 75

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
"predestination"

Question 76

The most significant objection to the rule of James II was​ that he

A)was openly Catholic.
B)had no sons, ensuring a succession crisis.
C)refused to allow parliament to meet.
D)exiled his political opponents to the American colonies.
E)wanted to force Scotland to join the United Kingdom.

Question 77

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses

Question 78

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Ulrich Zwingli

Question 79

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy

Question 80

Instructions: Identify the following terms.
"bloody Mary"