Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

In the motivational sequence, any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behavior is called a(n)

A)goal.
B)expectation.
C)incentive.
D)response.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Motivation is defined as

A)an internal deficiency that energizes behavior.
B)the goals which reward our behavior and maintain behavior.
C)internal processes that arouse, maintain, and direct activities.
D)needs associated with impulses for self-actualization.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In the motivational sequence, needs generate drives, which in turn activate

A)goals.
B)expectations.
C)incentives.
D)responses.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Our motives and emotions are influenced by which of the following?

A)external cues
B)learning
C)cultural values
D)all of these

Question 5

Motivation and emotion are both derived from the Latin word movere , which means to

A)mediate.
B)move.
C)emphasize.
D)make.

Question 6

Regarding the activities of an organism, motivation is the process of arousing, maintaining, and __________ these activities.

A)supplying
B)guiding
C)surveying
D)elaborating

Question 7

It is not uncommon for older people to suffer from dehydration despite experiencing a lack of thirst, which means that they have

A)a drive but not a need.
B)a need but not a drive.
C)both a drive and a need.
D)neither a need nor a drive.

Question 8

Regarding drives, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)The strength of drives may differ from that of the need on which they are based.
B)A drive is a biological state induced by internal incentives.
C)Drives may be activated by responses as well as by needs.
D)Drives result from satisfying a goal.

Question 9

If you have been fasting for two days but do not feel hungry, we would say that you have

A)a drive for food but not a need for food.
B)a need for food but not a drive for food.
C)both a drive and a need for food.
D)neither a need nor a drive for food.

Question 10

Which of the following refers to the process of arousing, maintaining, and guiding the activities of an organism?

A)perception
B)motivation
C)emotion
D)learning

Question 11

Regarding motivation and emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The words motivation and emotion both derive from the Latin word movere, which means to move.
B)If you are unaware of your emotions, you will be vulnerable to health problems, such as depression or addiction.
C)Basic motives, such as hunger and thirst, are solely under the control of the body.
D)External cues, expectations, learning, cultural values, and other factors influence our motives and emotions.

Question 12

The "target," or objective, of one's motivated behavior is known as a(n)

A)drive.
B)goal.
C)incentive.
D)transductive level.

Question 13

An internal lack or deficiency is referred to as

A)a drive.
B)a goal.
C)a need.
D)homeostasis.

Question 14

In terms of motivation, a need is a(n)

A)reinforcement response.
B)internal deficiency.
C)drive.
D)behavioral response.

Question 15

After having a very large meal at her mother's house, Sorboni complains that she is "too full to move." Soon after, Sorboni's aunt arrives with a strawberry pie, which is her favorite, and Sorboni eats three large pieces of the pie. Sorboni's eating of the pie after having a large meal is best explained by the

A)"pull" of external stimuli.
B)"push" of internal needs.
C)process of homeostasis.
D)drive reduction of stimulus motives.

Question 16

An energized motivational state is referred to as

A)a drive.
B)a goal.
C)a need.
D)homeostasis.

Question 17

While studying in the library, Kayleigh became very hungry and went to a vending machine, which was empty, and to the cafeteria, which was closed. So she drove home and cooked herself a meal and ate it, satisfying her hunger. This food-seeking behavior was initiated by a bodily need with her search being sustained and directed to various food sources until her need was met. This illustrates

A)motivation.
B)behavioral dieting.
C)the opponent-process theory.
D)the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Question 18

The chain of events that make up the model of motivation ends when which of the following is reached?

A)a drive
B)a goal
C)an incentive
D)a transductive level

Question 19

When you feel hunger or thirst, each of these psychological states would be classified as which element of motivation?

A)need
B)drive
C)deprivation
D)incentive value

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the motivational process?

A)drive - need - response - goal attainment
B)need - drive - response - goal attainment
C)need - drive - goal attainment - response
D)drive - need - goal attainment - response

Question 21

Biological motives are

A)needs that are learned, such as the need for power or for achievement.
B)innate but not necessary for survival.
C)not innate but necessary for survival.
D)innate and necessary for survival.

Question 22

Desirable goals may motivate behavior in the absence of internal need. This property is known as a goal's

A)gradient potential.
B)drive potential.
C)homeostasis value.
D)incentive value.

Question 23

Your needs for physical contact as well as your needs for activity and exploration are classified as __________ motives.

A)biological
B)learned
C)homeostatic
D)stimulus

Question 24

The needs for power, affiliation, approval, status, and security are classified as __________ motives.

A)homeostatic
B)biological
C)stimulus
D)learned

Question 25

Stimulus motives differ from biological motives in that stimulus motives

A)are innate and necessary for survival.
B)appear to be innate, but are not necessary for survival.
C)are acquired through various forms of conditioning and learning.
D)include needs for security, status, approval, and achievement.

Question 26

Regarding incentives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Our actions are energized by a mixture of internal needs and external incentives.
B)Incentive value cannot be used to explain the drives for success, status, and approval.
C)Some goals are so desirable that they can motivate behavior in the absence of an internal need.
D)Some goals are so low in incentive value that they may be rejected even if they could meet the internal need.

Question 27

Roasted grasshoppers are highly nutritious; however, even if you are very hungry, you may still reject them as food because the grasshoppers are

A)high in incentive value.
B)high in motivation.
C)low in incentive value.
D)low in stimulus motives.

Question 28

Needs that must be met for one's survival are referred to as __________ motives.

A)biological
B)incentive
C)extrinsic
D)stimulus

Question 29

Needs and incentives interact to determine

A)action potential.
B)homeostasis.
C)goal attainment.
D)drive strength.

Question 30

Which of the following is classified as a biological motive?

A)aggression
B)physical contact
C)security
D)pain avoidance

Question 31

Which of the following is a biological motive?

A)curiosity
B)the desire for money
C)physical contact
D)thirst

Question 32

Motives can be divided into three major categories, which are

A)physical, social, and individual.
B)biological, stimulus, and learned.
C)prepotent, homeostatic, and incentive.
D)primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Question 33

Learned motives involve needs that are

A)often social in nature.
B)innate but not necessary for survival.
C)not innate but necessary for survival.
D)innate and necessary for survival.

Question 34

Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

A)aggression
B)physical contact
C)affiliation
D)pain avoidance

Question 35

Concerning stimulus motives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Stimulus motives express our needs for stimulation and information.
B)Stimulus motives appear to be innate.
C)Stimulus motives are not necessary for survival.
D)Stimulus motives include the needs for security, approval, affiliation, and status.

Question 36

Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

A)elimination of wastes
B)the desire for money
C)the desire to explore
D)thirst

Question 37

You have just eaten a large meal and feel extremely full. Then, the waiter tells you about their signature dessert, "Death by Chocolate." Your ordering of this dessert is best explained as

A)drive reduction.
B)an internal need.
C)an incentive value.
D)homeostasis.

Question 38

The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need is known as its __________ value.

A)homeostatic
B)stimulus
C)extrinsic
D)incentive

Question 39

Which of the following help to explain motives that do not seem to come from internal needs, such as the drives for success, status, or approval?

A)gradient potential
B)drive potential
C)homeostasis value
D)incentive value

Question 40

Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, sleep needs, and regulation of body temperature are ___________ motives.

A)stimulus
B)extrinsic
C)biological
D)incentive

Question 41

"Snob appeal," an advertising approach that appeals to status, is an effort to arouse one's __________ motives.

A)biological
B)homeostatic
C)learned
D)stimulus

Question 42

Most people are more energetic, alert, and in a better mood at

A)the high point of their circadian rhythms.
B)the median point of their circadian rhythms.
C)the low point of their circadian rhythms.
D)varying points within their circadian rhythms depending on the season.

Question 43

Standing for election or auditioning for a televised singing competition are human activities that are best explained by __________ motives.

A)biological
B)stimulus
C)learned
D)homeostatic

Question 44

Biological drives are essential because they maintain a steady state of bodily equilibrium called

A)thermostasis.
B)biological rhythm.
C)intrinsic motivation.
D)homeostasis.

Question 45

The term "homeostasis" means

A)"standing steady."
B)"equal parts."
C)"vitrous balance."
D)"sameness."

Question 46

Your body will automatically try to bring the body back into a state of equilibrium when your body falls below its ideal level much like a thermostat does when it falls below its

A)thermostatic potential.
B)set point.
C)match point.
D)optimum potential.

Question 47

"Day people" wake up alert, are energetic early in the day, and fall asleep early in the evening, while "night people" wake up groggy, are lively in the afternoon or early evening, and stay up late. This occurs because "day people" have early peaks and "night people" have later peaks in their

A)ASCs.
B)sensation-seeking patterns.
C)circadian rhythms.
D)opponent processes.

Question 48

Scientists have long known that body activity is guided by internal "biological clocks" known as

A)biofeedback.
B)stimulus motives.
C)circadian rhythms.
D)homeostatic equilibrium.

Question 49

The maintenance of steady states of temperature and blood pressure is an example of

A)thermostasis.
B)homeostasis.
C)extrinsic motivation.
D)motivational learning.

Question 50

Which of the following is a learned motive?

A)curiosity
B)achievement
C)physical contact
D)thirst

Question 51

On the basis of religious faith, a starving Hindu refuses to eat beef that has been made available to him. In this case, it might be said that a

A)learned motive overpowered a biological motive.
B)stimulus motive overpowered a biological motive.
C)biological motive overpowered a learned motive.
D)biological motive overpowered a stimulus motive.

Question 52

When your body falls below its ideal level for body temperature, it will automatically begin to shiver in order to raise your temperature and bring your body back into

A)optimum potential level.
B)thermostatic potential.
C)homeostasis.
D)incentive levels.

Question 53

When the human body enters a state of disequilibrium

A)the first reactions of your body are automatic.
B)you become aware of discomfort before your body reacts.
C)the chemicals in your body do not change.
D)primary motives are ignored until balance is restored.

Question 54

Your body's tendency to maintain equilibrium is similar to which of the following in your home?

A)a thermostat
B)a rechargeable battery
C)a smoke detector
D)an electric generator

Question 55

A circadian rhythm refers to a cycle

A)of sexual receptivity caused by monthly hormone cycles in females.
B)of bodily functions and arousal that vary on a schedule approximating a 24-hour day.
C)of emotional stability that varies according to the phases of the moon.
D)during which various bodily systems are in a dysfunctional state.

Question 56

The body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature, at relatively constant levels. This is due to

A)incentives.
B)drive reductions.
C)homeostasis.
D)learning.

Question 57

About ten minutes after Janice starts her 30-minute walk on the treadmill, she begins to perspire, which helps to cool her off. Her body's tendency to maintain normal body temperature is a function of

A)instinct.
B)drive.
C)social learning.
D)homeostasis.

Question 58

Which of the following is a learned motive?

A)power
B)physical contact
C)regulation of body temperature
D)pain avoidance

Question 59

Throughout the day, activities in the liver, kidneys, and endocrine glands undergo large changes. Body temperature, blood pressure, and amino acid levels also shift from hour to hour. In fact, people tend to be more energetic and alert when these and other activities are at their highest point once a day. This is a description of

A)the Yerkes-Dodson law.
B)sensation-seeking patterns.
C)circadian rhythms.
D)biological condensation.

Question 60

The term circadian rhythm comes from circa, which means "about," and diem, which means

A)clock.
B)body.
C)day.
D)light.

Question 61

Which of the following is a good indicator of a person's circadian rhythm with most people reaching a low point two to three hours before their normal waking time?

A)serotonin level
B)noradrenaline level
C)digestive function
D)core body temperature

Question 62

Our hunger levels are affected by

A)internal bodily factors.
B)external environmental factors.
C)social factors.
D)all of these.

Question 63

Marta is flying from Chicago to Stockholm in a month. What would you tell her about "jet lag"?

A)She should be exposed to bright light late the first evening she is in Stockholm to reset her circadian rhythm.
B)She should preadapt her sleep-and-waking cycle to Stockholm time.
C)When she arrives in Stockholm, she needs to stay indoors and eat and sleep on Chicago time until her body adapts.
D)She should use over-the-counter sleep aids in order to get to sleep in Stockholm the first few nights.

Question 64

Regarding circadian rhythms, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Every 24 hours, your body undergoes a cycle of changes called circadian rhythms.
B)People are usually more motivated and alert at the lowest point of their circadian rhythms.
C)People with early peaks in their circadian rhythms are considered "night people."
D)People with late peaks in their circadian rhythms are considered "day people."

Question 65

Jet lag results when travelers experience a lack of synchronization between the local time of the place they have traveled to and their

A)ASCs.
B)sensation-seeking patterns.
C)circadian rhythms.
D)opponent processes.

Question 66

You can increase your efficiency by scheduling recreation, chores, and studying

A)around your personal circadian rhythms.
B)by establishing a new circadian rhythm.
C)according to one's median level on a homeostasis chart.
D)according to your horoscope.

Question 67

When light levels rise in the morning, the levels of which hormone (nicknamed the "Dracula hormone")fall?

A)GABA
B)melatonin
C)serotonin
D)acetylcholine

Question 68

It is bedtime, as far as the brain is concerned, when levels of which of the following rise late in the evening?

A)melatonin
B)serotonin
C)acetylcholine
D)androgens

Question 69

Gradually matching your sleep-waking cycle before adopting a new time schedule is called

A)drive reduction.
B)adjusted homeostasis.
C)fundamental attribution.
D)preadaptation.

Question 70

Gilbert has been on the day shift for five years. He will be working on the night shift in three weeks. Which of the following would be the BEST advice to help Gilbert deal with this change?

A)Take over-the-counter stimulants for the first month or so.
B)Use over-the-counter sleeping pills to help go to sleep during the day.
C)Take three naps rather than sleep a full eight hours during the day.
D)Begin now to gradually preadapt sleep-waking time to match the upcoming new shift.

Question 71

You are about to take a long plane flight in a week. You begin going to sleep an hour later each day until your sleep cycle matches the time at your destination. To prevent jet lag, you are using

A)graduated attribution.
B)adjusted homeostasis.
C)behavioral alignment.
D)preadaptation.

Question 72

Aaron is switching from a day shift at work back to a late night\early morning. He can expect to experience

A)excessive arousal and increased mental clarity.
B)irritability, fatigue, depression, and an upset stomach.
C)periods of mental inefficiency interspersed with periods of enhanced mental agility.
D)changes in his long-standing personality traits.

Question 73

Preadaptation refers to

A)gradually matching your sleep-waking cycle before adopting a new time schedule.
B)the steady state of equilibrium maintained by the body.
C)the mental process of assigning cause to external events.
D)the process of attributing arousal to a particular source.

Question 74

Which of the following can help reset one's circadian rhythms?

A)staying indoors in artificial light during the initial shift
B)five-minute periods of exposure to bright light intermittently in the early morning
C)plenty of coffee and high energy drinks early in the morning
D)all of these

Question 75

Circadian rhythms are partially controlled by variations in the levels of a hormone produced the pineal gland called

A)melatonin.
B)serotonin.
C)acetylcholine.
D)GABA.

Question 76

If one is "cramming" for final exams, it is better to

A)take frequent naps throughout the day in order to be able to stay awake at night.
B)give yourself a day to recover before pulling another "all nighter."
C)maintain your regular sleep pattern.
D)do none of these.

Question 77

Circadian rhythms are partially controlled by variations in the levels of the hormone melatonin, which is produced by the

A)adrenal glands.
B)thyroid gland.
C)pineal gland.
D)pancreas.

Question 78

Winter depressions that occur when people endure several months of long dark days are partly explained by changes in __________ levels.

A)melatonin
B)acetylcholine
C)androgen
D)thyroxin

Question 79

In national championship collegiate athletic competitions, the team that has to travel across five time zones is at a disadvantage because of

A)sleep deprivation.
B)jet lag.
C)disruption in biorhythms due to a fear of flying.
D)preadaptation.

Question 80

Regarding circadian rhythms, jet lag, and shift work, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)People are usually more motivated and alert at the high point of their circadian rhythms.
B)Adjusting to jet lag is slowest when you stay indoors.
C)Changes in the body due to shift work are very different from those caused by jet lag.
D)A few intermittent five-minute periods of exposure to bright light early in the morning are helpful for resetting your circadian rhythm.