Deck 15: Therapies

Question 1

Which of the following would be the best definition of psychotherapy?

A)The use of drugs and other medical techniques to alleviate the symptoms of emotional disturbance.
B)A technique in which improvement is caused not by the process but by the client's expectation.
C)A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality, behavior, or personal adjustment.
D)A technique in which a group of people discuss their problems in person or through social networking sites.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Who is credited with developing the first true psychotherapy a little more than 100 years ago to treat what he called cases of hysteria?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Fritz Perls
C)Hans Eysenck
D)Victor Frankl

Answer 2

A

Question 3

"A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality, behavior, or personal adjustment" defines

A)pharmacotherapy.
B)somatotherapy.
C)psychotherapy.
D)psychosurgery.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

During the Middle Ages, the treatment for abnormal behavior often involved physical torture in order to "cast out the evil spirits," which was part of a procedure known as

A)psychodrama.
B)exorcism.
C)ergotism.
D)asceticism.

Question 5

Many of Freud's first patients had physical symptoms, such as paralysis or numbness, for which no physical causes could be found. Freud called this condition

A)schizophrenia.
B)an organic psychosis.
C)hysteria.
D)ergotism.

Question 6

In 1793, a French doctor changed the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris from a squalid "madhouse" into a mental hospital by unchaining the inmates and treating them humanely and compassionately. This French doctor was

A)Alfred Binet.
B)Philippe Pinel.
C)Jean-Martin Charcot.
D)Paul Sollier.

Question 7

Regarding the ancient approaches for treating mental illness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Archaeological findings dating to the Stone Age suggest that most ancient approaches to treating mental illness were marked by fear and the superstitious belief in witchcraft and magic.
B)In ancient times, when holes were drilled into the skull to release evil spirits, no person ever survived this procedure.
C)During the Middle Ages when mental illness focused on demonology, physical torture was used to make the body an inhospitable place for the devil to reside.
D)Exorcism, which was used to "cast out evil spirits," was considered a religious ritual.

Question 8

Humane treatment for the mentally ill was brought about by the work of which of the following, who literally unchained the "patients" in a European asylum in 1793?

A)Victor Frankl
B)Philippe Pinel
C)Fritz Perls
D)Joseph Wolpe

Question 9

During the Middle Ages, abnormal behavior was blamed on supernatural forces, such as possession by the devil and on curses from witches and wizards. Thus, treatments for mental illness in Europe during this time period focused on what is known as

A)demonology.
B)asceticism.
C)Gestaltism.
D)psychodrama.

Question 10

Modern analysis of "demonic possession" suggest that many victims were suffering from which of the following conditions?

A)epilepsy or Tourette's syndrome
B)schizophrenia or depression
C)dissociative disorders
D)any one of these disorders

Question 11

Which of the following was a primitive procedure that was used to "release evil spirits" and consisted of boring, chipping, or bashing holes in the patients' heads?

A)ergotism
B)trepanning
C)ECT
D)REBT

Question 12

The aim of psychotherapy is to

A)undo a person's past so that these events will cease to cause emotional harm to the person.
B)bring about positive changes in personality, behavior, or personal adjustment.
C)treat mental disorders using psychiatric drugs and other physical approaches.
D)help a person to develop ego defenses that can be used to resolve emotional conflicts.

Question 13

Which of the following believed that emotional problems, which he called "hysteria," originated from unconscious conflicts?

A)Victor Frankl.
B)Fritz Perls.
C)Carl Rogers.
D)Sigmund Freud.

Question 14

The first true psychotherapy was developed to help people suffering from what was then called hysteria, a condition which is now known as

A)dissociative disorders.
B)schizophrenia.
C)bipolar disorders.
D)somatic symptom disorders.

Question 15

Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, his "talking cure," to help patients

A)gain insight into their hidden unconscious conflicts.
B)change their irrational beliefs that are causing them distress.
C)make courageous choices to find the meaning that they had lost in their lives.
D)directly change their maladaptive behaviors.

Question 16

A little more than 100 years ago, the first true psychotherapy was developed by

A)Freud to treat hysteria.
B)Pinel to treat psychosis.
C)Eysenck to treat neurosis.
D)Frankl to treat anxiety.

Question 17

Trepanning, as a primitive procedure, involved boring a hole into the skull to

A)relieve pressure or release "evil spirits."
B)shock patients into a remission of symptoms.
C)coerce and control disruptive patients.
D)punish those who had committed crimes.

Question 18

As a modern procedure, trepanning, also called trephining, involves

A)the use of computer-generated images to present fear stimuli in the desensitization process.
B)the suppression of an undesirable response by associating it with aversive stimuli.
C)passing an electric shock directly through the brain to induce a convulsion.
D)any surgical procedure in which a hole is bored into the skull.

Question 19

Sigmund Freud developed the first true psychotherapy, which he called

A)logotherapy.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)client-centered therapy.
D)transactional analysis.

Question 20

Sigmund Freud became convinced that the "hysteria" his patients were suffering from was caused by

A)a faulty self-image.
B)unconscious conflicts.
C)bizarre dreams.
D)transference.

Question 21

Saying whatever comes to mind, even if it seems senseless, painful, or embarrassing, is part of the Freudian technique known as

A)dream analysis.
B)analysis of transference.
C)free association.
D)analysis of resistance.

Question 22

Freud considered the distinction between manifest content and latent content essential for

A)free association.
B)dream analysis.
C)resistance.
D)transference.

Question 23

Freud's theory stressed that "neurosis" and "hysteria" were caused by repressed memories, motives, and conflicts with these hidden forces remaining active in the personality and causing people to develop

A)learned helplessness.
B)rigid ego-defenses and compulsive, self-defeating behavior.
C)incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.
D)a loss of meaning in their lives so their self-awareness becomes disjointed.

Question 24

Aaron is asked by his therapist to relax and talk about any thoughts that come into his head, letting his thoughts move freely from one idea to the next. Aaron's therapist is using which psychoanalytic technique?

A)analysis of transference
B)reciprocal inhibition
C)reflection
D)free association

Question 25

The part of the dream that is hidden and symbolic and must be interpreted to be understood is called the __________ content.

A)manifest
B)lucid
C)archetypal
D)latent

Question 26

Freud's method of psychotherapy involved

A)bringing to an end the patient's irrational and self-defeating internal dialogue.
B)unconditional positive regard, empathy, and reflection.
C)free association, dream analysis, and an analysis of transference.
D)drugs and psychosurgery.

Question 27

The purpose of free association is to

A)create a psychologically safe environment for the client.
B)reflect the client's thoughts and feelings so the client can see them more clearly.
C)lower defenses so that unconscious thoughts and feelings will emerge.
D)challenge irrational beliefs of the patient so that constructive changes can be made.

Question 28

Free association, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference are aspects of which psychotherapy?

A)Gestalt psychotherapy
B)psychoanalysis
C)existential therapy
D)rational-emotive behavior therapy

Question 29

When Marco was describing his dream, he stopped at one point, seemed a bit upset, and then told the therapist that he could not remember any more and said, "Besides, this dream analysis is really silly anyway." Marco's therapist will most likely pay careful attention to these thoughts that Marco was unwilling to discuss. This technique of psychoanalysis is known as a(n)

A)analysis of transference.
B)analysis of resistance.
C)covert sensitization.
D)reciprocal inhibition.

Question 30

A blockage in the flow of insight and ideas during analysis, such as when a client avoids thinking or talking about certain topics, is referred to as

A)transference.
B)resistance.
C)reciprocal inhibition.
D)spontaneous remission.

Question 31

Freud's theory stressed that "neurosis" and "hysteria" are caused by

A)repressed memories, motives, and conflicts.
B)learned maladaptive behaviors.
C)negative self-regard.
D)destructive interpersonal relationships.

Question 32

Which of the following believed that dreams disguise consciously unacceptable feelings and forbidden desires in dream form?

A)Abraham Maslow
B)Carl Rogers
C)Albert Ellis
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 33

The main goal of psychoanalysis was to

A)bring an end to irrational internal dialogue.
B)provide the client with unconditional positive regard and empathy.
C)reduce internal conflicts that led to emotional suffering.
D)apply learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors.

Question 34

A psychoanalyst who believes in the theories of Freud would see psychopathology as caused by

A)birth trauma.
B)deeply hidden unconscious conflicts.
C)bizarre dreams.
D)immature personal relationships.

Question 35

According to Freud, the images that have personal or emotional meanings within a dream were referred to as

A)transference references.
B)dream symbols.
C)resistance figures.
D)manifest meanings.

Question 36

In Raul's dream, he flew out the window of his car and up into the clouds. Raul's therapist interprets this dream to mean that Raul is feeling a strong need to be free "as a bird" rather than being tied down by his family and work responsibilities. This therapist's interpretation of Raul's dream is revealing which type of dream content?

A)NREM
B)lucid
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 37

The obvious part of a dream that is visible and remembered by the dreamer is referred to as the __________ content.

A)manifest
B)lucid
C)conscious core
D)latent

Question 38

According to Freud, the unconscious message of a dream is revealed by interpreting

A)transference references.
B)dream symbols.
C)resistance figures.
D)manifest meanings.

Question 39

Raul remembers that he had a dream last night in which he was riding in his car when he flew out the window and up toward the clouds. These remembered parts of the dream are known as the __________ content.

A)lucid
B)transference
C)manifest
D)latent

Question 40

Freud called which of the following the "royal road to the unconscious" because forbidden desires and unconscious feelings were freely expressed?

A)transference
B)resistance
C)dreams
D)free association

Question 41

Which of the following is an element of positive mental health?

A)insensitivity to the demands of others
B)achievement motivation
C)capacity to forgive others and oneself
D)extroversion

Question 42

Isabelle acts as if her therapist is an important person from her past. By doing this, Isabelle will be able to re-experience her repressed emotions with her therapist helping her to recognize and understand these emotions. Freud called this process

A)therapeutic attachment.
B)reciprocal inhibition.
C)systematic desensitization.
D)transference.

Question 43

Leonard becomes silent when his therapist asks him about his relationship with his mother. As the therapist continues to explore this area of Leonard's life, Leonard either skips sessions or arrives late. In psychoanalytic terms, Leonard is exhibiting

A)resistance.
B)transference.
C)covert sensitization.
D)reciprocal inhibition.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT an element of positive mental health?

A)increased sensitivity and trust
B)increased self-awareness and self-control
C)increased dependence on other people
D)increased fulfillment and satisfaction in work

Question 45

In psychoanalysis, resistance should be regarded as a(n)

A)indication of learned helplessness and dependence on the therapist.
B)indication of the confusion a patient feels due to his or her distorted logic.
C)clue to a patient's unconscious conflicts.
D)roadblock in therapy.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT considered a possible outcome of psychotherapy?

A)providing comfort and support
B)learning new coping skills
C)promoting personal growth
D)undoing a person's past history

Question 47

Which of the following made a major contribution to modern therapies by highlighting the importance of unconscious conflicts?

A)psychoanalysis
B)existential therapy
C)logotherapy
D)Gestalt therapy

Question 48

Regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Chances of improvement are fairly good for phobias, low self-esteem, some sexual problems, and marital conflicts.
B)Complex psychological problems may require both psychotherapy and medical treatment.
C)The most extreme mental disorders may not respond to psychotherapy with medical therapy being the only viable treatment option.
D)The major benefit of therapy involves a complete personal transformation that helps "undo" a person's past.

Question 49

The five main types of modern therapy for psychological problems are medical, humanistic, cognitive, behavior, and __________ therapies.

A)psychodynamic
B)transactional
C)adaptive
D)endogenous

Question 50

Therapists seek to restore or promote

A)the capacity to forgive oneself for mistakes.
B)adaptive coping skills.
C)interpersonal communication skills.
D)all of these.

Question 51

Tim tries to argue with his therapist like he used to argue with his late father, who rejected and ridiculed him. Tim even tells the therapist, "You are just like him." According to psychoanalytical theory, Tim is exhibiting

A)reciprocal inhibition.
B)a therapeutic attachment.
C)transference.
D)resistance.

Question 52

Psychoanalysis made a major contribution to modern therapies by highlighting the importance of

A)objectivity in one's perceptions.
B)unconscious conflicts.
C)the self-concept.
D)maladaptive thinking.

Question 53

Psychotherapy began as a form of one-on-one dialogue between therapists and their clients meant to

A)yield insight.
B)promote personal growth.
C)change distorted perceptions and thoughts.
D)directly change problem behaviors.

Question 54

Psychotherapy is best viewed as

A)the most effective way to undo the past in order to correct severe problems.
B)a major overhaul of the psyche.
C)a way to make constructive changes.
D)applicable only to those with psychological problems.

Question 55

A therapy does not always have to be used to solve problems and crises; it can also be used to

A)help people make use of their personal strengths for personal growth.
B)"fix weaknesses" that cause "roadblocks" in people's lives.
C)reduce the symptoms of long-standing severe psychotic disorders.
D)"overhaul" the psyche and undo the past.

Question 56

Regarding psychoanalysis and the newer psychotherapies, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Since the development of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy has undergone dramatic change beginning with Freud's own followers, who were called the neo-Freudians.
B)Traditional psychoanalysts are relatively hard to find today.
C)Psychotherapy has been shown to be equally effective for all psychological problems.
D)Psychotherapy can be hard work for both clients and therapists.

Question 57

The five main types of modern therapy for psychological problems are psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, behavior, and __________ therapies.

A)medical
B)transactional
C)adaptive
D)endogenous

Question 58

In psychoanalysis, an emotional attachment to the therapist that symbolically represents other important relationships in the patient's life is an example of

A)resistance.
B)transference.
C)identification.
D)empathy.

Question 59

In psychoanalysis, resistance was thought by Freud to be important because it

A)revealed important unconscious conflicts.
B)indicated learned helplessness.
C)aided in transference.
D)helped to reveal the patient's illogical thoughts and irrational beliefs.

Question 60

Regarding psychotherapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Therapy is not equally effective for all problems with chances of improvement being fairly good for phobias, low self-esteem, some sexual problems, and marital conflicts.
B)For many people, the major benefit of psychotherapy is that it provides comfort, support, and a way to make constructive changes.
C)Some therapies encourage personal growth for people who are functioning effectively.
D)Therapy can provide most individuals with a complete personal transformation of the psyche.

Question 61

Which type of therapy is designed to bring about direct changes in troublesome thoughts and behavior, without seeking an understanding into the origins of these thoughts and behaviors?

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)action
D)insight

Question 62

Gaining understanding is to making direct changes as

A)directive therapy is to nondirective therapy.
B)action therapy is to insight therapy.
C)nondirective therapy is to directive therapy.
D)insight therapy is to action therapy.

Question 63

Connie has signed up to participate in a divorce recovery group that will also include eight sessions of individual therapy. This individual therapy would best be described as __________ therapy.

A)time-limited
B)insight
C)action
D)nondirective

Question 64

The goal of which type of therapy is to lead clients to a deeper understanding of the origins of their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors?

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)action
D)insight

Question 65

Any therapy in which the therapist supports the client while the client is responsible for gaining insight into his or her own problems and their resolution is referred to as a(n)__________ therapy.

A)action
B)open-ended
C)nondirective
D)directive

Question 66

Since psychoanalysis and the humanistic therapies seek to lead clients to a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, they would both be considered __________ therapies.

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)action
D)insight

Question 67

Since cognitive and behavioral therapies change troublesome thoughts and behaviors, respectively, without looking for the origins of these thoughts and behaviors, these therapies would be considered __________ therapies.

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)action
D)insight

Question 68

In which type of therapy do the clients assume responsibility for solving their own problems, while the therapist assists, but does not guide or give advice?

A)action
B)nondirective
C)directive
D)somatic

Question 69

Dr. Gibbs believes that his clients will get better if they can gain a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Dr. Gibbs most likely utilizes a(n)__________ therapy.

A)directive
B)nondirective
C)insight
D)action

Question 70

After the initial consultation, a psychotherapist agrees to conduct marriage counseling with a couple. The psychotherapist tells the couple that the number of sessions will be determined by how much progress the couple makes each week toward the goals they have set and the homework exercises they complete. This type of therapy would be considered

A)time-limited.
B)open-ended.
C)insight-oriented.
D)nondirective.

Question 71

Dr. Markus is a psychoanalyst, who believes that his clients will improve if they understand the unconscious conflicts that are occurring in their lives. So, he interprets his clients' free associations and dreams and explains to them the conflicts they are experiencing. Dr. Markus would be described as a(n)__________ therapist.

A)action-oriented, directive
B)action-oriented, nondirective
C)insight-oriented, directive
D)insight-oriented, nondirective

Question 72

Brief psychodynamic therapy is most closely related to which of the following?

A)client-centered therapy
B)Gestalt therapy
C)psychoanalysis
D)existential therapy

Question 73

A therapist helps her clients by giving instructions, interpretations, or solutions, and by making decisions. This therapist's approach can be described as __________ therapy.

A)directive
B)supportive
C)nondirective
D)time-limited

Question 74

Elizabeth is a psychologist who facilitates her clients in discovering insight into their condition by providing a psychologically safe environment and by acting as a psychological "mirror" to reflect their thoughts and feelings. However, Elizabeth does not give advice or provide strong guidance during this process. Therefore, Elizabeth would be considered a(n)__________ therapist.

A)action
B)somatic
C)nondirective
D)desensitization

Question 75

Because each psychotherapy emphasizes different concepts and methods, the best approach for a particular person or problem

A)is the humanistic approach.
B)is the cognitive-behavioral approach.
C)is the psychodynamic approach.
D)may vary.

Question 76

Dr. Caradon is a psychologist, who believes that her clients can learn to change their troublesome thoughts, so she has her clients practice thought-stopping procedures at home between sessions. Dr. Caradon would best be described as a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)action-oriented, directive
B)action-oriented, nondirective
C)insight-oriented, directive
D)insight-oriented, nondirective

Question 77

After the initial consultation regarding the client's problems with his boss and coworkers, the psychotherapist tells the client that they will be meeting for no more than 10 sessions regarding his workplace difficulties. This type of therapy is referred to as __________ therapy.

A)time-limited
B)action
C)insight
D)nondirective

Question 78

Dr. Hendon is a psychologist, who believes that his clients can solve their own problems if they can become aware and understand their emotions and behaviors. In order to reach this goal, Dr. Hendon assists her clients, but she does not give advice or strong guidance. Dr. Hendon would best be described as a(n)__________ therapist.

A)action-oriented, directive
B)action-oriented, nondirective
C)insight-oriented, directive
D)insight-oriented, nondirective

Question 79

Traditional psychoanalysis was

A)open-ended and required three to five therapy sessions a week, often for many years.
B)found through research to only be effective in treating somatic symptom and dissociative disorders.
C)too nondirective in its approach and placed too much responsibility on the client.
D)characterized by all of these statements.

Question 80

Any therapy that stresses the need for the therapist to lead the patient toward a resolution of his or her psychological distress is referred to as a(n)__________ therapy.

A)supportive
B)insight
C)face-to-face
D)directive