Deck 9: The Quest for Peace Through International Law and Collective Security

Question 1

Which metaphor describes the tendency of efforts to enhance defense to result in escalating arms conflict?

A)a Prisoner's Dilemma
B)spiral model
C)the state of nature metaphor
D)stag hunt

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the optimal strategy for both prisoners in a Prisoner's Dilemma game?

A)to keep quiet and cooperate with each other
B)to keep quiet and cooperate with the police
C)to confess
D)to double-cross an accomplice

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The antiwar feminist tradition agrees with the constructivist view on which of the following?

A)that weapons of mass destruction can secure global security
B)that weapons of mass destruction cannot secure global security
C)that increasing economic interdependence increases the likelihood of peace
D)that democratization is peace-inducing

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which theoretical perspective holds that increased war preparations increase the likelihood of war?

A)realism
B)liberalism
C)constructivism
D)Marxism

Question 5

Which American president questioned the value of NATO, raising concerns about America's commitment to its allies?

A)President Clinton
B)President Bush
C)President Obama
D)President Trump

Question 6

When a country acquires new tanks, it may be claiming that it does so for defensive purposes. Tanks, however, are also great offensive weapons. This dual purpose of weaponry exacerbates which of the following?

A)disarmament
B)arms control
C)deterrence
D)security dilemmas

Question 7

Which of the following aims to create conditions that would make renewed war unlikely?

A)peacemaking
B)peace building
C)peace enforcement
D)peace operations

Question 8

Historically, which of the following is true of disarmaments?

A)Most disarmaments were voluntary.
B)Most disarmaments were involuntary.
C)Most disarmaments were unilateral.
D)Most disarmaments involved defensive technologies.

Question 9

What actors try to prevent hostilities between potential belligerents during the peacemaking process?

A)the potential belligerents themselves
B)nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
C)third parties such as the United Nations
D)multinational corporations

Question 10

What conviction regarding security are participants of an arms race likely to hold?

A)that gaining a lead is necessary for security
B)that gaining a lead is desirable but not necessary for security
C)that international anarchy makes the arms race inevitable
D)that they are experiencing a Prisoner's Dilemma

Question 11

Who is likely to argue: "if you want peace, prepare for war"?

A)a realist
B)a liberal
C)a constructivist
D)a feminist

Question 12

What does the Prisoner's Dilemma metaphor illustrate?

A)the difficulty of cooperation among states regarding military armaments
B)the effectiveness of international law to punish trespassers
C)the ineffectiveness of international institutions
D)the ease with which countries can transition from peace to war

Question 13

Which concept refers to actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence?

A)peacemaking
B)peace operations
C)preventive diplomacy
D)peace building

Question 14

Authors of international law were mostly associated with which school of thought?

A)realismrealist
B)liberal
C)idealist
D)constructivist

Question 15

Which of the following is a collective security organization?

A)the European Union
B)the United Nations
C)the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
D)the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Question 16

What is the main difference between disarmament and arms control?

A)Disarmament aims to reduce or destroy weapons while arms control aims to contain arms races.
B)Arms control aims to reduce or destroy weapons while disarmament aims to contain arms races.
C)Disarmament is unilateral while arms control is multilateral.
D)Arms control is unilateral while disarmament is multilateral.

Question 17

What made the League of Nations an ineffective collective security organization?

A)the United States' refusal to join
B)the Soviet Union's refusal to join
C)Adolf Hitler's rise to power
D)the Treaty of Versailles

Question 18

Which of the following is a common problem concerning arms control and disarmament?

A)Arms control and disarmament agreements typically expire after a year.
B)Arms control and disarmament agreements are almost never ratified.
C)Arms control and disarmament agreements are often vetoed by the UN Security Council.
D)Arms control and disarmament agreements frequently regulate obsolete armaments.

Question 19

Which principle of international law is commonly seen as the most important?

A)just war
B)state sovereignty
C)the right to self-defense
D)the right to self-determination

Question 20

What do realists and liberals agree on?

A)that anarchy always leads to security dilemmas
B)that anarchy cannot be mitigated
C)that politics and ethics are divorced from one another
D)that limitations on weapons are useful

Question 21

Which concept refers to the process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement that arranges an end to a dispute and resolves the issues that led to conflict?

A)peacemaking
B)peace enforcement
C)arms control
D)preventive diplomacy

Question 22

After World War I, the realist argument that peace was a by-product of a stable balance of power was discredited and replaced with which of the following?

A)an arms race
B)collective security
C)the long peace
D)alliance politics

Question 23

How does collective security differ from balance-of-power theory?

A)Collective security depends on a system of flexible alliances and counter-alliances.
B)Collective security creates an international organization to organize military responses to aggression.
C)Collective security abolishes state sovereignty.
D)Collective security relies on ad hoc security agreements.

Question 24

Which of the following is true of NATO?

A)Article 5 was invoked after 9/11 for the first time.
B)Many European nations have been reluctant participants in Afghanistan, restricting the extent to which their forces can participate in military operations.
C)Its mission is expanding to include the encouragement of the spread of democracy.
D)All of these are true.

Question 25

What type of agreements aim to reduce or destroy weapons or other means of attack?

A)arms control
B)collective security
C)disarmament
D)peacekeeping

Question 26

Which theory stresses states' customs and habitual ways of behaving as the most important source of law?

A)positivist legal theory
B)ubi societas , ibi jus
C)structural violence
D)soft power

Question 27

How many peacekeeping operations has the United Nations been involved in since 1948?

A)5
B)17
C)7148
D)71

Question 28

On which popular creed is the idea of collective security based?

A)"one for all and all for one"
B)"in vino veritas"
C)"an eye for an eye"
D)"with strength and consistency"

Question 29

By approximately what percentage have nuclear arsenals in the United States and Russia declined from Cold War highs?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)80%

Question 30

What do the advocates of collective security as a road to peace typically believe?

A)that there should be multiple security alliances in the global system
B)that all threats to peace must be a common concern for everyone
C)that public condemnation and economic boycotts will be unsuccessful in deterring violations
D)that international politics is not characterized by systemic anarchy

Question 31

Which of the following represents a major criticism of antipersonnel landmines?

A)They do not discriminate between civilians and soldiers in their destructive powers.
B)They are located in very few countries, which limits access to them.
C)In 1994, every state banned them.
D)They can be easily disarmed.

Question 32

Whom or what was the International Criminal Court (ICC)established to prosecute?

A)states that violate international law
B)individuals accused of interstate crimes, such as money laundering
C)NGOs that violate international law
D)individuals charged with war crimes

Question 33

Which of the following is a limitation of international law?

A)International law is universal.
B)Under international law, legality and legitimacy always go hand in hand.
C)International law is rarely used by the powerful to suppress the weak.
D)International law's ambiguity reduces law to a policy tool for propaganda purposes.

Question 34

Which important bilateral agreement established limits on strategic nuclear delivery systems?

A)Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
B)Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF)Treaty
C)Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT)
D)Partial Test Ban Treaty

Question 35

Which two countries broke the NPT's barriers to nonproliferation to become nuclear states in 1998?

A)Iran and North Korea
B)India and Pakistan
C)Brazil and Libya
D)Saudi Arabia and Egypt

Question 36

Which of the following is considered one of the most important arms-control treaties between superpowers?

A)SALT
B)OPEC
C)NATO
D)WTO

Question 37

Which type of agreement between countries is easiest to negotiate and enforce, and why?

A)bilateral, because it occurs between only two participants
B)multilateral, because it occurs between only two participants
C)bilateral, because it involves three or more participants
D)multilateral, because it involves three or more participants

Question 38

Which of the following statements is most consistent with constructivist theory?

A)International law and collective security regimes mirror changes in the popular views on the way states should interact with one another.
B)Material underpinnings are the most important elements in understanding conflict and peace.
C)No international organization can or should be able to interfere with the decision-making processes within a sovereign state.
D)The most important thing is for everyone in the world to be happy.

Question 39

Which of the following constitutes a weakness of the International Court of Justice?

A)that it can rule in cases that states do not bring to it
B)that it can make rulings only on disputes freely submitted by states exercising their sovereign rights
C)that it does not protect state sovereignty
D)that its justices are internationally elected

Question 40

Which of the following best describes the difference between the realist and liberal views on the prospects of conflict and peace?

A)Realists view international relations with a moral lens; liberals view international relations as amoral.
B)Realists focus on the pursuit of self-interest; liberals focus on the possibilities for cooperation.
C)Realists see norms and values as guiding principles in world politics; liberals see institutional rules as the primary force.
D)Realists make normative judgments about the outcomes of war; liberals view war as inevitable.

Question 41

Describe collective security. What organizations currently exist that strive to provide collective security? In your opinion, would these security organizations stand by their promises when tested?

Question 42

Which just war principle sets limits on the acceptable use of force?

A)jus ad bellum
B)jus in bello
C)pro publico bono
D)res publica

Question 43

What influenced the development of the just war doctrine?

A)universal ethics
B)early Christian doctrine
C)the innovations in military technology
D)the Peace of Westphalia

Question 44

International law has recently begun to revise its traditional prohibition against military intervention. Discuss these revisions. What are the implications of these revisions for the Westphalian system of sovereignty?

Question 45

Describe the Prisoner's Dilemma and discuss how it relates to arms control. Do you see any practical methods for escaping this dilemma with regard to arms control agreements? How might nonstate organizations such as the United Nations change the nature of the game? How might the prisoner's decision be altered if he or she abides by realist theory? By liberal theory? By constructivist theory?

Question 46

What is the "responsibility to protect" norm in world politics?

A)the idea that military only exists to protect the sovereign capacity of a state
B)the idea that war is only acceptable in response to an unprovoked attack on a state's own territory
C)the idea that states can protect their own borders and citizens through preemptive action
D)the idea that states must sometimes intervene when other states are failing to shield their citizens from mass atrocities

Question 47

Which of the following concerns the legal criteria by which a leader may wage a war?

A)ubi societas, ibi jus
B)jus cogens
C)jus ad bellum
D)jus in bello

Question 48

What is the main difference between morals and ethics?

A)Morals clarify the difference between good and evil while ethics provide criteria for evaluating right from wrong.
B)Ethics clarify the difference between good and evil while morals provide criteria for evaluating right from wrong.
C)The two terms are interchangeable.
D)Morals are personal while ethics are universal.

Question 49

Compare and contrast disarmament and arms control. How do states usually pursue arms control and disarmament? Have states been successful in these endeavors, or have the realists been correct in emphasizing peace through military preparations?

Question 50

What are the conditions that must be met in order for a war to be considered "just"? Based on these criteria, was the 2003 war that the United States waged against Iraq just? Make sure to discuss both the American decision to use force as well as the conduct of the war.