Deck 6: Conditioning and Learning

Question 1

Regarding associative learning, which of the following discovered classical conditioning?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)B. F. Skinner
C)Edward Thorndike
D)Albert Bandura

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In North America, Edward Thorndike discovered what is today called __________ conditioning.

A)vicarious
B)operant
C)classical
D)cognitive

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In Russia, Ivan Pavlov discovered __________conditioning.

A)vicarious
B)operant
C)classical
D)cognitive

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Learning is best defined as

A)any change in behavior.
B)a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience.
C)a relatively permanent change in behavior due to physical development.
D)any change in behavior caused by motivation.

Question 5

For the early psychological researchers, such as Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike, which type of learning was a fairly mechanical process of "stamping in" connections between objective stimuli and objective responses with no subjective "thinking" believed to be required?

A)associative learning
B)insight learning
C)cognitive learning
D)vicarious learning

Question 6

Psychologists define learning as

A)a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
B)a temporary change in behavior due to one's motivational state.
C)behavioral changes as a result of maturation and development.
D)the modification and replacement of old behaviors and habits with socially acceptable behaviors.

Question 7

Regarding associative and cognitive learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Learning from written language is considered a complex form of associative learning.
B)Some animals besides humans do engage in simpler forms of cognitive learning.
C)Associative learning requires relatively little awareness or thought.
D)Humans share the important capacity for associative learning with many other species.

Question 8

Regarding learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Most human behavior is learned.
B)Learning is a relative permanent change in behavior due to experience.
C)Learning includes temporary changes as well as changes due to motivation and fatigue.
D)There are different types of learning, including associative learning and cognitive learning.

Question 9

Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of

A)classical conditioning.
B)associative learning.
C)cognitive learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 10

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of

A)reinforcement.
B)introspection.
C)motivation.
D)learning.

Question 11

If you are making use of information-rich higher mental processes, such as organizing various research articles in writing your term paper, you are engaged in a complex form of

A)classical conditioning.
B)cognitive learning.
C)respondent learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 12

Forming a connection between the stimulus of a dog growling at you and the response of fear would be a type of __________learning.

A)insight
B)associative
C)vicarious
D)cognitive

Question 13

Which of the following occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple connection among various stimuli and\or responses?

A)associative learning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)cognitive learning

Question 14

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of __________ learning.

A)insight
B)associative
C)vicarious
D)cognitive

Question 15

Unlike associative learning, cognitive learning involves

A)responding to reinforcers and punishers.
B)learning through the consequences of responding.
C)forming simple connections between various stimuli and responses.
D)making use of information-rich higher mental processes.

Question 16

Associative learning occurs whenever a person or an animal forms a simple connection among various

A)motives and drives.
B)reinforcements and punishments.
C)stimuli and responses.
D)expectancies and types of feedback.

Question 17

Unlike associative learning, which type of learning consists of understanding, knowing, anticipating, and making use of information-rich higher mental processes?

A)classical conditioning
B)respondent learning
C)cognitive learning
D)operant conditioning

Question 18

Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of

A)motivation.
B)maturation.
C)experience.
D)fatigue.

Question 19

Forming a connection between the stimulus of seeing a particular food and the response of feeling nauseous would be a type of __________learning.

A)insight
B)associative
C)vicarious
D)cognitive

Question 20

The two types of associative learning are

A)classical conditioning and observational learning.
B)vicarious learning and cognitive learning.
C)classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
D)operant conditioning and cognitive learning.

Question 21

Events that occur just before a response are called

A)respondent stimuli.
B)consequences.
C)antecedents.
D)prologues.

Question 22

Unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a particular behavior?

A)associative learning
B)insight learning
C)cognitive learning
D)vicarious learning

Question 23

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye. If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone. Thus, blinking to the horn illustrates

A)an automatic, non-learned response.
B)learning by consequences.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 24

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie, you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie. Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates

A)an automatic, non-learned response.
B)learning by consequences.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 25

Unlocking the secrets of associative learning begins with noting

A)the level of motivation displayed by the respondent.
B)the level of maturation of the respondent.
C)whether vicarious learning has already occurred.
D)what happens before and after a particular behavior.

Question 26

In classical conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

A)antecedents.
B)consequences.
C)latent reflexes.
D)punishers.

Question 27

Operant conditioning is based on

A)the consequences of making a response.
B)what happens before we respond.
C)an association between two reflexes.
D)an association between stimuli.

Question 28

When she hears her father at the door, three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a hug from her father. This hug is considered a(n)

A)antecedent.
B)precursor.
C)responding stimulus.
D)consequence.

Question 29

In which type of associative learning are the consequences the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)insight learning
D)respondent learning

Question 30

In which type of learning is an antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response linked with a stimulus that does produce the response?

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)cognitive learning
D)instrumental learning

Question 31

In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

A)stimulus automatically elicits a consequence.
B)stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.
C)spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences.
D)subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.

Question 32

Regarding antecedents, consequences, and associative learning, which of the following statements is\are TRUE?

A)Antecedents occur after a response takes place.
B)Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs.
C)Paying careful attention to the "before and after" of associative learning is a key to understanding it.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 33

Learning that takes place through an association of stimuli is called

A)latent learning.
B)observational learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 34

In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli?

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)cognitive learning
D)insight learning

Question 35

Learning by consequences occurs during

A)respondent conditioning.
B)insight learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 36

Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response?

A)observational learning
B)latent learning
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 37

Regarding associative learning, which of the following discovered what is now called operant conditioning?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Albert Bandura
C)Edward Thorndike
D)John B. Watson

Question 38

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)

A)antecedent.
B)reflex.
C)precursor.
D)secondary reinforcer.

Question 39

In operant conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

A)antecedents.
B)consequences.
C)latent reflexes.
D)conditioned stimuli.

Question 40

Events that occur just after a response are called

A)antecedents.
B)precursors.
C)stimuli.
D)consequences.

Question 41

If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at, you are less likely to wear this tie again. This illustrates

A)an automatic, nonlearned response.
B)learning by an association of stimuli.
C)operant conditioning.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 42

If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments, you are more likely to wear this tie more often. This illustrates

A)an automatic, non-learned response.
B)observational learning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 43

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation to the bell was the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 44

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 45

To determine whether or not conditioning has occurred in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an experimenter would present the

A)bell alone.
B)meat powder alone.
C)bell, followed by the meat powder.
D)meat powder, followed by the bell.

Question 46

Wearing a particular tie because you get lots of compliments when you wear it illustrates

A)the effect of reinforcement.
B)the effect of punishment.
C)a conditioned response.
D)an unconditioned response.

Question 47

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation to the food was the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 48

A behavior may be followed by a positive consequence, or reinforcer, such as food; or by a negative consequence, or punisher, such as a slap; or by nothing with these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again. The type of learning just described is

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)respondent conditioning.
D)insight learning.

Question 49

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the unconditioned stimulus was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 50

When a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response, then which of the following has occurred?

A)operant conditioning
B)instrumental learning
C)respondent conditioning
D)insight learning

Question 51

Wearing a tie less or not at all because you were teased and laughed at when you wore it illustrates

A)the effect of reinforcement.
B)the effect of punishment.
C)a conditioned response.
D)an unconditioned response.

Question 52

Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

A)operant conditioning.
B)reinforcement.
C)classical conditioning.
D)vicarious conditioning.

Question 53

Operant conditioning is to Skinner as classical conditioning is to

A)Pavlov.
B)Bandura.
C)Tolman.
D)Freud.

Question 54

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the unconditioned response was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 55

In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food)placed on the dog's tongue was the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 56

During and after conditioning, the bell served as which of the following in Ivan Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned response

Question 57

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning)was the

A)neutral stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 58

Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov's laboratory that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning?

A)Dogs salivated after meat powder was placed in their mouths.
B)Dogs sometimes salivated before the meat powder was placed in their mouths.
C)Salivation existed in dogs as an unlearned reflex.
D)Dogs salivated if and only if they were given a reward.

Question 59

Pavlov's most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to do which of the following behaviors to a new stimulus?

A)salivate
B)blink
C)bark
D)regurgitate

Question 60

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned response was the

A)food.
B)bell.
C)salivation to the food.
D)salivation to the bell.

Question 61

The term for the initial phase of conditioning when the CS and US are paired is

A)acquisition.
B)the instrumental step.
C)shaping.
D)latent learning.

Question 62

The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n)

A)conditioned response.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)classic response.

Question 63

At a party, a friend of yours keeps popping balloons with a lighted cigarette. By the time he is about to pop the fifth balloon, you notice that your muscles tense and you squint each time the cigarette nears the balloon. Obviously,

A)the cigarette is a US.
B)the popping sound is a US.
C)squinting is a reinforcer.
D)shaping has occurred.

Question 64

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response. This neutral stimulus will become known as the

A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)reflexive stimulus.
D)latent stimulus.

Question 65

During classical conditioning, the sound of a clap is paired with a puff of air being delivered to the eye. The clap is referred to as the __________ stimulus.

A)conditioned
B)unconditioned
C)latent
D)instrumental

Question 66

Your dog has learned to run to his food dish whenever he sees you go to the closet in the laundry room where you keep his dry food. Your dog learned this association through

A)instrumental learning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 67

Which of the following would most likely be acquired by classical conditioning?

A)a rat learning to run through a maze correctly
B)a person learning to blink to the word "psychology"
C)a pigeon learns to peck a key of a toy piano
D)a rat learns to press a bar to receive food

Question 68

Which of the following involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS)as an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A)acquisitional training
B)higher-order conditioning
C)shaping
D)extinction

Question 69

Learning that involves the pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is called

A)operant conditioning.
B)vicarious learning.
C)observational learning.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 70

In higher-order conditioning, a well-learned CS serves as which type of stimulus in a new pairing situation?

A)neutral stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)discriminating stimulus
D)dual conditioned stimulus

Question 71

Every time Lisa's dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food. In this example, the sound of the can opener is a

A)conditioned response (CR).
B)unconditioned response (UR).
C)conditioned stimulus (CS).
D)unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 72

Michael is 12 years old and is undergoing chemotherapy treatment. After his first chemotherapy treatment, Michael experienced nausea and vomiting. After several treatments, Michael now experiences anticipatory nausea as soon as he enters the treatment room and before he receives the chemotherapy. In this classical conditioning example, Michael's initial chemotherapy treatment would be considered the

A)conditioned response.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)unconditioned stimulus.

Question 73

After pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS)and unconditioned stimulus (US)in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. This learned behavior is then termed the

A)neutral stimulus.
B)latent stimulus.
C)unconditioned response.
D)conditioned response.

Question 74

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to an auditory stimulus?

A)deliver a puff of air to the eyelid, sound the tone
B)sound the tone, deliver a puff of air to the eyelid
C)follow the eyeblink response with a mild shock
D)follow the eyeblink response with a soft drink

Question 75

Mina is ten years old and is undergoing chemotherapy. When she goes into the treatment center for her fourth treatment, Mina experiences nausea before the treatment even begins. Her nausea had been triggered by the sight of the treatment room. In this example, the treatment room was the

A)conditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.

Question 76

For optimal conditioning, the minimum delay between the CS and US should be

A)a half second to five seconds.
B)15 to 30 seconds.
C)40 to 50 seconds.
D)one to two minutes.

Question 77

Regarding eye blink conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Eye blink conditioning is an example of the type of learning known as operant or instrumental conditioning.
B)Patients in a vegetative state are not likely to be conditioned to make the eye blink or to recover any mental functions.
C)Patients who are at least minimally conscious can be conditioned to make the eye blink and may recover some mental functions.
D)Currently, some minimally conscious patients are misdiagnosed and are not offered appropriate therapy.

Question 78

A conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a(n)

A)unconditioned response.
B)conditioned response.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)neutral stimulus.

Question 79

In his experiments, Pavlov found that conditioning worked best if the CS was presented

A)just before the US.
B)at the same time as the US.
C)just after the US.
D)instead of the US.

Question 80

If the sound of a clap occurs just before a puff of air is delivered to the eye, the person will, after several repetitions, learn to blink to the sound of the clap. Blinking to the sound of the clap would be considered a

A)neutral stimulus.
B)conditioned response.
C)spontaneous response.
D)conditioned stimulus.